[fix](Nereids): tolerate DateLike overflow in SQL CAST/CONVERT (#24943)

- explicit type cast, we need tolerate overflow and convert it to be NULL
- implicit type cast, throw exception

fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/nereids/parser/LogicalPlanBuilder.java

@@ -1425,7 +1425,7 @@ public class LogicalPlanBuilder extends DorisParserBaseVisitor<Object> {
     public Expression visitCast(DorisParser.CastContext ctx) {
         return ParserUtils.withOrigin(ctx, () -> {
             DataType dataType = ((DataType) typedVisit(ctx.dataType())).conversion();
-            Expression cast = new Cast(getExpression(ctx.expression()), dataType);
+            Expression cast = new Cast(getExpression(ctx.expression()), dataType, true);
             return processCast(cast, dataType);
         });
     }
@@ -1470,7 +1470,7 @@ public class LogicalPlanBuilder extends DorisParserBaseVisitor<Object> {
     public Expression visitConvertType(DorisParser.ConvertTypeContext ctx) {
         return ParserUtils.withOrigin(ctx, () -> {
             DataType dataType = ((DataType) typedVisit(ctx.type)).conversion();
-            Expression cast = new Cast(getExpression(ctx.argument), dataType);
+            Expression cast = new Cast(getExpression(ctx.argument), dataType, true);
             return processCast(cast, dataType);
         });
     }

fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/nereids/rules/expression/rules/FoldConstantRuleOnFE.java

@@ -352,7 +352,12 @@ public class FoldConstantRuleOnFE extends AbstractExpressionRewriteRule {
             try {
                 return ((DateLikeType) dataType).fromString(((StringLikeLiteral) child).getStringValue());
             } catch (AnalysisException t) {
-                return new NullLiteral(dataType);
+                if (cast.isExplicitType()) {
+                    return new NullLiteral(dataType);
+                } else {
+                    // If cast is from type coercion, we don't use NULL literal and will throw exception.
+                    throw t;
+                }
             }
         }
         try {

fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/nereids/trees/expressions/Cast.java

@@ -33,16 +33,31 @@ import java.util.Objects;
  */
 public class Cast extends Expression implements UnaryExpression {
 
+    // CAST can be from SQL Query or Type Coercion.
+    private final boolean isExplicitType;
+
     private final DataType targetType;
 
+    public Cast(Expression child, DataType targetType, boolean isExplicitType) {
+        super(ImmutableList.of(child));
+        this.targetType = Objects.requireNonNull(targetType, "targetType can not be null");
+        this.isExplicitType = isExplicitType;
+    }
+
     public Cast(Expression child, DataType targetType) {
         super(ImmutableList.of(child));
         this.targetType = Objects.requireNonNull(targetType, "targetType can not be null");
+        this.isExplicitType = false;
     }
 
-    private Cast(List<Expression> child, DataType targetType) {
+    private Cast(List<Expression> child, DataType targetType, boolean isExplicitType) {
         super(child);
         this.targetType = Objects.requireNonNull(targetType, "targetType can not be null");
+        this.isExplicitType = isExplicitType;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isExplicitType() {
+        return isExplicitType;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -72,7 +87,7 @@ public class Cast extends Expression implements UnaryExpression {
     @Override
     public Cast withChildren(List<Expression> children) {
         Preconditions.checkArgument(children.size() == 1);
-        return new Cast(children, getDataType());
+        return new Cast(children, targetType, isExplicitType);
     }
 
     @Override

fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/nereids/trees/expressions/functions/BuiltinFunctionBuilder.java

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ public class BuiltinFunctionBuilder extends FunctionBuilder {
             if (isVariableLength) {
                 return builderMethod.newInstance(toVariableLengthArguments(arguments));
             } else {
-                return builderMethod.newInstance(arguments.stream().toArray(Object[]::new));
+                return builderMethod.newInstance(arguments.toArray());
             }
         } catch (Throwable t) {
             String argString = arguments.stream()

fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/nereids/trees/expressions/functions/scalar/ConvertTz.java

@@ -18,9 +18,12 @@
 package org.apache.doris.nereids.trees.expressions.functions.scalar;
 
 import org.apache.doris.catalog.FunctionSignature;
+import org.apache.doris.nereids.trees.expressions.Cast;
 import org.apache.doris.nereids.trees.expressions.Expression;
 import org.apache.doris.nereids.trees.expressions.functions.AlwaysNullable;
 import org.apache.doris.nereids.trees.expressions.functions.ExplicitlyCastableSignature;
+import org.apache.doris.nereids.trees.expressions.literal.NullLiteral;
+import org.apache.doris.nereids.trees.expressions.literal.StringLikeLiteral;
 import org.apache.doris.nereids.trees.expressions.shape.TernaryExpression;
 import org.apache.doris.nereids.trees.expressions.visitor.ExpressionVisitor;
 import org.apache.doris.nereids.types.DateTimeType;
@@ -49,7 +52,18 @@ public class ConvertTz extends ScalarFunction
      * constructor with 3 arguments.
      */
     public ConvertTz(Expression arg0, Expression arg1, Expression arg2) {
-        super("convert_tz", arg0, arg1, arg2);
+        super("convert_tz", castDateTime(arg0), arg1, arg2);
+    }
+
+    private static Expression castDateTime(Expression arg0) {
+        // https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/date-and-time-functions.html#function_convert-tz
+        // convert_tz() should be explicit cast, so we create a explicit cast here
+        try {
+            return arg0 instanceof StringLikeLiteral ? new Cast(arg0, DateTimeV2Type.forTypeFromString(
+                    ((StringLikeLiteral) arg0).getStringValue()), true) : arg0;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            return new NullLiteral(DateTimeV2Type.SYSTEM_DEFAULT);
+        }
     }
 
     /**

fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/nereids/trees/expressions/literal/DateTimeLiteral.java

@@ -101,17 +101,27 @@ public class DateTimeLiteral extends DateLiteral {
      * determine scale by datetime string
      */
     public static int determineScale(String s) {
-        TemporalAccessor dateTime = parse(s);
-        int microSecond = DateUtils.getOrDefault(dateTime, ChronoField.MICRO_OF_SECOND);
-
-        if (microSecond == 0) {
+        if (!s.contains("-") && !s.contains(":")) {
             return 0;
         }
-
-        int scale = 6;
-        while (microSecond % 10 == 0) {
+        s = normalize(s);
+        if (s.length() <= 19 || s.charAt(19) != '.') {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        // from index 19 find the index of first char which is not digit
+        int scale = 0;
+        for (int i = 20; i < s.length(); i++) {
+            if (!Character.isDigit(s.charAt(i))) {
+                break;
+            }
+            scale++;
+        }
+        // trim the tailing zero
+        for (int i = 19 + scale; i >= 19; i--) {
+            if (s.charAt(i) != '0') {
+                break;
+            }
             scale--;
-            microSecond /= 10;
         }
         return scale;
     }

fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/nereids/types/DateTimeV2Type.java

@@ -83,9 +83,6 @@ public class DateTimeV2Type extends DateLikeType {
      * may be we need to check for validity?
      */
     public static DateTimeV2Type forTypeFromString(String s) {
-        if (!s.contains(".")) {
-            return DateTimeV2Type.SYSTEM_DEFAULT;
-        }
         int scale = DateTimeLiteral.determineScale(s);
         return DateTimeV2Type.of(scale);
     }