[2.1][improvement](jdbc catalog) Improve JdbcClientException to accommodate various identifier formats (#41530)

pick (#40931)

In some cases, JDBC returns exceptions with various identifiers that
cannot be formatted correctly, such as `%`. This PR optimizes this.

fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/datasource/jdbc/client/JdbcClientException.java

@@ -19,10 +19,33 @@ package org.apache.doris.datasource.jdbc.client;
 
 public class JdbcClientException extends RuntimeException {
     public JdbcClientException(String format, Throwable cause, Object... msg) {
-        super(String.format(format, msg), cause);
+        super(formatMessage(format, msg), cause);
     }
 
     public JdbcClientException(String format, Object... msg) {
-        super(String.format(format, msg));
+        super(formatMessage(format, msg));
+    }
+
+    private static String formatMessage(String format, Object... msg) {
+        if (msg == null || msg.length == 0) {
+            return format;
+        } else {
+            return String.format(format, escapePercentInArgs(msg));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Object[] escapePercentInArgs(Object... args) {
+        if (args == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        Object[] escapedArgs = new Object[args.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+            if (args[i] instanceof String) {
+                escapedArgs[i] = ((String) args[i]).replace("%", "%%");
+            } else {
+                escapedArgs[i] = args[i];
+            }
+        }
+        return escapedArgs;
     }
 }

fe/fe-core/src/test/java/org/apache/doris/datasource/jdbc/JdbcClientExceptionTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+package org.apache.doris.datasource.jdbc;
+
+import org.apache.doris.datasource.jdbc.client.JdbcClientException;
+
+import  org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class JdbcClientExceptionTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExceptionWithoutArgs() {
+        String message = "An error occurred.";
+        JdbcClientException exception = new JdbcClientException(message);
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
+        Assert.assertNull(exception.getCause());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExceptionWithFormattingArgs() {
+        String format = "Error code: %d, message: %s";
+        int errorCode = 404;
+        String errorMsg = "Not Found";
+        JdbcClientException exception = new JdbcClientException(format, errorCode, errorMsg);
+
+        String expectedMessage = String.format(format, errorCode, errorMsg);
+        Assert.assertEquals(expectedMessage, exception.getMessage());
+        Assert.assertNull(exception.getCause());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExceptionWithPercentInFormatString() {
+        String format = "Usage is at 80%%, threshold is %d%%";
+        int threshold = 75;
+        JdbcClientException exception = new JdbcClientException(format, threshold);
+
+        String expectedMessage = String.format(format, threshold);
+        Assert.assertEquals(expectedMessage, exception.getMessage());
+        Assert.assertNull(exception.getCause());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExceptionWithPercentInArgs() {
+        String format = "Invalid input: %s";
+        String input = "50% discount";
+        JdbcClientException exception = new JdbcClientException(format, input);
+
+        String expectedMessage = String.format(format, input.replace("%", "%%"));
+        Assert.assertEquals(expectedMessage, exception.getMessage());
+        Assert.assertNull(exception.getCause());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExceptionWithCause() {
+        String message = "Database connection failed.";
+        Exception cause = new Exception("Timeout occurred");
+        JdbcClientException exception = new JdbcClientException(message, cause);
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
+        Assert.assertEquals(cause, exception.getCause());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExceptionWithFormattingArgsAndCause() {
+        String format = "Failed to execute query: %s";
+        String query = "SELECT * FROM users";
+        Exception cause = new Exception("Syntax error");
+        JdbcClientException exception = new JdbcClientException(format, cause, query);
+
+        String expectedMessage = String.format(format, query);
+        Assert.assertEquals(expectedMessage, exception.getMessage());
+        Assert.assertEquals(cause, exception.getCause());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExceptionWithPercentInArgsAndCause() {
+        String format = "File path: %s";
+        String filePath = "C:\\Program Files\\App%20Data";
+        Exception cause = new Exception("File not found");
+        JdbcClientException exception = new JdbcClientException(format, cause, filePath);
+
+        String expectedMessage = String.format(format, filePath.replace("%", "%%"));
+        Assert.assertEquals(expectedMessage, exception.getMessage());
+        Assert.assertEquals(cause, exception.getCause());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExceptionWithNoFormattingNeeded() {
+        String message = "Simple error message.";
+        JdbcClientException exception = new JdbcClientException(message, (Object[]) null);
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
+        Assert.assertNull(exception.getCause());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExceptionWithNullArgs() {
+        String format = "Error occurred: %s";
+        JdbcClientException exception = new JdbcClientException(format, (Object[]) null);
+
+        // Since args are null, message should remain unformatted
+        Assert.assertEquals(format, exception.getMessage());
+        Assert.assertNull(exception.getCause());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExceptionWithEmptyArgs() {
+        String format = "Error occurred: %s";
+        JdbcClientException exception = new JdbcClientException(format, new Object[]{});
+
+        // Since args are empty, message should remain unformatted
+        Assert.assertEquals(format, exception.getMessage());
+        Assert.assertNull(exception.getCause());
+    }
+}