[Fix](merge-on-write) throw exception when the user don't specify the insert columns in insert statement for partial update (#25437)

fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/analysis/NativeInsertStmt.java

@@ -507,6 +507,11 @@ public class NativeInsertStmt extends InsertStmt {
         Set<String> mentionedColumns = Sets.newTreeSet(String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER);
         List<String> realTargetColumnNames;
         if (targetColumnNames == null) {
+            if (!isFromDeleteOrUpdateStmt
+                    && analyzer.getContext().getSessionVariable().isEnableUniqueKeyPartialUpdate()) {
+                throw new AnalysisException("You must explicitly specify the columns to be updated when "
+                        + "updating partial columns using the INSERT statement.");
+            }
             // the mentioned columns are columns which are visible to user, so here we use
             // getBaseSchema(), not getFullSchema()
             for (Column col : targetTable.getBaseSchema(false)) {

fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/nereids/rules/analysis/BindSink.java

@@ -81,6 +81,12 @@ public class BindSink implements AnalysisRuleFactory {
                     boolean isNeedSequenceCol = child.getOutput().stream()
                             .anyMatch(slot -> slot.getName().equals(Column.SEQUENCE_COL));
 
+                    if (sink.getColNames().isEmpty() && sink.isFromNativeInsertStmt()
+                            && sink.isPartialUpdate()) {
+                        throw new AnalysisException("You must explicitly specify the columns to be updated when "
+                                + "updating partial columns using the INSERT statement.");
+                    }
+
                     LogicalOlapTableSink<?> boundSink = new LogicalOlapTableSink<>(
                             database,
                             table,