// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
// distributed with this work for additional information
// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
// specific language governing permissions and limitations
// under the License.

#include "olap/task/index_builder.h"

#include <gmock/gmock.h>
#include <gtest/gtest.h>

#include "olap/olap_common.h"
#include "olap/rowset/beta_rowset.h"
#include "olap/rowset/rowset_factory.h"
#include "olap/rowset/rowset_writer_context.h"
#include "olap/storage_engine.h"
#include "olap/tablet_fwd.h"
#include "olap/tablet_schema.h"

namespace doris {
using namespace testing;

class IndexBuilderTest : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
    void SetUp() override {
        char buffer[MAX_PATH_LEN];
        ASSERT_NE(getcwd(buffer, MAX_PATH_LEN), nullptr);
        _current_dir = std::string(buffer);
        _absolute_dir = _current_dir + "/" + std::string(dest_dir);
        ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(_absolute_dir).ok());
        ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(_absolute_dir).ok());

        std::vector<StorePath> paths;
        paths.emplace_back(config::storage_root_path, -1);

        // tmp dir
        EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tmp_dir).ok());
        EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(tmp_dir).ok());
        paths.emplace_back(std::string(tmp_dir), 1024000000);
        auto tmp_file_dirs = std::make_unique<segment_v2::TmpFileDirs>(paths);
        EXPECT_TRUE(tmp_file_dirs->init().ok());
        ExecEnv::GetInstance()->set_tmp_file_dir(std::move(tmp_file_dirs));

        doris::EngineOptions options;
        options.store_paths = paths;

        _engine = std::make_unique<StorageEngine>(options);
        _data_dir = std::make_unique<DataDir>(_absolute_dir);
        ASSERT_TRUE(_data_dir->update_capacity().ok());
        ExecEnv::GetInstance()->set_storage_engine(_engine.get());

        _tablet_meta = create_tablet_meta();

        // Create tablet meta
        // auto* tablet_schema = _tablet_meta->mutable_tablet_schema();
        _tablet_schema = std::make_shared<TabletSchema>();
        create_tablet_schema(_tablet_schema, KeysType::DUP_KEYS);
        // Initialize tablet
        _tablet = std::make_shared<Tablet>(*_engine, _tablet_meta, _data_dir.get());
        ASSERT_TRUE(_tablet->init().ok());
    }

    void TearDown() override {
        ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(_absolute_dir).ok());
        ExecEnv::GetInstance()->set_storage_engine(nullptr);
        _tablet.reset();
    }

    void create_tablet_schema(TabletSchemaSPtr tablet_schema, KeysType keystype,
                              int num_value_col = 1) {
        // Set basic properties of TabletSchema directly
        tablet_schema->_keys_type = keystype;
        tablet_schema->_inverted_index_storage_format = InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V2;

        // Create the first key column
        TabletColumn column_1;
        column_1.set_type(FieldType::OLAP_FIELD_TYPE_INT);
        column_1.set_unique_id(1);
        column_1.set_name("k1");
        column_1.set_is_key(true);
        tablet_schema->append_column(column_1);

        // Create the second key column
        TabletColumn column_2;
        column_2.set_type(FieldType::OLAP_FIELD_TYPE_INT);
        column_2.set_unique_id(2);
        column_2.set_name("k2");
        column_2.set_is_key(false);
        tablet_schema->append_column(column_2);
    }

    TabletMetaSharedPtr create_tablet_meta() {
        TabletMetaPB tablet_meta_pb;
        tablet_meta_pb.set_table_id(1);
        tablet_meta_pb.set_tablet_id(15673);
        tablet_meta_pb.set_schema_hash(567997577);
        tablet_meta_pb.set_shard_id(0);
        tablet_meta_pb.set_creation_time(1575351212);

        TabletMetaSharedPtr tablet_meta(new TabletMeta());
        tablet_meta->init_from_pb(tablet_meta_pb);
        return tablet_meta;
    }

    // Helper to create rowset meta
    void init_rs_meta(RowsetMetaSharedPtr& rs_meta, TabletSchemaSPtr tablet_schema, int64_t start,
                      int64_t end) {
        RowsetMetaPB rowset_meta_pb;
        rowset_meta_pb.set_rowset_id(540081);
        rowset_meta_pb.set_tablet_id(15673);
        rowset_meta_pb.set_tablet_schema_hash(567997577);
        rowset_meta_pb.set_rowset_type(RowsetTypePB::BETA_ROWSET);
        rowset_meta_pb.set_rowset_state(RowsetStatePB::VISIBLE);
        rowset_meta_pb.set_start_version(start);
        rowset_meta_pb.set_end_version(end);
        rowset_meta_pb.set_num_rows(3929);
        rowset_meta_pb.set_total_disk_size(84699);
        rowset_meta_pb.set_data_disk_size(84464);
        rowset_meta_pb.set_index_disk_size(235);
        rowset_meta_pb.set_num_segments(2);

        rs_meta->init_from_pb(rowset_meta_pb);
        rs_meta->set_tablet_schema(tablet_schema);
    }

    std::unique_ptr<StorageEngine> _engine;
    TabletSharedPtr _tablet;
    TabletMetaSharedPtr _tablet_meta;
    TabletSchemaSPtr _tablet_schema;
    std::vector<TColumn> _columns;
    std::vector<doris::TOlapTableIndex> _alter_indexes;
    std::unique_ptr<DataDir> _data_dir = nullptr;
    std::string _current_dir;
    std::string _absolute_dir;
    constexpr static uint32_t MAX_PATH_LEN = 1024;
    constexpr static std::string_view dest_dir = "./ut_dir/index_builder_test";
    constexpr static std::string_view tmp_dir = "./ut_dir/index_builder_test";

    std::string local_segment_path(const std::string& tablet_path, const std::string& rowset_id,
                                   int segment_id) {
        return tablet_path + "/" + rowset_id + "_" + std::to_string(segment_id);
    }
};

TEST_F(IndexBuilderTest, BasicBuildTest) {
    // 1. Prepare test data
    TOlapTableIndex index;
    index.index_id = 1;
    index.columns.emplace_back("col1");
    _alter_indexes.push_back(index);

    // 2. Create IndexBuilder
    IndexBuilder builder(_tablet, _columns, _alter_indexes, false);

    // 3. Verify initialization
    auto status = builder.init();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok());
    EXPECT_EQ(builder._alter_index_ids.size(), 1);
}

TEST_F(IndexBuilderTest, DropIndexTest) {
    // 0. prepare tablet path
    auto tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15676);
    _tablet->_tablet_path = tablet_path;
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tablet_path).ok());
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(tablet_path).ok());

    // 1. Prepare data for writing
    RowsetSharedPtr rowset;
    const int num_rows = 1000;

    // 2. First add an initial index to the schema (for k1 column)
    TabletIndex initial_index;
    initial_index._index_id = 1;
    initial_index._index_name = "k1_index";
    initial_index._index_type = IndexType::INVERTED;
    initial_index._col_unique_ids.push_back(1); // unique_id for k1
    _tablet_schema->append_index(std::move(initial_index));

    // 3. Create a rowset writer context
    RowsetWriterContext writer_context;
    writer_context.rowset_id.init(15676);
    writer_context.tablet_id = 15676;
    writer_context.tablet_schema_hash = 567997577;
    writer_context.partition_id = 10;
    writer_context.rowset_type = BETA_ROWSET;
    writer_context.rowset_dir = tablet_path;
    writer_context.rowset_state = VISIBLE;
    writer_context.tablet_schema = _tablet_schema;
    writer_context.version.first = 10;
    writer_context.version.second = 10;

    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(writer_context.rowset_dir).ok());

    // 4. Create a rowset writer
    std::unique_ptr<RowsetWriter> rowset_writer;
    auto status = RowsetFactory::create_rowset_writer(writer_context, false, &rowset_writer);
    ASSERT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 5. Write data to the rowset
    {
        vectorized::Block block = _tablet_schema->create_block();
        auto columns = block.mutate_columns();

        // Add data for k1 and k2 columns
        for (int i = 0; i < num_rows; ++i) {
            // k1 column (int)
            int32_t k1 = i * 10;
            columns[0]->insert_data((const char*)&k1, sizeof(k1));

            // k2 column (int)
            int32_t k2 = i % 100;
            columns[1]->insert_data((const char*)&k2, sizeof(k2));
        }

        // Add the block to the rowset
        Status s = rowset_writer->add_block(&block);
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Flush the writer
        s = rowset_writer->flush();
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Build the rowset
        ASSERT_TRUE(rowset_writer->build(rowset).ok());

        // Add the rowset to the tablet
        ASSERT_TRUE(_tablet->add_rowset(rowset).ok());
    }

    // 6. Verify index exists before dropping
    EXPECT_TRUE(_tablet_schema->has_inverted_index());
    EXPECT_TRUE(_tablet_schema->has_inverted_index_with_index_id(1, ""));

    // 7. Prepare index for dropping
    TOlapTableIndex drop_index;
    drop_index.index_id = 1;
    drop_index.columns.emplace_back("k1");
    _alter_indexes.push_back(drop_index);

    // 8. Create IndexBuilder with drop operation
    IndexBuilder builder(_tablet, _columns, _alter_indexes, true);

    // 9. Initialize and verify
    status = builder.init();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();
    EXPECT_EQ(builder._alter_index_ids.size(), 1);

    // 10. Execute drop operation
    status = builder.do_build_inverted_index();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 11. Verify the index has been removed
    // check old tablet path and new tablet path
    bool exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(tablet_path, &exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(exists);

    // Check files in old and new directories
    std::vector<io::FileInfo> files;
    bool dir_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->list(tablet_path, true, &files, &dir_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(dir_exists);
    int new_idx_file_count = 0;
    int new_dat_file_count = 0;
    int old_idx_file_count = 0;
    int old_dat_file_count = 0;
    for (const auto& file : files) {
        std::string filename = file.file_name;
        if (filename.find("15676_0.idx") != std::string::npos) {
            old_idx_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find("15676_0.dat") != std::string::npos) {
            old_dat_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find("020000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000_0.idx") !=
            std::string::npos) {
            new_idx_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find("020000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000_0.dat") !=
            std::string::npos) {
            new_dat_file_count++;
        }
    }
    // The index should have been removed
    EXPECT_EQ(old_idx_file_count, 1) << "Tablet path should have 1 .idx file before drop";
    EXPECT_EQ(old_dat_file_count, 1) << "Tablet path should have 1 .dat file before drop";
    EXPECT_EQ(new_idx_file_count, 0) << "Tablet path should have no .idx file after drop";
    EXPECT_EQ(new_dat_file_count, 1) << "Tablet path should have 1 .dat file after drop";

    //auto tablet_schema = _tablet->tablet_schema();
    //EXPECT_FALSE(tablet_schema->has_inverted_index_with_index_id(1));
}

TEST_F(IndexBuilderTest, BuildIndexAfterWritingDataTest) {
    // 0. prepare tablet path
    auto tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14673);
    _tablet->_tablet_path = tablet_path;
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tablet_path).ok());
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(tablet_path).ok());

    // 1. Prepare data for writing
    RowsetSharedPtr rowset;
    const int num_rows = 1000;

    // 2. Create a rowset writer context
    RowsetWriterContext writer_context;
    writer_context.rowset_id.init(15673);
    writer_context.tablet_id = 15673;
    writer_context.tablet_schema_hash = 567997577;
    writer_context.partition_id = 10;
    writer_context.rowset_type = BETA_ROWSET;
    writer_context.rowset_dir = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15673);
    writer_context.rowset_state = VISIBLE;
    writer_context.tablet_schema = _tablet_schema;
    writer_context.version.first = 10;
    writer_context.version.second = 10;

    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(writer_context.rowset_dir).ok());

    // 3. Create a rowset writer
    std::unique_ptr<RowsetWriter> rowset_writer;
    auto status = RowsetFactory::create_rowset_writer(writer_context, false, &rowset_writer);
    ASSERT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 4. Write data to the rowset
    {
        vectorized::Block block = _tablet_schema->create_block();
        auto columns = block.mutate_columns();

        // Add data for k1 and k2 columns according to the schema
        for (int i = 0; i < num_rows; ++i) {
            // k1 column (int)
            int32_t k1 = i * 10;
            columns[0]->insert_data((const char*)&k1, sizeof(k1));

            // k2 column (int)
            int32_t k2 = i % 100;
            columns[1]->insert_data((const char*)&k2, sizeof(k2));
        }

        // Add the block to the rowset
        Status s = rowset_writer->add_block(&block);
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Flush the writer
        s = rowset_writer->flush();
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Build the rowset
        ASSERT_TRUE(rowset_writer->build(rowset).ok());

        // Add the rowset to the tablet
        ASSERT_TRUE(_tablet->add_rowset(rowset).ok());
    }

    // 5. Prepare index for building
    TOlapTableIndex index1;
    index1.index_id = 1;
    index1.columns.emplace_back("k1");
    index1.index_name = "k1_index";
    index1.index_type = TIndexType::INVERTED;
    _alter_indexes.push_back(index1);

    TOlapTableIndex index2;
    index2.index_id = 2;
    index2.columns.emplace_back("k2");
    index2.index_name = "k2_index";
    index2.index_type = TIndexType::INVERTED;
    _alter_indexes.push_back(index2);

    // 6. Create IndexBuilder
    IndexBuilder builder(_tablet, _columns, _alter_indexes, false);

    // 7. Initialize and verify
    status = builder.init();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();
    EXPECT_EQ(builder._alter_index_ids.size(), 2);

    // 8. Build index
    status = builder.do_build_inverted_index();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // check old tablet path and new tablet path
    auto old_tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15673);
    auto new_tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14673);
    bool old_exists = false;
    bool new_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(old_tablet_path, &old_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(old_exists);
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(new_tablet_path, &new_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(new_exists);

    // Check files in old and new directories
    std::vector<io::FileInfo> old_files;
    bool old_dir_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()
                        ->list(old_tablet_path, true, &old_files, &old_dir_exists)
                        .ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(old_dir_exists);
    int idx_file_count = 0;
    int dat_file_count = 0;
    for (const auto& file : old_files) {
        std::string filename = file.file_name;
        if (filename.find(".idx") != std::string::npos) {
            idx_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find(".dat") != std::string::npos) {
            dat_file_count++;
        }
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(idx_file_count, 0) << "Old directory should contain exactly 0 .idx file";
    EXPECT_EQ(dat_file_count, 1) << "Old directory should contain exactly 1 .dat file";

    std::vector<io::FileInfo> new_files;
    bool new_dir_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()
                        ->list(new_tablet_path, true, &new_files, &new_dir_exists)
                        .ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(new_dir_exists);
    int new_idx_file_count = 0;
    int new_dat_file_count = 0;
    for (const auto& file : new_files) {
        std::string filename = file.file_name;
        if (filename.find(".idx") != std::string::npos) {
            new_idx_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find(".dat") != std::string::npos) {
            new_dat_file_count++;
        }
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(new_idx_file_count, 1) << "New directory should contain exactly 1 .idx files";
    EXPECT_EQ(new_dat_file_count, 1) << "New directory should contain exactly 1 .dat file";

    // 9. Verify the result (indexes should be built successfully)
    //auto tablet_schema = _tablet->tablet_schema();
    //EXPECT_TRUE(tablet_schema->has_inverted_index_with_index_id(1));
    //EXPECT_TRUE(tablet_schema->has_inverted_index_with_index_id(2));
}

TEST_F(IndexBuilderTest, AddIndexWhenOneExistsTest) {
    // 0. prepare tablet path
    auto tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14675);
    _tablet->_tablet_path = tablet_path;
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tablet_path).ok());
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(tablet_path).ok());

    // 1. Prepare data for writing
    RowsetSharedPtr rowset;
    const int num_rows = 1000;

    // 2. First add an initial index to the schema (for k1 column)
    TabletIndex initial_index;
    initial_index._index_id = 1;
    initial_index._index_name = "k1_index";
    initial_index._index_type = IndexType::INVERTED;
    initial_index._col_unique_ids.push_back(1); // unique_id for k1
    _tablet_schema->append_index(std::move(initial_index));

    // 3. Create rowset writer context
    RowsetWriterContext writer_context;
    writer_context.rowset_id.init(15675);
    writer_context.tablet_id = 15675;
    writer_context.tablet_schema_hash = 567997577;
    writer_context.partition_id = 10;
    writer_context.rowset_type = BETA_ROWSET;
    writer_context.rowset_dir = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15675);
    writer_context.rowset_state = VISIBLE;
    writer_context.tablet_schema = _tablet_schema;
    writer_context.version.first = 10;
    writer_context.version.second = 10;

    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(writer_context.rowset_dir).ok());

    // 4. Create rowset writer
    std::unique_ptr<RowsetWriter> rowset_writer;
    auto status = RowsetFactory::create_rowset_writer(writer_context, false, &rowset_writer);
    ASSERT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 5. Write data to rowset
    {
        vectorized::Block block = _tablet_schema->create_block();
        auto columns = block.mutate_columns();

        // Add data for k1 and k2 columns
        for (int i = 0; i < num_rows; ++i) {
            // k1 column (int)
            int32_t k1 = i * 10;
            columns[0]->insert_data((const char*)&k1, sizeof(k1));

            // k2 column (int)
            int32_t k2 = i % 100;
            columns[1]->insert_data((const char*)&k2, sizeof(k2));
        }

        // Add block to rowset
        Status s = rowset_writer->add_block(&block);
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Flush writer
        s = rowset_writer->flush();
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Build rowset
        ASSERT_TRUE(rowset_writer->build(rowset).ok());

        // Add rowset to tablet
        ASSERT_TRUE(_tablet->add_rowset(rowset).ok());
    }

    // 6. Prepare new index information (only add for k2 column)
    TOlapTableIndex new_index;
    new_index.index_id = 2; // New index ID is 2
    new_index.columns.emplace_back("k2");
    new_index.index_name = "k2_index";
    new_index.index_type = TIndexType::INVERTED;
    _alter_indexes.push_back(new_index);

    // 7. Create IndexBuilder
    IndexBuilder builder(_tablet, _columns, _alter_indexes, false);

    // 8. Initialize and verify
    status = builder.init();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();
    EXPECT_EQ(builder._alter_index_ids.size(), 1); // Only one new index needs to be built

    // 9. Build index
    status = builder.do_build_inverted_index();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // check old tablet path and new tablet path
    auto old_tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15675);
    auto new_tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14675);
    bool old_exists = false;
    bool new_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(old_tablet_path, &old_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(old_exists);
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(new_tablet_path, &new_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(new_exists);

    // Check files in old and new directories
    std::vector<io::FileInfo> old_files;
    bool old_dir_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()
                        ->list(old_tablet_path, true, &old_files, &old_dir_exists)
                        .ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(old_dir_exists);
    int idx_file_count = 0;
    int dat_file_count = 0;
    for (const auto& file : old_files) {
        std::string filename = file.file_name;
        if (filename.find(".idx") != std::string::npos) {
            idx_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find(".dat") != std::string::npos) {
            dat_file_count++;
        }
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(idx_file_count, 1) << "Old directory should contain exactly 1 .idx file";
    EXPECT_EQ(dat_file_count, 1) << "Old directory should contain exactly 1 .dat file";

    std::vector<io::FileInfo> new_files;
    bool new_dir_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()
                        ->list(new_tablet_path, true, &new_files, &new_dir_exists)
                        .ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(new_dir_exists);
    int new_idx_file_count = 0;
    int new_dat_file_count = 0;
    for (const auto& file : new_files) {
        std::string filename = file.file_name;
        if (filename.find(".idx") != std::string::npos) {
            new_idx_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find(".dat") != std::string::npos) {
            new_dat_file_count++;
        }
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(new_idx_file_count, 1) << "New directory should contain exactly 1 .idx files";
    EXPECT_EQ(new_dat_file_count, 1) << "New directory should contain exactly 1 .dat file";

    // 10. Verify results (both indexes should exist)
    // Verify initial index (k1) still exists
    //EXPECT_TRUE(_tablet_schema->has_inverted_index_with_index_id(1));
    // Verify newly added index (k2) is successfully built
    //EXPECT_TRUE(_tablet_schema->has_inverted_index_with_index_id(2));
}

TEST_F(IndexBuilderTest, AddIndexWhenOneExistsTestV1) {
    // 1. Create new schema using V1 format
    auto v1_schema = std::make_shared<TabletSchema>();
    create_tablet_schema(v1_schema, KeysType::DUP_KEYS);

    // 2. Modify to V1 format
    v1_schema->_inverted_index_storage_format = InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V1;

    // 3. First add an initial index to the schema (for k1 column)
    TabletIndex initial_index;
    initial_index._index_id = 1;
    initial_index._index_name = "k1_index";
    initial_index._index_type = IndexType::INVERTED;
    initial_index._col_unique_ids.push_back(1); // unique_id for k1
    v1_schema->append_index(std::move(initial_index));

    // 4. Update schema in tablet
    TabletMetaPB tablet_meta_pb;
    _tablet_meta->to_meta_pb(&tablet_meta_pb);

    TabletSchemaPB v1_schema_pb;
    v1_schema->to_schema_pb(&v1_schema_pb);
    tablet_meta_pb.mutable_schema()->CopyFrom(v1_schema_pb);

    _tablet_meta->init_from_pb(tablet_meta_pb);

    // Reinitialize tablet to use new schema
    _tablet = std::make_shared<Tablet>(*_engine, _tablet_meta, _data_dir.get());
    ASSERT_TRUE(_tablet->init().ok());
    auto tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14674);
    _tablet->_tablet_path = tablet_path;
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tablet_path).ok());
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(tablet_path).ok());

    // 5. Prepare data
    RowsetSharedPtr rowset;
    const int num_rows = 1000;

    // 6. Create rowset writer context
    RowsetWriterContext writer_context;
    writer_context.rowset_id.init(15674);
    writer_context.tablet_id = 15674;
    writer_context.tablet_schema_hash = 567997577;
    writer_context.partition_id = 10;
    writer_context.rowset_type = BETA_ROWSET;
    writer_context.rowset_dir = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15674);
    writer_context.rowset_state = VISIBLE;
    writer_context.tablet_schema = v1_schema;
    writer_context.version.first = 10;
    writer_context.version.second = 10;

    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(writer_context.rowset_dir).ok());

    // 7. Create rowset writer
    std::unique_ptr<RowsetWriter> rowset_writer;
    auto status = RowsetFactory::create_rowset_writer(writer_context, false, &rowset_writer);
    ASSERT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 8. Write data to rowset
    {
        vectorized::Block block = v1_schema->create_block();
        auto columns = block.mutate_columns();

        // Add data for k1 and k2 columns
        for (int i = 0; i < num_rows; ++i) {
            // k1 column (int)
            int32_t k1 = i * 10;
            columns[0]->insert_data((const char*)&k1, sizeof(k1));

            // k2 column (int)
            int32_t k2 = i % 100;
            columns[1]->insert_data((const char*)&k2, sizeof(k2));
        }

        // Add block to rowset
        Status s = rowset_writer->add_block(&block);
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Flush writer
        s = rowset_writer->flush();
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Build rowset
        ASSERT_TRUE(rowset_writer->build(rowset).ok());

        // Add rowset to tablet
        ASSERT_TRUE(_tablet->add_rowset(rowset).ok());
    }

    // 9. Clear existing index list, prepare new index
    _alter_indexes.clear();

    // 10. Prepare new index information (only add for k2 column)
    TOlapTableIndex new_index;
    new_index.index_id = 2; // New index ID is 2
    new_index.columns.emplace_back("k2");
    new_index.index_name = "k2_index";
    new_index.index_type = TIndexType::INVERTED;
    _alter_indexes.push_back(new_index);

    // 11. Create IndexBuilder
    IndexBuilder builder(_tablet, _columns, _alter_indexes, false);

    // 12. Initialize and verify
    status = builder.init();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();
    EXPECT_EQ(builder._alter_index_ids.size(), 1); // Only one new index needs to be built

    // 13. Build index
    status = builder.do_build_inverted_index();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // check old tablet path and new tablet path
    auto old_tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15674);
    auto new_tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14674);
    bool old_exists = false;
    bool new_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(old_tablet_path, &old_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(old_exists);
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(new_tablet_path, &new_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(new_exists);

    // Check files in old and new directories
    std::vector<io::FileInfo> old_files;
    bool old_dir_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()
                        ->list(old_tablet_path, true, &old_files, &old_dir_exists)
                        .ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(old_dir_exists);
    int idx_file_count = 0;
    int dat_file_count = 0;
    for (const auto& file : old_files) {
        std::string filename = file.file_name;
        if (filename.find(".idx") != std::string::npos) {
            idx_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find(".dat") != std::string::npos) {
            dat_file_count++;
        }
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(idx_file_count, 1) << "Old directory should contain exactly 1 .idx file";
    EXPECT_EQ(dat_file_count, 1) << "Old directory should contain exactly 1 .dat file";

    std::vector<io::FileInfo> new_files;
    bool new_dir_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()
                        ->list(new_tablet_path, true, &new_files, &new_dir_exists)
                        .ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(new_dir_exists);
    int new_idx_file_count = 0;
    int new_dat_file_count = 0;
    for (const auto& file : new_files) {
        std::string filename = file.file_name;
        if (filename.find(".idx") != std::string::npos) {
            new_idx_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find(".dat") != std::string::npos) {
            new_dat_file_count++;
        }
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(new_idx_file_count, 2) << "New directory should contain exactly 2 .idx files";
    EXPECT_EQ(new_dat_file_count, 1) << "New directory should contain exactly 1 .dat file";
    // 14. Verify results (both indexes should exist)
    // Verify initial index (k1) still exists
    //EXPECT_TRUE(v1_schema->has_inverted_index_with_index_id(1));
    // Verify newly added index (k2) is successfully built
    //EXPECT_TRUE(_tablet->tablet_schema()->has_inverted_index_with_index_id(2));

    // 15. Confirm storage format is still V1
    //EXPECT_EQ(v1_schema->_inverted_index_storage_format, InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V1);
}

TEST_F(IndexBuilderTest, MultiSegmentBuildIndexTest) {
    // 0. prepare tablet path
    auto tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14677);
    _tablet->_tablet_path = tablet_path;
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tablet_path).ok());
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(tablet_path).ok());

    // 1. Prepare data for writing
    RowsetSharedPtr rowset;
    const int rows_per_segment = 500;
    const int num_segments = 3;

    // 2. Create a rowset writer context with segment size set to trigger multiple segments
    RowsetWriterContext writer_context;
    writer_context.rowset_id.init(15677);
    writer_context.tablet_id = 15677;
    writer_context.tablet_schema_hash = 567997577;
    writer_context.partition_id = 10;
    writer_context.rowset_type = BETA_ROWSET;
    writer_context.rowset_dir = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15677);
    writer_context.rowset_state = VISIBLE;
    writer_context.tablet_schema = _tablet_schema;
    writer_context.version.first = 10;
    writer_context.version.second = 10;
    // Set small segment size to ensure we create multiple segments
    writer_context.max_rows_per_segment = rows_per_segment;

    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(writer_context.rowset_dir).ok());

    // 3. Create a rowset writer
    std::unique_ptr<RowsetWriter> rowset_writer;
    auto status = RowsetFactory::create_rowset_writer(writer_context, false, &rowset_writer);
    ASSERT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 4. Write data to the rowset in multiple batches to ensure we get multiple segments
    for (int segment = 0; segment < num_segments; segment++) {
        vectorized::Block block = _tablet_schema->create_block();
        auto columns = block.mutate_columns();

        // Add data for k1 and k2 columns
        for (int i = 0; i < rows_per_segment; ++i) {
            // k1 column (int) - make values different across segments
            int32_t k1 = (segment * rows_per_segment + i) * 10;
            columns[0]->insert_data((const char*)&k1, sizeof(k1));

            // k2 column (int)
            int32_t k2 = (segment * rows_per_segment + i) % 100;
            columns[1]->insert_data((const char*)&k2, sizeof(k2));
        }

        // Add the block to the rowset
        Status s = rowset_writer->add_block(&block);
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Flush to ensure we create a new segment
        s = rowset_writer->flush();
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();
    }

    // 5. Build the rowset
    ASSERT_TRUE(rowset_writer->build(rowset).ok());

    // Verify we have the expected number of segments
    ASSERT_EQ(rowset->num_segments(), num_segments)
            << "Rowset should have " << num_segments << " segments but has "
            << rowset->num_segments();

    // 6. Add the rowset to the tablet
    ASSERT_TRUE(_tablet->add_rowset(rowset).ok());

    // 7. Prepare indexes for building
    TOlapTableIndex index1;
    index1.index_id = 1;
    index1.columns.emplace_back("k1");
    index1.index_name = "k1_index";
    index1.index_type = TIndexType::INVERTED;
    _alter_indexes.push_back(index1);

    TOlapTableIndex index2;
    index2.index_id = 2;
    index2.columns.emplace_back("k2");
    index2.index_name = "k2_index";
    index2.index_type = TIndexType::INVERTED;
    _alter_indexes.push_back(index2);

    // 8. Create IndexBuilder
    IndexBuilder builder(_tablet, _columns, _alter_indexes, false);

    // 9. Initialize and verify
    status = builder.init();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();
    EXPECT_EQ(builder._alter_index_ids.size(), 2);

    // 10. Build indexes
    status = builder.do_build_inverted_index();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 11. Check paths and files
    auto old_tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15677);
    auto new_tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14677);
    bool old_exists = false;
    bool new_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(old_tablet_path, &old_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(old_exists);
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(new_tablet_path, &new_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(new_exists);

    // 12. Check files in old and new directories
    std::vector<io::FileInfo> old_files;
    bool old_dir_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()
                        ->list(old_tablet_path, true, &old_files, &old_dir_exists)
                        .ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(old_dir_exists);
    int old_idx_file_count = 0;
    int old_dat_file_count = 0;
    for (const auto& file : old_files) {
        std::string filename = file.file_name;
        if (filename.find(".idx") != std::string::npos) {
            old_idx_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find(".dat") != std::string::npos) {
            old_dat_file_count++;
        }
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(old_idx_file_count, 0) << "Old directory should contain exactly 0 .idx files";
    EXPECT_EQ(old_dat_file_count, num_segments)
            << "Old directory should contain exactly " << num_segments << " .dat files";

    std::vector<io::FileInfo> new_files;
    bool new_dir_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()
                        ->list(new_tablet_path, true, &new_files, &new_dir_exists)
                        .ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(new_dir_exists);
    int new_idx_file_count = 0;
    int new_dat_file_count = 0;
    for (const auto& file : new_files) {
        std::string filename = file.file_name;
        if (filename.find(".idx") != std::string::npos) {
            new_idx_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find(".dat") != std::string::npos) {
            new_dat_file_count++;
        }
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(new_idx_file_count, num_segments)
            << "New directory should contain exactly " << num_segments << " .idx files";
    EXPECT_EQ(new_dat_file_count, num_segments)
            << "New directory should contain exactly " << num_segments << " .dat files";
}

TEST_F(IndexBuilderTest, NonExistentColumnIndexTest) {
    // 0. prepare tablet path
    auto tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14678);
    _tablet->_tablet_path = tablet_path;
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tablet_path).ok());
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(tablet_path).ok());

    // 1. Prepare data for writing
    RowsetSharedPtr rowset;
    const int num_rows = 1000;

    // 2. Create a rowset writer context
    RowsetWriterContext writer_context;
    writer_context.rowset_id.init(15678);
    writer_context.tablet_id = 15678;
    writer_context.tablet_schema_hash = 567997577;
    writer_context.partition_id = 10;
    writer_context.rowset_type = BETA_ROWSET;
    writer_context.rowset_dir = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15678);
    writer_context.rowset_state = VISIBLE;
    writer_context.tablet_schema = _tablet_schema;
    writer_context.version.first = 10;
    writer_context.version.second = 10;

    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(writer_context.rowset_dir).ok());

    // 3. Create a rowset writer
    std::unique_ptr<RowsetWriter> rowset_writer;
    auto status = RowsetFactory::create_rowset_writer(writer_context, false, &rowset_writer);
    ASSERT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 4. Write data to the rowset
    {
        vectorized::Block block = _tablet_schema->create_block();
        auto columns = block.mutate_columns();

        // Add data for k1 and k2 columns
        for (int i = 0; i < num_rows; ++i) {
            // k1 column (int)
            int32_t k1 = i * 10;
            columns[0]->insert_data((const char*)&k1, sizeof(k1));

            // k2 column (int)
            int32_t k2 = i % 100;
            columns[1]->insert_data((const char*)&k2, sizeof(k2));
        }

        // Add the block to the rowset
        Status s = rowset_writer->add_block(&block);
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Flush the writer
        s = rowset_writer->flush();
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Build the rowset
        ASSERT_TRUE(rowset_writer->build(rowset).ok());

        // Add the rowset to the tablet
        ASSERT_TRUE(_tablet->add_rowset(rowset).ok());
    }

    // 5. Prepare indexes for building - including one for a non-existent column
    _alter_indexes.clear();

    // Index for non-existent column "k3"
    TOlapTableIndex index2;
    index2.index_id = 2;
    index2.columns.emplace_back("k3"); // This column doesn't exist in the schema
    index2.index_name = "k3_index";
    index2.index_type = TIndexType::INVERTED;
    _alter_indexes.push_back(index2);

    // 6. Create IndexBuilder
    IndexBuilder builder(_tablet, _columns, _alter_indexes, false);

    // 7. Initialize and verify
    status = builder.init();
    // The init should succeed, as we'll skip non-existent columns later
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 8. Build indexes - should only build for existing columns
    status = builder.do_build_inverted_index();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 9. Check paths and files
    auto old_tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15678);
    auto new_tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14678);
    bool old_exists = false;
    bool new_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(old_tablet_path, &old_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(old_exists);
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(new_tablet_path, &new_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(new_exists);

    // 10. Check files in old and new directories
    std::vector<io::FileInfo> old_files;
    bool old_dir_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()
                        ->list(old_tablet_path, true, &old_files, &old_dir_exists)
                        .ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(old_dir_exists);
    int old_idx_file_count = 0;
    int old_dat_file_count = 0;
    for (const auto& file : old_files) {
        std::string filename = file.file_name;
        if (filename.find(".idx") != std::string::npos) {
            old_idx_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find(".dat") != std::string::npos) {
            old_dat_file_count++;
        }
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(old_idx_file_count, 0) << "Old directory should contain exactly 0 .idx files";
    EXPECT_EQ(old_dat_file_count, 1) << "Old directory should contain exactly 1 .dat file";

    std::vector<io::FileInfo> new_files;
    bool new_dir_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()
                        ->list(new_tablet_path, true, &new_files, &new_dir_exists)
                        .ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(new_dir_exists);
    int new_idx_file_count = 0;
    int new_dat_file_count = 0;
    for (const auto& file : new_files) {
        std::string filename = file.file_name;
        if (filename.find(".idx") != std::string::npos) {
            new_idx_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find(".dat") != std::string::npos) {
            new_dat_file_count++;
        }
    }
    // Should only have index for k1, not for non-existent k3
    EXPECT_EQ(new_idx_file_count, 0)
            << "New directory should contain exactly 0 .idx file for the existing column";
    EXPECT_EQ(new_dat_file_count, 1) << "New directory should contain exactly 1 .dat file";

    // 11. Verify logs in the output to confirm k3 index was skipped
    // This would require examining the log output which isn't easily done in unit tests,
    // but the file count verification above should be sufficient to confirm behavior
}

TEST_F(IndexBuilderTest, RenameColumnIndexTest) {
    // 0. prepare tablet path
    auto tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14679);
    _tablet->_tablet_path = tablet_path;
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tablet_path).ok());
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(tablet_path).ok());
    auto schema = std::make_shared<TabletSchema>();

    schema->_keys_type = KeysType::UNIQUE_KEYS;
    schema->_inverted_index_storage_format = InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V2;

    // Create the first key column
    TabletColumn column_1;
    column_1.set_type(FieldType::OLAP_FIELD_TYPE_INT);
    column_1.set_unique_id(1);
    column_1.set_name("k1");
    column_1.set_is_key(true);
    schema->append_column(column_1);

    // Create the second key column
    TabletColumn column_2;
    column_2.set_type(FieldType::OLAP_FIELD_TYPE_INT);
    // not sequential unique_id
    column_2.set_unique_id(3);
    column_2.set_name("k2");
    column_2.set_is_key(false);
    schema->append_column(column_2);

    // 1. Prepare data for writing
    RowsetSharedPtr rowset;
    const int num_rows = 1000;

    // 2. First add an initial index to the schema (for k1 column)
    TabletIndex initial_index;
    initial_index._index_id = 1;
    initial_index._index_name = "k1_index";
    initial_index._index_type = IndexType::INVERTED;
    initial_index._col_unique_ids.push_back(1); // unique_id for k1
    schema->append_index(std::move(initial_index));

    // 3. Create a rowset writer context
    RowsetWriterContext writer_context;
    writer_context.rowset_id.init(15679);
    writer_context.tablet_id = 15679;
    writer_context.tablet_schema_hash = 567997577;
    writer_context.partition_id = 10;
    writer_context.rowset_type = BETA_ROWSET;
    writer_context.rowset_dir = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15679);
    writer_context.rowset_state = VISIBLE;
    writer_context.tablet_schema = schema;
    writer_context.version.first = 10;
    writer_context.version.second = 10;

    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(writer_context.rowset_dir).ok());

    // 4. Create a rowset writer
    std::unique_ptr<RowsetWriter> rowset_writer;
    auto status = RowsetFactory::create_rowset_writer(writer_context, false, &rowset_writer);
    ASSERT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 5. Write data to the rowset
    {
        vectorized::Block block = schema->create_block();
        auto columns = block.mutate_columns();

        // Add data for k1 and k2 columns
        for (int i = 0; i < num_rows; ++i) {
            // k1 column (int)
            int32_t k1 = i * 10;
            columns[0]->insert_data((const char*)&k1, sizeof(k1));

            // k2 column (int)
            int32_t k2 = i % 100;
            columns[1]->insert_data((const char*)&k2, sizeof(k2));
        }

        // Add the block to the rowset
        Status s = rowset_writer->add_block(&block);
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Flush the writer
        s = rowset_writer->flush();
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Build the rowset
        ASSERT_TRUE(rowset_writer->build(rowset).ok());

        // Add the rowset to the tablet
        ASSERT_TRUE(_tablet->add_rowset(rowset).ok());
    }

    // 6. Prepare indexes for building - valid k2 and non-existent k3
    _alter_indexes.clear();

    // Index for rename column "k2" to "k3"
    TOlapTableIndex index2;
    index2.index_id = 3;
    index2.columns.emplace_back("k3"); // This column doesn't exist in the schema
    index2.index_name = "k3_index";
    index2.index_type = TIndexType::INVERTED;
    index2.column_unique_ids.push_back(3);
    index2.__isset.column_unique_ids = true;
    _alter_indexes.push_back(index2);

    // 7. Create IndexBuilder
    IndexBuilder builder(_tablet, _columns, _alter_indexes, false);

    // 8. Initialize and verify
    status = builder.init();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();
    EXPECT_EQ(builder._alter_index_ids.size(), 1); // Only k1 is considered for building

    // 9. Build indexes - should only build for existing columns
    status = builder.do_build_inverted_index();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 10. Check paths and files
    auto old_tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15679);
    auto new_tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14679);
    bool old_exists = false;
    bool new_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(old_tablet_path, &old_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(old_exists);
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(new_tablet_path, &new_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(new_exists);

    // 11. Check files in old and new directories
    std::vector<io::FileInfo> old_files;
    bool old_dir_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()
                        ->list(old_tablet_path, true, &old_files, &old_dir_exists)
                        .ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(old_dir_exists);
    int old_idx_file_count = 0;
    int old_dat_file_count = 0;
    for (const auto& file : old_files) {
        std::string filename = file.file_name;
        if (filename.find(".idx") != std::string::npos) {
            old_idx_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find(".dat") != std::string::npos) {
            old_dat_file_count++;
        }
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(old_idx_file_count, 1)
            << "Old directory should contain exactly 1 .idx file for the original k1 index";
    EXPECT_EQ(old_dat_file_count, 1) << "Old directory should contain exactly 1 .dat file";

    std::vector<io::FileInfo> new_files;
    bool new_dir_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()
                        ->list(new_tablet_path, true, &new_files, &new_dir_exists)
                        .ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(new_dir_exists);
    int new_idx_file_count = 0;
    int new_dat_file_count = 0;
    for (const auto& file : new_files) {
        std::string filename = file.file_name;
        if (filename.find(".idx") != std::string::npos) {
            new_idx_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find(".dat") != std::string::npos) {
            new_dat_file_count++;
        }
    }
    // Should have 2 index files: original k1 index and new k2 index (k3 should be skipped)
    EXPECT_EQ(new_idx_file_count, 1)
            << "New directory should contain exactly 1 .idx files (for k1 and k2, not k3)";
    EXPECT_EQ(new_dat_file_count, 1) << "New directory should contain exactly 1 .dat file";

    // 12. Verify the tablet schema - would need to examine tablet_schema here
    // k1 and k2 indexes should exist, k3 index should not
    // Note: In production code, additional verification of schema would be done here
}
TEST_F(IndexBuilderTest, AddNonExistentColumnIndexWhenOneExistsTest) {
    // 0. prepare tablet path
    auto tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14679);
    _tablet->_tablet_path = tablet_path;
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tablet_path).ok());
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(tablet_path).ok());

    // 1. Prepare data for writing
    RowsetSharedPtr rowset;
    const int num_rows = 1000;

    // 2. First add an initial index to the schema (for k1 column)
    TabletIndex initial_index;
    initial_index._index_id = 1;
    initial_index._index_name = "k1_index";
    initial_index._index_type = IndexType::INVERTED;
    initial_index._col_unique_ids.push_back(1); // unique_id for k1
    _tablet_schema->append_index(std::move(initial_index));

    // 3. Create a rowset writer context
    RowsetWriterContext writer_context;
    writer_context.rowset_id.init(15679);
    writer_context.tablet_id = 15679;
    writer_context.tablet_schema_hash = 567997577;
    writer_context.partition_id = 10;
    writer_context.rowset_type = BETA_ROWSET;
    writer_context.rowset_dir = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15679);
    writer_context.rowset_state = VISIBLE;
    writer_context.tablet_schema = _tablet_schema;
    writer_context.version.first = 10;
    writer_context.version.second = 10;

    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(writer_context.rowset_dir).ok());

    // 4. Create a rowset writer
    std::unique_ptr<RowsetWriter> rowset_writer;
    auto status = RowsetFactory::create_rowset_writer(writer_context, false, &rowset_writer);
    ASSERT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 5. Write data to the rowset
    {
        vectorized::Block block = _tablet_schema->create_block();
        auto columns = block.mutate_columns();

        // Add data for k1 and k2 columns
        for (int i = 0; i < num_rows; ++i) {
            // k1 column (int)
            int32_t k1 = i * 10;
            columns[0]->insert_data((const char*)&k1, sizeof(k1));

            // k2 column (int)
            int32_t k2 = i % 100;
            columns[1]->insert_data((const char*)&k2, sizeof(k2));
        }

        // Add the block to the rowset
        Status s = rowset_writer->add_block(&block);
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Flush the writer
        s = rowset_writer->flush();
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Build the rowset
        ASSERT_TRUE(rowset_writer->build(rowset).ok());

        // Add the rowset to the tablet
        ASSERT_TRUE(_tablet->add_rowset(rowset).ok());
    }

    // 6. Prepare indexes for building - valid k2 and non-existent k3
    _alter_indexes.clear();

    // Index for non-existent column "k3"
    TOlapTableIndex index2;
    index2.index_id = 3;
    index2.columns.emplace_back("k3"); // This column doesn't exist in the schema
    index2.index_name = "k3_index";
    index2.index_type = TIndexType::INVERTED;
    _alter_indexes.push_back(index2);

    // 7. Create IndexBuilder
    IndexBuilder builder(_tablet, _columns, _alter_indexes, false);

    // 8. Initialize and verify
    status = builder.init();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();
    EXPECT_EQ(builder._alter_index_ids.size(), 1); // Only k1 is considered for building

    // 9. Build indexes - should only build for existing columns
    status = builder.do_build_inverted_index();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 10. Check paths and files
    auto old_tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15679);
    auto new_tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14679);
    bool old_exists = false;
    bool new_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(old_tablet_path, &old_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(old_exists);
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(new_tablet_path, &new_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(new_exists);

    // 11. Check files in old and new directories
    std::vector<io::FileInfo> old_files;
    bool old_dir_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()
                        ->list(old_tablet_path, true, &old_files, &old_dir_exists)
                        .ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(old_dir_exists);
    int old_idx_file_count = 0;
    int old_dat_file_count = 0;
    for (const auto& file : old_files) {
        std::string filename = file.file_name;
        if (filename.find(".idx") != std::string::npos) {
            old_idx_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find(".dat") != std::string::npos) {
            old_dat_file_count++;
        }
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(old_idx_file_count, 1)
            << "Old directory should contain exactly 1 .idx file for the original k1 index";
    EXPECT_EQ(old_dat_file_count, 1) << "Old directory should contain exactly 1 .dat file";

    std::vector<io::FileInfo> new_files;
    bool new_dir_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()
                        ->list(new_tablet_path, true, &new_files, &new_dir_exists)
                        .ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(new_dir_exists);
    int new_idx_file_count = 0;
    int new_dat_file_count = 0;
    for (const auto& file : new_files) {
        std::string filename = file.file_name;
        if (filename.find(".idx") != std::string::npos) {
            new_idx_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find(".dat") != std::string::npos) {
            new_dat_file_count++;
        }
    }
    // Should have 2 index files: original k1 index and new k2 index (k3 should be skipped)
    EXPECT_EQ(new_idx_file_count, 1)
            << "New directory should contain exactly 1 .idx files (for k1 and k2, not k3)";
    EXPECT_EQ(new_dat_file_count, 1) << "New directory should contain exactly 1 .dat file";

    // 12. Verify the tablet schema - would need to examine tablet_schema here
    // k1 and k2 indexes should exist, k3 index should not
    // Note: In production code, additional verification of schema would be done here
}

TEST_F(IndexBuilderTest, AddNonExistentColumnIndexWhenOneExistsTestV1) {
    // 1. Create new schema using V1 format
    auto v1_schema = std::make_shared<TabletSchema>();
    create_tablet_schema(v1_schema, KeysType::DUP_KEYS);

    // 2. Modify to V1 format
    v1_schema->_inverted_index_storage_format = InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V1;

    // 3. First add an initial index to the schema (for k1 column)
    TabletIndex initial_index;
    initial_index._index_id = 1;
    initial_index._index_name = "k1_index";
    initial_index._index_type = IndexType::INVERTED;
    initial_index._col_unique_ids.push_back(1); // unique_id for k1
    v1_schema->append_index(std::move(initial_index));

    // 4. Update schema in tablet
    TabletMetaPB tablet_meta_pb;
    _tablet_meta->to_meta_pb(&tablet_meta_pb);

    TabletSchemaPB v1_schema_pb;
    v1_schema->to_schema_pb(&v1_schema_pb);
    tablet_meta_pb.mutable_schema()->CopyFrom(v1_schema_pb);

    _tablet_meta->init_from_pb(tablet_meta_pb);

    // 5. Reinitialize tablet to use new schema
    _tablet = std::make_shared<Tablet>(*_engine, _tablet_meta, _data_dir.get());
    ASSERT_TRUE(_tablet->init().ok());
    auto tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14680);
    _tablet->_tablet_path = tablet_path;
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tablet_path).ok());
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(tablet_path).ok());

    // 6. Prepare data for writing
    RowsetSharedPtr rowset;
    const int num_rows = 1000;

    // 7. Create rowset writer context
    RowsetWriterContext writer_context;
    writer_context.rowset_id.init(15680);
    writer_context.tablet_id = 15680;
    writer_context.tablet_schema_hash = 567997577;
    writer_context.partition_id = 10;
    writer_context.rowset_type = BETA_ROWSET;
    writer_context.rowset_dir = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15680);
    writer_context.rowset_state = VISIBLE;
    writer_context.tablet_schema = v1_schema;
    writer_context.version.first = 10;
    writer_context.version.second = 10;

    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(writer_context.rowset_dir).ok());

    // 8. Create rowset writer
    std::unique_ptr<RowsetWriter> rowset_writer;
    auto status = RowsetFactory::create_rowset_writer(writer_context, false, &rowset_writer);
    ASSERT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 9. Write data to rowset
    {
        vectorized::Block block = v1_schema->create_block();
        auto columns = block.mutate_columns();

        // Add data for k1 and k2 columns
        for (int i = 0; i < num_rows; ++i) {
            // k1 column (int)
            int32_t k1 = i * 10;
            columns[0]->insert_data((const char*)&k1, sizeof(k1));

            // k2 column (int)
            int32_t k2 = i % 100;
            columns[1]->insert_data((const char*)&k2, sizeof(k2));
        }

        // Add block to rowset
        Status s = rowset_writer->add_block(&block);
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Flush writer
        s = rowset_writer->flush();
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Build rowset
        ASSERT_TRUE(rowset_writer->build(rowset).ok());

        // Add rowset to tablet
        ASSERT_TRUE(_tablet->add_rowset(rowset).ok());
    }

    // 10. Prepare indexes for building - valid k2 and non-existent k3
    _alter_indexes.clear();

    // Index for non-existent column "k3"
    TOlapTableIndex index2;
    index2.index_id = 3;
    index2.columns.emplace_back("k3"); // This column doesn't exist in the schema
    index2.index_name = "k3_index";
    index2.index_type = TIndexType::INVERTED;
    _alter_indexes.push_back(index2);

    // Add column information for the non-existent column
    _columns.clear(); // Clear previous column info
    TColumn non_existent_column;
    non_existent_column.column_name = "k3";
    non_existent_column.column_type.type = TPrimitiveType::INT;
    _columns.push_back(non_existent_column);

    // 11. Create IndexBuilder
    IndexBuilder builder(_tablet, _columns, _alter_indexes, false);

    // 12. Initialize and verify
    status = builder.init();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();
    EXPECT_EQ(builder._alter_index_ids.size(), 1);
    // 13. Build indexes - should only build for existing columns
    status = builder.do_build_inverted_index();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 14. Check paths and files
    auto old_tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15680);
    auto new_tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14680);
    bool old_exists = false;
    bool new_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(old_tablet_path, &old_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(old_exists);
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(new_tablet_path, &new_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(new_exists);

    // 15. Check files in old and new directories
    std::vector<io::FileInfo> old_files;
    bool old_dir_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()
                        ->list(old_tablet_path, true, &old_files, &old_dir_exists)
                        .ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(old_dir_exists);
    int old_idx_file_count = 0;
    int old_dat_file_count = 0;
    for (const auto& file : old_files) {
        std::string filename = file.file_name;
        if (filename.find(".idx") != std::string::npos) {
            old_idx_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find(".dat") != std::string::npos) {
            old_dat_file_count++;
        }
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(old_idx_file_count, 1)
            << "Old directory should contain exactly 1 .idx file for the original k1 index";
    EXPECT_EQ(old_dat_file_count, 1) << "Old directory should contain exactly 1 .dat file";

    std::vector<io::FileInfo> new_files;
    bool new_dir_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()
                        ->list(new_tablet_path, true, &new_files, &new_dir_exists)
                        .ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(new_dir_exists);
    int new_idx_file_count = 0;
    int new_dat_file_count = 0;
    for (const auto& file : new_files) {
        std::string filename = file.file_name;
        if (filename.find(".idx") != std::string::npos) {
            new_idx_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find(".dat") != std::string::npos) {
            new_dat_file_count++;
        }
    }
    // Should have 2 index files: original k1 index and new k2 index (k3 should be skipped)
    EXPECT_EQ(new_idx_file_count, 1)
            << "New directory should contain exactly 1 .idx files (for k1 and k2, not k3)";
    EXPECT_EQ(new_dat_file_count, 1) << "New directory should contain exactly 1 .dat file";

    // 16. Confirm storage format is still V1
    EXPECT_EQ(v1_schema->_inverted_index_storage_format, InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V1);
}

TEST_F(IndexBuilderTest, NonNullIndexDataTest) {
    // 0. prepare tablet path
    auto tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14681);
    _tablet->_tablet_path = tablet_path;
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tablet_path).ok());
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(tablet_path).ok());

    // 1. Prepare data for writing
    RowsetSharedPtr rowset;
    const int num_rows = 1000;

    // 2. Create a rowset writer context
    RowsetWriterContext writer_context;
    writer_context.rowset_id.init(15681);
    writer_context.tablet_id = 15681;
    writer_context.tablet_schema_hash = 567997577;
    writer_context.partition_id = 10;
    writer_context.rowset_type = BETA_ROWSET;
    writer_context.rowset_dir = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15681);
    writer_context.rowset_state = VISIBLE;
    writer_context.tablet_schema = _tablet_schema;
    writer_context.version.first = 10;
    writer_context.version.second = 10;

    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(writer_context.rowset_dir).ok());

    // 3. Create a rowset writer with non-null values
    std::unique_ptr<RowsetWriter> rowset_writer;
    auto status = RowsetFactory::create_rowset_writer(writer_context, false, &rowset_writer);
    ASSERT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 4. Write non-null data to the rowset
    {
        vectorized::Block block = _tablet_schema->create_block();
        auto columns = block.mutate_columns();

        // Add data for k1 and k2 columns with no null values
        for (int i = 0; i < num_rows; ++i) {
            // k1 column (int)
            int32_t k1 = i * 10;
            columns[0]->insert_data((const char*)&k1, sizeof(k1));

            // k2 column (int)
            int32_t k2 = i % 100;
            columns[1]->insert_data((const char*)&k2, sizeof(k2));
        }

        // Add the block to the rowset
        Status s = rowset_writer->add_block(&block);
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Flush the writer
        s = rowset_writer->flush();
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Build the rowset
        ASSERT_TRUE(rowset_writer->build(rowset).ok());

        // Add the rowset to the tablet
        ASSERT_TRUE(_tablet->add_rowset(rowset).ok());
    }

    // 5. Prepare indexes for building - only use non-nullable fields
    TOlapTableIndex index1;
    index1.index_id = 1;
    index1.columns.emplace_back("k1");
    index1.index_name = "k1_index";
    index1.index_type = TIndexType::INVERTED;
    _alter_indexes.push_back(index1);

    // 6. Force columns to be treated as non-null by modifying schema
    TabletSchemaSPtr non_null_schema = std::make_shared<TabletSchema>();
    create_tablet_schema(non_null_schema, KeysType::DUP_KEYS);
    // Set the second column to be non-nullable explicitly
    TabletColumn& k2_column = non_null_schema->mutable_column(1);
    k2_column.set_is_nullable(false);

    // 7. Create IndexBuilder with the modified schema
    IndexBuilder builder(_tablet, _columns, _alter_indexes, false);

    // 8. Initialize and verify
    status = builder.init();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();
    EXPECT_EQ(builder._alter_index_ids.size(), 1);

    // 9. Build index - should trigger _add_data rather than _add_nullable
    status = builder.do_build_inverted_index();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 10. Verify results
    auto old_tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15681);
    auto new_tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14681);
    bool old_exists = false;
    bool new_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(old_tablet_path, &old_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(old_exists);
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(new_tablet_path, &new_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(new_exists);

    // 11. Check files in old and new directories
    std::vector<io::FileInfo> old_files;
    bool old_dir_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()
                        ->list(old_tablet_path, true, &old_files, &old_dir_exists)
                        .ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(old_dir_exists);

    std::vector<io::FileInfo> new_files;
    bool new_dir_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()
                        ->list(new_tablet_path, true, &new_files, &new_dir_exists)
                        .ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(new_dir_exists);
    int new_idx_file_count = 0;
    for (const auto& file : new_files) {
        std::string filename = file.file_name;
        if (filename.find(".idx") != std::string::npos) {
            new_idx_file_count++;
        }
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(new_idx_file_count, 1) << "Should have created 1 index file";
}

TEST_F(IndexBuilderTest, NonExistentColumnUniqueIdTest) {
    // 0. prepare tablet path
    auto tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14682);
    _tablet->_tablet_path = tablet_path;
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tablet_path).ok());
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(tablet_path).ok());

    // 1. Prepare data for writing
    RowsetSharedPtr rowset;
    const int num_rows = 1000;

    // 2. Create a rowset writer context
    RowsetWriterContext writer_context;
    writer_context.rowset_id.init(15682);
    writer_context.tablet_id = 15682;
    writer_context.tablet_schema_hash = 567997577;
    writer_context.partition_id = 10;
    writer_context.rowset_type = BETA_ROWSET;
    writer_context.rowset_dir = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15682);
    writer_context.rowset_state = VISIBLE;
    writer_context.tablet_schema = _tablet_schema;
    writer_context.version.first = 10;
    writer_context.version.second = 10;

    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(writer_context.rowset_dir).ok());

    // 3. Create a rowset writer
    std::unique_ptr<RowsetWriter> rowset_writer;
    auto status = RowsetFactory::create_rowset_writer(writer_context, false, &rowset_writer);
    ASSERT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 4. Write data to the rowset
    {
        vectorized::Block block = _tablet_schema->create_block();
        auto columns = block.mutate_columns();

        // Add data for k1 and k2 columns
        for (int i = 0; i < num_rows; ++i) {
            // k1 column (int)
            int32_t k1 = i * 10;
            columns[0]->insert_data((const char*)&k1, sizeof(k1));

            // k2 column (int)
            int32_t k2 = i % 100;
            columns[1]->insert_data((const char*)&k2, sizeof(k2));
        }

        // Add the block to the rowset
        Status s = rowset_writer->add_block(&block);
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Flush the writer
        s = rowset_writer->flush();
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Build the rowset
        ASSERT_TRUE(rowset_writer->build(rowset).ok());

        // Add the rowset to the tablet
        ASSERT_TRUE(_tablet->add_rowset(rowset).ok());
    }

    // 5. First add an initial index to the schema (for k1 column)
    TabletIndex initial_index;
    initial_index._index_id = 1;
    initial_index._index_name = "k1_index";
    initial_index._index_type = IndexType::INVERTED;
    initial_index._col_unique_ids.push_back(1); // unique_id for k1
    _tablet_schema->append_index(std::move(initial_index));

    // 6. Prepare indexes for building - specifying column by unique_id that doesn't exist
    _alter_indexes.clear();

    // Use drop operation to test column_unique_ids path
    TOlapTableIndex drop_index;
    drop_index.index_id = 1;
    drop_index.columns.emplace_back("non_existent_column");
    drop_index.column_unique_ids.push_back(999); // This unique ID doesn't exist
    _alter_indexes.push_back(drop_index);

    // 7. Create IndexBuilder with drop operation
    IndexBuilder builder(_tablet, _columns, _alter_indexes, true);

    // 8. Initialize and verify
    status = builder.init();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();
    EXPECT_EQ(builder._alter_index_ids.size(), 1);

    // 9. Execute drop operation - should handle non-existent column gracefully
    status = builder.do_build_inverted_index();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 10. Verify paths exists - operations should complete without errors
    auto old_tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15682);
    auto new_tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14682);
    bool old_exists = false;
    bool new_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(old_tablet_path, &old_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(old_exists);
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(new_tablet_path, &new_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(new_exists);
}

TEST_F(IndexBuilderTest, DropIndexV1FormatTest) {
    // 1. Create new schema using V1 format
    auto v1_schema = std::make_shared<TabletSchema>();
    create_tablet_schema(v1_schema, KeysType::DUP_KEYS);

    // 2. Modify to V1 format
    v1_schema->_inverted_index_storage_format = InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V1;

    // 3. Add an initial index to the schema (for k1 column)
    TabletIndex initial_index;
    initial_index._index_id = 1;
    initial_index._index_name = "k1_index";
    initial_index._index_type = IndexType::INVERTED;
    initial_index._col_unique_ids.push_back(1); // unique_id for k1
    v1_schema->append_index(std::move(initial_index));

    // 4. Update schema in tablet
    TabletMetaPB tablet_meta_pb;
    _tablet_meta->to_meta_pb(&tablet_meta_pb);

    TabletSchemaPB v1_schema_pb;
    v1_schema->to_schema_pb(&v1_schema_pb);
    tablet_meta_pb.mutable_schema()->CopyFrom(v1_schema_pb);

    _tablet_meta->init_from_pb(tablet_meta_pb);

    // 5. Reinitialize tablet to use new schema
    _tablet = std::make_shared<Tablet>(*_engine, _tablet_meta, _data_dir.get());
    ASSERT_TRUE(_tablet->init().ok());
    auto tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15683);
    _tablet->_tablet_path = tablet_path;
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tablet_path).ok());
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(tablet_path).ok());

    // 6. Prepare data for writing
    RowsetSharedPtr rowset;
    const int num_rows = 1000;

    // 7. Create a rowset writer context
    RowsetWriterContext writer_context;
    writer_context.rowset_id.init(15683);
    writer_context.tablet_id = 15683;
    writer_context.tablet_schema_hash = 567997577;
    writer_context.partition_id = 10;
    writer_context.rowset_type = BETA_ROWSET;
    writer_context.rowset_dir = tablet_path;
    writer_context.rowset_state = VISIBLE;
    writer_context.tablet_schema = v1_schema;
    writer_context.version.first = 10;
    writer_context.version.second = 10;

    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(writer_context.rowset_dir).ok());

    // 8. Create a rowset writer
    std::unique_ptr<RowsetWriter> rowset_writer;
    auto status = RowsetFactory::create_rowset_writer(writer_context, false, &rowset_writer);
    ASSERT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 9. Write data to the rowset
    {
        vectorized::Block block = v1_schema->create_block();
        auto columns = block.mutate_columns();

        // Add data for k1 and k2 columns
        for (int i = 0; i < num_rows; ++i) {
            // k1 column (int)
            int32_t k1 = i * 10;
            columns[0]->insert_data((const char*)&k1, sizeof(k1));

            // k2 column (int)
            int32_t k2 = i % 100;
            columns[1]->insert_data((const char*)&k2, sizeof(k2));
        }

        // Add the block to the rowset
        Status s = rowset_writer->add_block(&block);
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Flush the writer
        s = rowset_writer->flush();
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Build the rowset
        ASSERT_TRUE(rowset_writer->build(rowset).ok());

        // Add the rowset to the tablet
        ASSERT_TRUE(_tablet->add_rowset(rowset).ok());
    }

    // 10. Prepare to drop the k1 index
    _alter_indexes.clear();
    TOlapTableIndex drop_index;
    drop_index.index_id = 1;
    drop_index.columns.emplace_back("k1");
    drop_index.index_name = "k1_index";
    drop_index.index_type = TIndexType::INVERTED;
    _alter_indexes.push_back(drop_index);

    // 11. Create IndexBuilder with drop operation
    IndexBuilder builder(_tablet, _columns, _alter_indexes, true);

    // 12. Initialize and verify
    status = builder.init();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();
    EXPECT_EQ(builder._alter_index_ids.size(), 1);

    // 13. Execute drop operation
    status = builder.do_build_inverted_index();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 14. Verify paths exists
    bool exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(tablet_path, &exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(exists);

    // 15. Verify the index has been removed
    std::vector<io::FileInfo> files;
    bool dir_exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->list(tablet_path, true, &files, &dir_exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(dir_exists);

    // Verify no index files in the new directory
    int new_idx_file_count = 0;
    int new_dat_file_count = 0;
    int old_idx_file_count = 0;
    int old_dat_file_count = 0;
    for (const auto& file : files) {
        std::string filename = file.file_name;
        if (filename.find("15683_0_1.idx") != std::string::npos) {
            old_idx_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find("15683_0.dat") != std::string::npos) {
            old_dat_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find("020000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000_0_1.idx") !=
            std::string::npos) {
            new_idx_file_count++;
        }
        if (filename.find("020000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000_0.dat") !=
            std::string::npos) {
            new_dat_file_count++;
        }
    }
    // The index should have been removed
    EXPECT_EQ(old_idx_file_count, 1) << "Tablet path should have 1 .idx file before drop";
    EXPECT_EQ(old_dat_file_count, 1) << "Tablet path should have 1 .dat file before drop";
    EXPECT_EQ(new_idx_file_count, 0) << "Tablet path should have no .idx file after drop";
    EXPECT_EQ(new_dat_file_count, 1) << "Tablet path should have 1 .dat file after drop";
}

TEST_F(IndexBuilderTest, ResourceCleanupTest) {
    // 0. prepare tablet path
    auto tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(15684);
    _tablet->_tablet_path = tablet_path;
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tablet_path).ok());
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(tablet_path).ok());

    // 1. Prepare data for writing
    RowsetSharedPtr rowset;
    const int num_rows = 1000;

    // 2. Create a rowset writer context
    RowsetWriterContext writer_context;
    writer_context.rowset_id.init(15684);
    writer_context.tablet_id = 15684;
    writer_context.tablet_schema_hash = 567997577;
    writer_context.partition_id = 10;
    writer_context.rowset_type = BETA_ROWSET;
    writer_context.rowset_dir = tablet_path;
    writer_context.rowset_state = VISIBLE;
    writer_context.tablet_schema = _tablet_schema;
    writer_context.version.first = 10;
    writer_context.version.second = 10;

    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(writer_context.rowset_dir).ok());

    // 3. Create a rowset writer
    std::unique_ptr<RowsetWriter> rowset_writer;
    auto status = RowsetFactory::create_rowset_writer(writer_context, false, &rowset_writer);
    ASSERT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 4. Write data to the rowset
    {
        vectorized::Block block = _tablet_schema->create_block();
        auto columns = block.mutate_columns();

        // Add data for k1 and k2 columns
        for (int i = 0; i < num_rows; ++i) {
            // k1 column (int)
            int32_t k1 = i * 10;
            columns[0]->insert_data((const char*)&k1, sizeof(k1));

            // k2 column (int)
            int32_t k2 = i % 100;
            columns[1]->insert_data((const char*)&k2, sizeof(k2));
        }

        // Add the block to the rowset
        Status s = rowset_writer->add_block(&block);
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Flush the writer
        s = rowset_writer->flush();
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Build the rowset
        ASSERT_TRUE(rowset_writer->build(rowset).ok());

        // Add the rowset to the tablet
        ASSERT_TRUE(_tablet->add_rowset(rowset).ok());
    }

    // 5. Prepare indexes for building
    TOlapTableIndex index1;
    index1.index_id = 1;
    index1.columns.emplace_back("k1");
    index1.index_name = "k1_index";
    index1.index_type = TIndexType::INVERTED;
    _alter_indexes.push_back(index1);

    // Create a custom IndexBuilder with a spy function to test resource cleanup
    class TestIndexBuilder : public IndexBuilder {
    public:
        TestIndexBuilder(TabletSharedPtr tablet, const std::vector<TColumn>& columns,
                         const std::vector<doris::TOlapTableIndex>& alter_inverted_indexes,
                         bool is_drop_op)
                : IndexBuilder(tablet, columns, alter_inverted_indexes, is_drop_op) {}

        ~TestIndexBuilder() override = default;
        // Override update_inverted_index_info to inject failure
        Status update_inverted_index_info() override {
            RETURN_IF_ERROR(IndexBuilder::update_inverted_index_info());
            // Create a fake error to trigger cleanup
            return Status::Error<ErrorCode::INTERNAL_ERROR>("Simulated error for testing cleanup");
        }
    };

    // 6. Create our test builder
    TestIndexBuilder builder(_tablet, _columns, _alter_indexes, false);

    // 7. Initialize and verify
    status = builder.init();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();
    EXPECT_EQ(builder._alter_index_ids.size(), 1);

    // 8. Build index - should fail with our simulated error
    status = builder.do_build_inverted_index();
    EXPECT_FALSE(status.ok()) << "Expected failure, but got success";
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.is<ErrorCode::INTERNAL_ERROR>()) << "Expected internal error";
    EXPECT_EQ(status.to_string(), "[INTERNAL_ERROR]Simulated error for testing cleanup")
            << "Error message doesn't match expected";

    // Verify the paths haven't been modified since the operation failed
    bool exists = false;
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(tablet_path, &exists).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(exists);

    auto rowset_id = extract_rowset_id("020000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000_0.dat");
    EXPECT_TRUE(_engine->check_rowset_id_in_unused_rowsets(rowset_id))
            << "Rowset id should be in unused rowsets";
}

TEST_F(IndexBuilderTest, ArrayTypeIndexTest) {
    // 1. Prepare tablet path
    auto tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14685);
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tablet_path).ok());
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(tablet_path).ok());

    // 2. Create tablet schema with array type
    auto tablet_schema = std::make_shared<TabletSchema>();
    TabletColumn column_1(FieldAggregationMethod::OLAP_FIELD_AGGREGATION_NONE,
                          FieldType::OLAP_FIELD_TYPE_INT, true);
    column_1.set_unique_id(1);
    column_1.set_is_key(true);
    column_1.set_name("k1");
    tablet_schema->append_column(column_1);

    // Array type column
    TabletColumn column_2;
    column_2.set_unique_id(2);
    column_2.set_is_key(false);
    column_2.set_name("array_col");
    column_2.set_type(FieldType::OLAP_FIELD_TYPE_ARRAY);
    column_2.set_is_nullable(false);
    // Add a primitive type for array items
    TabletColumn array_item_column(FieldAggregationMethod::OLAP_FIELD_AGGREGATION_NONE,
                                   FieldType::OLAP_FIELD_TYPE_VARCHAR, true);
    array_item_column.set_is_key(false);
    array_item_column.set_length(64);
    column_2.add_sub_column(array_item_column);
    tablet_schema->append_column(column_2);

    // 3. Create tablet
    auto tablet_meta = create_tablet_meta();
    auto tablet = std::make_shared<Tablet>(*_engine, tablet_meta, _data_dir.get());
    tablet->_tablet_path = tablet_path;
    ASSERT_TRUE(tablet->init().ok());

    // 4. Add inverted index for array column
    _columns.clear();
    TColumn tc1;
    tc1.column_name = "array_col";
    _columns.push_back(tc1);

    _alter_indexes.clear();
    TOlapTableIndex tt_index;
    tt_index.index_id = 1;
    tt_index.index_name = "array_index";
    tt_index.columns.emplace_back("array_col");
    tt_index.column_unique_ids.push_back(2);
    tt_index.index_type = TIndexType::type::INVERTED;
    _alter_indexes.push_back(tt_index);

    // 5. Create a rowset writer
    RowsetWriterContext writer_context;
    writer_context.rowset_id.init(14685);
    writer_context.tablet_id = 14685;
    writer_context.tablet_schema_hash = 567997577;
    writer_context.partition_id = 10;
    writer_context.rowset_type = BETA_ROWSET;
    writer_context.rowset_dir = tablet_path;
    writer_context.rowset_state = VISIBLE;
    writer_context.tablet_schema = tablet_schema;
    writer_context.version.first = 10;
    writer_context.version.second = 10;

    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(writer_context.rowset_dir).ok());

    // 6. Create rowset writer
    std::unique_ptr<RowsetWriter> rowset_writer;
    auto status = RowsetFactory::create_rowset_writer(writer_context, false, &rowset_writer);
    ASSERT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 7. Create data block and write data
    {
        vectorized::Block block = tablet_schema->create_block();
        auto columns = block.mutate_columns();

        // Prepare columns for k1 and array_col
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
            // k1 column (int)
            int32_t k1 = i;
            columns[0]->insert_data((const char*)&k1, sizeof(k1));

            // array_col column
            // Create array data with 1-5 elements
            int array_size = i % 5 + 1;

            // For array type, we need to create a complex nested column structure
            auto& array_col = static_cast<vectorized::ColumnArray&>(*columns[1]);
            vectorized::Array arr;
            // Add string elements to the array
            for (int j = 0; j < array_size; j++) {
                std::string val = "item_" + std::to_string(i) + "_" + std::to_string(j);
                arr.push_back(vectorized::Field(val));
            }
            array_col.insert(arr);
        }

        // Add block to rowset
        Status s = rowset_writer->add_block(&block);
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Flush writer
        s = rowset_writer->flush();
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();
    }

    // 8. Build rowset
    RowsetSharedPtr rowset;
    ASSERT_TRUE(rowset_writer->build(rowset).ok());
    ASSERT_TRUE(rowset != nullptr);
    ASSERT_TRUE(tablet->add_rowset(rowset).ok());

    // 9. Initialize and build inverted index
    IndexBuilder builder(tablet, _columns, _alter_indexes, false);
    status = builder.init();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    status = builder.do_build_inverted_index();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 10. Verify that the index has been created
    std::string segment_path = local_segment_path(
            tablet->tablet_path(),
            extract_rowset_id("020000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000_0.dat").to_string(),
            0);

    if (tablet_schema->get_inverted_index_storage_format() == InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V1) {
        // V1 format
        auto index_path = InvertedIndexDescriptor::inverted_index_file_path(
                tablet->tablet_path(),
                extract_rowset_id("020000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000_0.dat"), 0, 1,
                "");
        bool exists = false;
        EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(index_path, &exists).ok());
        EXPECT_TRUE(exists) << "Index file not found: " << index_path;
    } else {
        // V2+ format
        auto index_path = InvertedIndexDescriptor::get_index_file_name(segment_path);
        bool exists = false;
        EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(index_path, &exists).ok());
        EXPECT_TRUE(exists) << "Index file not found: " << index_path;
    }
}

TEST_F(IndexBuilderTest, UniqueKeysTableIndexTest) {
    // 0. prepare tablet path
    auto tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14688);
    _tablet->_tablet_path = tablet_path;
    _tablet->_tablet_meta->_schema = _tablet_schema;
    _tablet->_tablet_meta->_schema->_keys_type = KeysType::UNIQUE_KEYS;
    _tablet->_tablet_meta->_enable_unique_key_merge_on_write = true;
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tablet_path).ok());
    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(tablet_path).ok());

    // 1. Prepare data for writing
    RowsetSharedPtr rowset;
    const int rows_per_segment = 500;

    // 2. Create a rowset writer context with segment size set to trigger multiple segments
    RowsetWriterContext writer_context;
    writer_context.rowset_id.init(15677);
    writer_context.tablet_id = 15677;
    writer_context.tablet_schema_hash = 567997577;
    writer_context.partition_id = 10;
    writer_context.rowset_type = BETA_ROWSET;
    writer_context.rowset_dir = tablet_path;
    writer_context.rowset_state = VISIBLE;
    writer_context.tablet_schema = _tablet_schema;
    writer_context.version.first = 10;
    writer_context.version.second = 10;
    // Set small segment size to ensure we create multiple segments
    writer_context.max_rows_per_segment = rows_per_segment;

    ASSERT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(writer_context.rowset_dir).ok());

    std::unique_ptr<RowsetWriter> rowset_writer;
    auto status = RowsetFactory::create_rowset_writer(writer_context, false, &rowset_writer);
    ASSERT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    {
        vectorized::Block block = _tablet_schema->create_block();
        auto columns = block.mutate_columns();

        // Add data for k1 and k2 columns
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) {
            // k1 column (int)
            int32_t k1 = i * 10;
            columns[0]->insert_data((const char*)&k1, sizeof(k1));

            // k2 column (int)
            int32_t k2 = i % 100;
            columns[1]->insert_data((const char*)&k2, sizeof(k2));
        }

        // Add the block to the rowset
        Status s = rowset_writer->add_block(&block);
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Flush the writer
        s = rowset_writer->flush();
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Build the rowset
        ASSERT_TRUE(rowset_writer->build(rowset).ok());

        // Add the rowset to the tablet
        ASSERT_TRUE(_tablet->add_rowset(rowset).ok());
    }

    // 6. Create test class that overrides methods to simulate unique key table behavior
    class TestIndexBuilder : public IndexBuilder {
    public:
        TestIndexBuilder(TabletSharedPtr tablet, const std::vector<TColumn>& columns,
                         const std::vector<doris::TOlapTableIndex>& alter_inverted_indexes,
                         bool is_drop_op)
                : IndexBuilder(tablet, columns, alter_inverted_indexes, is_drop_op) {}

        ~TestIndexBuilder() override = default;

        // Override to make sure modify_rowsets with UNIQUE_KEYS path is called
        Status modify_rowsets(const Merger::Statistics* stats = nullptr) override {
            // Call parent method which should use the UNIQUE_KEYS path
            return IndexBuilder::modify_rowsets(stats);
        }
    };

    _alter_indexes.clear();
    TOlapTableIndex tt_index;
    tt_index.index_id = 1;
    tt_index.index_name = "k1_index";
    tt_index.columns.emplace_back("k1");
    tt_index.column_unique_ids.push_back(1);
    tt_index.index_type = TIndexType::type::INVERTED;
    _alter_indexes.push_back(tt_index);
    // 7. Initialize and build inverted index
    TestIndexBuilder builder(_tablet, _columns, _alter_indexes, false);
    status = builder.init();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 8. Execute build index, which should go through UNIQUE_KEYS path in modify_rowsets
    status = builder.do_build_inverted_index();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // 9. Verify that the index was created successfully
    std::string segment_path = local_segment_path(
            _tablet->tablet_path(),
            extract_rowset_id("020000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000_0.dat").to_string(),
            0);

    if (_tablet_schema->get_inverted_index_storage_format() == InvertedIndexStorageFormatPB::V1) {
        auto index_path = InvertedIndexDescriptor::inverted_index_file_path(
                _tablet->tablet_path(),
                extract_rowset_id("020000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000_0.dat"), 0, 1,
                "");
        bool exists = false;
        EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(index_path, &exists).ok());
        EXPECT_TRUE(exists) << "Index file not found: " << index_path;
    } else {
        auto index_path = InvertedIndexDescriptor::get_index_file_name(segment_path);
        bool exists = false;
        EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->exists(index_path, &exists).ok());
        EXPECT_TRUE(exists) << "Index file not found: " << index_path;
    }
}

TEST_F(IndexBuilderTest, HandleSingleRowsetErrorTest) {
    // 1. Create a test class that overrides handle_single_rowset to simulate error scenarios
    class TestIndexBuilder : public IndexBuilder {
    public:
        TestIndexBuilder(TabletSharedPtr tablet, const std::vector<TColumn>& columns,
                         const std::vector<doris::TOlapTableIndex>& alter_inverted_indexes,
                         bool is_drop_op, bool simulate_non_local_rowset_error = false)
                : IndexBuilder(tablet, columns, alter_inverted_indexes, is_drop_op),
                  _simulate_non_local_rowset_error(simulate_non_local_rowset_error) {}

        ~TestIndexBuilder() override = default;

        // Override to simulate error conditions
        Status handle_single_rowset(RowsetMetaSharedPtr output_rowset_meta,
                                    std::vector<segment_v2::SegmentSharedPtr>& segments) override {
            if (_simulate_non_local_rowset_error) {
                // Simulate the condition where is_local_rowset is false
                return Status::InternalError("should be local rowset. tablet_id={} rowset_id={}",
                                             123, "test_rowset_id");
            }

            // Call parent method for normal processing
            return IndexBuilder::handle_single_rowset(output_rowset_meta, segments);
        }

    private:
        bool _simulate_non_local_rowset_error;
    };

    // 2. Prepare tablet path
    std::string tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14687);
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tablet_path).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(tablet_path).ok());

    // 3. Set up tablet schema and tablet
    TabletSchemaSPtr tablet_schema = std::make_shared<TabletSchema>();
    create_tablet_schema(tablet_schema, KeysType::DUP_KEYS, 2);

    auto tablet_meta = create_tablet_meta();
    tablet_meta->_schema = tablet_schema;
    auto tablet = std::make_shared<Tablet>(*_engine, tablet_meta, _data_dir.get());
    tablet->_tablet_path = tablet_path;
    ASSERT_TRUE(tablet->init().ok());

    // 4. Create inverted index definition
    _alter_indexes.clear();
    TOlapTableIndex tt_index;
    tt_index.index_id = 1;
    tt_index.index_name = "k1_index";
    tt_index.columns.emplace_back("k1");
    tt_index.column_unique_ids.push_back(1);
    tt_index.index_type = TIndexType::type::INVERTED;
    _alter_indexes.push_back(tt_index);

    // 5. Create a rowset
    RowsetWriterContext writer_context;
    writer_context.rowset_id = _engine->next_rowset_id();
    writer_context.tablet_id = 14687;
    writer_context.rowset_dir = tablet_path;
    writer_context.tablet_schema_hash = 1111;
    writer_context.partition_id = 10;
    writer_context.rowset_type = BETA_ROWSET;
    writer_context.segments_overlap = NONOVERLAPPING;
    writer_context.tablet_schema = tablet_schema;
    writer_context.version.first = 10;
    writer_context.version.second = 10;

    auto result = tablet->create_rowset_writer(writer_context, false);
    EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value()) << result.error();
    auto rowset_writer = std::move(result).value();

    {
        vectorized::Block block = _tablet_schema->create_block();
        auto columns = block.mutate_columns();

        // Add data for k1 and k2 columns
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) {
            // k1 column (int)
            int32_t k1 = i * 10;
            columns[0]->insert_data((const char*)&k1, sizeof(k1));

            // k2 column (int)
            int32_t k2 = i % 100;
            columns[1]->insert_data((const char*)&k2, sizeof(k2));
        }

        // Add the block to the rowset
        Status s = rowset_writer->add_block(&block);
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Flush the writer
        s = rowset_writer->flush();
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Build the rowset
        RowsetSharedPtr rowset;
        ASSERT_TRUE(rowset_writer->build(rowset).ok());

        // Add the rowset to the tablet
        ASSERT_TRUE(tablet->add_rowset(rowset).ok());
    }

    // 6. Test error scenario with non-local rowset
    TestIndexBuilder builder(tablet, _columns, _alter_indexes, false, true);
    auto status = builder.init();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

    // Execute build_index, which should fail due to simulated error
    status = builder.do_build_inverted_index();
    EXPECT_FALSE(status.ok()) << "Expected failure but got success";
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.is<ErrorCode::INTERNAL_ERROR>())
            << "Expected internal error but got: " << status.to_string();
    EXPECT_TRUE(status.to_string().find("should be local rowset") != std::string::npos)
            << "Error message doesn't match expected: " << status.to_string();
}

TEST_F(IndexBuilderTest, UpdateInvertedIndexInfoErrorTest) {
    // 1. Create a test class that overrides update_inverted_index_info to simulate error scenarios
    class TestIndexBuilder : public IndexBuilder {
    public:
        TestIndexBuilder(TabletSharedPtr tablet, const std::vector<TColumn>& columns,
                         const std::vector<doris::TOlapTableIndex>& alter_inverted_indexes,
                         bool is_drop_op, int error_type = 0)
                : IndexBuilder(tablet, columns, alter_inverted_indexes, is_drop_op),
                  _error_type(error_type) {}

        ~TestIndexBuilder() override = default;

        // Override update_inverted_index_info to inject errors
        Status update_inverted_index_info() override {
            if (_error_type == 1) {
                // Simulate non-local rowset error in update_inverted_index_info
                return Status::InternalError("should be local rowset. tablet_id={} rowset_id={}",
                                             123, "test_rowset_id");
            } else if (_error_type == 2) {
                // Simulate size retrieval error
                return Status::Error<ErrorCode::INIT_FAILED>("debug point: get fs failed");
            }

            // Call parent method for normal processing
            return IndexBuilder::update_inverted_index_info();
        }

    private:
        int _error_type; // 0: no error, 1: non-local rowset error, 2: size retrieval error
    };

    // 2. Prepare tablet path
    std::string tablet_path = _absolute_dir + "/" + std::to_string(14688);
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->delete_directory(tablet_path).ok());
    EXPECT_TRUE(io::global_local_filesystem()->create_directory(tablet_path).ok());

    // 3. Set up tablet schema and tablet
    TabletSchemaSPtr tablet_schema = std::make_shared<TabletSchema>();
    create_tablet_schema(tablet_schema, KeysType::DUP_KEYS, 2);

    auto tablet_meta = create_tablet_meta();
    tablet_meta->_schema = tablet_schema;
    auto tablet = std::make_shared<Tablet>(*_engine, tablet_meta, _data_dir.get());
    tablet->_tablet_path = tablet_path;
    ASSERT_TRUE(tablet->init().ok());

    // 4. Create inverted index definition
    _alter_indexes.clear();
    TOlapTableIndex tt_index;
    tt_index.index_id = 1;
    tt_index.index_name = "k1_index";
    tt_index.columns.emplace_back("k1");
    tt_index.column_unique_ids.push_back(1);
    tt_index.index_type = TIndexType::type::INVERTED;
    _alter_indexes.push_back(tt_index);

    // 5. Create a rowset
    RowsetWriterContext writer_context;
    writer_context.rowset_id = _engine->next_rowset_id();
    writer_context.tablet_id = 14688;
    writer_context.rowset_dir = tablet_path;
    writer_context.tablet_schema_hash = 1111;
    writer_context.partition_id = 10;
    writer_context.rowset_type = BETA_ROWSET;
    writer_context.segments_overlap = NONOVERLAPPING;
    writer_context.tablet_schema = tablet_schema;
    writer_context.version.first = 10;
    writer_context.version.second = 10;

    auto result = tablet->create_rowset_writer(writer_context, false);
    EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value()) << result.error();
    auto rowset_writer = std::move(result).value();

    // Write data
    {
        vectorized::Block block = tablet_schema->create_block();
        auto columns = block.mutate_columns();

        // Add data for k1 and k2 columns
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) {
            // k1 column (int)
            int32_t k1 = i * 10;
            columns[0]->insert_data((const char*)&k1, sizeof(k1));

            // k2 column (int)
            int32_t k2 = i % 100;
            columns[1]->insert_data((const char*)&k2, sizeof(k2));
        }

        // Add the block to the rowset
        Status s = rowset_writer->add_block(&block);
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Flush the writer
        s = rowset_writer->flush();
        ASSERT_TRUE(s.ok()) << s.to_string();

        // Build the rowset
        RowsetSharedPtr rowset;
        ASSERT_TRUE(rowset_writer->build(rowset).ok());

        // Add the rowset to the tablet
        ASSERT_TRUE(tablet->add_rowset(rowset).ok());
    }
    // 6. Test error scenarios

    // 6.1 Test non-local rowset error
    {
        TestIndexBuilder builder(tablet, _columns, _alter_indexes, false, 1);
        auto status = builder.init();
        EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

        // Execute build_index, which should fail due to simulated error
        status = builder.do_build_inverted_index();
        EXPECT_FALSE(status.ok()) << "Expected failure but got success";
        EXPECT_TRUE(status.is<ErrorCode::INTERNAL_ERROR>())
                << "Expected internal error but got: " << status.to_string();
        EXPECT_TRUE(status.to_string().find("should be local rowset") != std::string::npos)
                << "Error message doesn't match expected: " << status.to_string();
    }

    // 6.2 Test size retrieval error
    {
        TestIndexBuilder builder(tablet, _columns, _alter_indexes, false, 2);
        auto status = builder.init();
        EXPECT_TRUE(status.ok()) << status.to_string();

        // Execute build_index, which should fail due to simulated error
        status = builder.do_build_inverted_index();
        EXPECT_FALSE(status.ok()) << "Expected failure but got success";
        EXPECT_TRUE(status.is<ErrorCode::INIT_FAILED>())
                << "Expected INIT_FAILED but got: " << status.to_string();
        EXPECT_TRUE(status.to_string().find("debug point: get fs failed") != std::string::npos)
                << "Error message doesn't match expected: " << status.to_string();
    }
}

} // namespace doris