// Copyright 2023 PingCAP, Inc.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package tests

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"strconv"
	"testing"

	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/pkg/bindinfo"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/pkg/bindinfo/internal"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/pkg/bindinfo/norm"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/pkg/domain"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/pkg/parser"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/pkg/parser/model"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/pkg/parser/terror"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/pkg/testkit"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/pkg/util"
	utilparser "github.com/pingcap/tidb/pkg/util/parser"
	"github.com/pingcap/tidb/pkg/util/stmtsummary"
	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
)

func TestPrepareCacheWithBinding(t *testing.T) {
	store := testkit.CreateMockStore(t)
	tk := testkit.NewTestKit(t, store)
	tk.MustExec(`set tidb_enable_prepared_plan_cache=1`)
	tk.MustExec("set tidb_cost_model_version=2")
	tk.MustExec("use test")
	tk.MustExec("drop table if exists t1, t2")
	tk.MustExec("create table t1(a int, b int, c int, key idx_b(b), key idx_c(c))")
	tk.MustExec("create table t2(a int, b int, c int, key idx_b(b), key idx_c(c))")

	// TestDMLSQLBind
	tk.MustExec("prepare stmt1 from 'delete from t1 where b = 1 and c > 1';")
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt1;")
	require.Equal(t, "t1:idx_b", tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames[0])
	tkProcess := tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps := []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res := tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.MustUseIndex4ExplainFor(res, "idx_b(b)"), res.Rows())
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt1;")
	tk.MustQuery("select @@last_plan_from_cache").Check(testkit.Rows("1"))

	tk.MustExec("create global binding for delete from t1 where b = 1 and c > 1 using delete /*+ use_index(t1,idx_c) */ from t1 where b = 1 and c > 1")

	tk.MustExec("execute stmt1;")
	require.Equal(t, "t1:idx_c", tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames[0])
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.MustUseIndex4ExplainFor(res, "idx_c(c)"), res.Rows())

	tk.MustExec("prepare stmt2 from 'delete t1, t2 from t1 inner join t2 on t1.b = t2.b';")
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt2;")
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.HasPlan4ExplainFor(res, "HashJoin"), res.Rows())
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt2;")
	tk.MustQuery("select @@last_plan_from_cache").Check(testkit.Rows("1"))

	tk.MustExec("create global binding for delete t1, t2 from t1 inner join t2 on t1.b = t2.b using delete /*+ inl_join(t1) */ t1, t2 from t1 inner join t2 on t1.b = t2.b")

	tk.MustExec("execute stmt2;")
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.HasPlan4ExplainFor(res, "IndexJoin"), res.Rows())

	tk.MustExec("prepare stmt3 from 'update t1 set a = 1 where b = 1 and c > 1';")
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt3;")
	require.Equal(t, "t1:idx_b", tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames[0])
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.MustUseIndex4ExplainFor(res, "idx_b(b)"), res.Rows())
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt3;")
	tk.MustQuery("select @@last_plan_from_cache").Check(testkit.Rows("1"))

	tk.MustExec("create global binding for update t1 set a = 1 where b = 1 and c > 1 using update /*+ use_index(t1,idx_c) */ t1 set a = 1 where b = 1 and c > 1")

	tk.MustExec("execute stmt3;")
	require.Equal(t, "t1:idx_c", tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames[0])
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.MustUseIndex4ExplainFor(res, "idx_c(c)"), res.Rows())

	tk.MustExec("prepare stmt4 from 'update t1, t2 set t1.a = 1 where t1.b = t2.b';")
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt4;")
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.HasPlan4ExplainFor(res, "HashJoin"), res.Rows())
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt4;")
	tk.MustQuery("select @@last_plan_from_cache").Check(testkit.Rows("1"))

	tk.MustExec("create global binding for update t1, t2 set t1.a = 1 where t1.b = t2.b using update /*+ inl_join(t1) */ t1, t2 set t1.a = 1 where t1.b = t2.b")

	tk.MustExec("execute stmt4;")
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.HasPlan4ExplainFor(res, "IndexJoin"), res.Rows())

	tk.MustExec("prepare stmt5 from 'insert into t1 select * from t2 where t2.b = 2 and t2.c > 2';")
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt5;")
	require.Equal(t, "t2:idx_b", tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames[0])
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.MustUseIndex4ExplainFor(res, "idx_b(b)"), res.Rows())
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt5;")
	tk.MustQuery("select @@last_plan_from_cache").Check(testkit.Rows("1"))

	tk.MustExec("create global binding for insert into t1 select * from t2 where t2.b = 1 and t2.c > 1 using insert /*+ use_index(t2,idx_c) */ into t1 select * from t2 where t2.b = 1 and t2.c > 1")

	tk.MustExec("execute stmt5;")
	require.Equal(t, "t2:idx_b", tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames[0])
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.MustUseIndex4ExplainFor(res, "idx_b(b)"), res.Rows())

	tk.MustExec("drop global binding for insert into t1 select * from t2 where t2.b = 1 and t2.c > 1")
	tk.MustExec("create global binding for insert into t1 select * from t2 where t2.b = 1 and t2.c > 1 using insert into t1 select /*+ use_index(t2,idx_c) */ * from t2 where t2.b = 1 and t2.c > 1")

	tk.MustExec("execute stmt5;")
	require.Equal(t, "t2:idx_c", tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames[0])
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.MustUseIndex4ExplainFor(res, "idx_c(c)"), res.Rows())

	tk.MustExec("prepare stmt6 from 'replace into t1 select * from t2 where t2.b = 2 and t2.c > 2';")
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt6;")
	require.Equal(t, "t2:idx_b", tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames[0])
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.MustUseIndex4ExplainFor(res, "idx_b(b)"), res.Rows())
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt6;")
	tk.MustQuery("select @@last_plan_from_cache").Check(testkit.Rows("1"))

	tk.MustExec("create global binding for replace into t1 select * from t2 where t2.b = 1 and t2.c > 1 using replace into t1 select /*+ use_index(t2,idx_c) */ * from t2 where t2.b = 1 and t2.c > 1")

	tk.MustExec("execute stmt6;")
	require.Equal(t, "t2:idx_c", tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames[0])
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.MustUseIndex4ExplainFor(res, "idx_c(c)"), res.Rows())

	// TestExplain
	tk.MustExec("drop table if exists t1")
	tk.MustExec("drop table if exists t2")
	tk.MustExec("create table t1(id int)")
	tk.MustExec("create table t2(id int)")

	tk.MustExec("prepare stmt1 from 'SELECT * from t1,t2 where t1.id = t2.id';")
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt1;")
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.HasPlan4ExplainFor(res, "HashJoin"))
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt1;")
	tk.MustQuery("select @@last_plan_from_cache").Check(testkit.Rows("1"))

	tk.MustExec("prepare stmt2 from 'SELECT  /*+ TIDB_SMJ(t1, t2) */  * from t1,t2 where t1.id = t2.id';")
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt2;")
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.HasPlan4ExplainFor(res, "MergeJoin"))
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt2;")
	tk.MustQuery("select @@last_plan_from_cache").Check(testkit.Rows("1"))

	tk.MustExec("create global binding for SELECT * from t1,t2 where t1.id = t2.id using SELECT  /*+ TIDB_SMJ(t1, t2) */  * from t1,t2 where t1.id = t2.id")

	tk.MustExec("execute stmt1;")
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.HasPlan4ExplainFor(res, "MergeJoin"))

	tk.MustExec("drop global binding for SELECT * from t1,t2 where t1.id = t2.id")

	tk.MustExec("create index index_id on t1(id)")
	tk.MustExec("prepare stmt1 from 'SELECT * from t1 use index(index_id)';")
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt1;")
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.HasPlan4ExplainFor(res, "IndexReader"))
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt1;")
	tk.MustQuery("select @@last_plan_from_cache").Check(testkit.Rows("1"))

	tk.MustExec("create global binding for SELECT * from t1 using SELECT * from t1 ignore index(index_id)")
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt1;")
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.False(t, tk.HasPlan4ExplainFor(res, "IndexReader"))
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt1;")
	tk.MustQuery("select @@last_plan_from_cache").Check(testkit.Rows("1"))

	// Add test for SetOprStmt
	tk.MustExec("prepare stmt1 from 'SELECT * from t1 union SELECT * from t1';")
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt1;")
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.HasPlan4ExplainFor(res, "IndexReader"))
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt1;")
	tk.MustQuery("select @@last_plan_from_cache").Check(testkit.Rows("1"))

	tk.MustExec("prepare stmt2 from 'SELECT * from t1 use index(index_id) union SELECT * from t1';")
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt2;")
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.HasPlan4ExplainFor(res, "IndexReader"))
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt2;")
	tk.MustQuery("select @@last_plan_from_cache").Check(testkit.Rows("1"))

	tk.MustExec("create global binding for SELECT * from t1 union SELECT * from t1 using SELECT * from t1 use index(index_id) union SELECT * from t1")

	tk.MustExec("execute stmt1;")
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.HasPlan4ExplainFor(res, "IndexReader"))

	tk.MustExec("drop global binding for SELECT * from t1 union SELECT * from t1")

	// TestBindingSymbolList
	tk.MustExec("drop table if exists t")
	tk.MustExec("create table t(a int, b int, INDEX ia (a), INDEX ib (b));")
	tk.MustExec("insert into t value(1, 1);")
	tk.MustExec("prepare stmt1 from 'select a, b from t where a = 3 limit 1, 100';")
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt1;")
	require.Equal(t, "t:ia", tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames[0])
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.MustUseIndex4ExplainFor(res, "ia(a)"), res.Rows())
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt1;")
	tk.MustQuery("select @@last_plan_from_cache").Check(testkit.Rows("1"))

	tk.MustExec(`create global binding for select a, b from t where a = 1 limit 0, 1 using select a, b from t use index (ib) where a = 1 limit 0, 1`)

	// after binding
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt1;")
	require.Equal(t, "t:ib", tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames[0])
	tkProcess = tk.Session().ShowProcess()
	ps = []*util.ProcessInfo{tkProcess}
	tk.Session().SetSessionManager(&testkit.MockSessionManager{PS: ps})
	res = tk.MustQuery("explain for connection " + strconv.FormatUint(tkProcess.ID, 10))
	require.True(t, tk.MustUseIndex4ExplainFor(res, "ib(b)"), res.Rows())
}

// TestBindingSymbolList tests sql with "?, ?, ?, ?", fixes #13871
func TestBindingSymbolList(t *testing.T) {
	store, dom := testkit.CreateMockStoreAndDomain(t)

	tk := testkit.NewTestKit(t, store)
	tk.MustExec("use test")
	tk.MustExec("drop table if exists t")
	tk.MustExec("create table t(a int, b int, INDEX ia (a), INDEX ib (b));")
	tk.MustExec("insert into t value(1, 1);")

	// before binding
	tk.MustQuery("select a, b from t where a = 3 limit 1, 100")
	require.Equal(t, "t:ia", tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames[0])
	require.True(t, tk.MustUseIndex("select a, b from t where a = 3 limit 1, 100", "ia(a)"))

	tk.MustExec(`create global binding for select a, b from t where a = 1 limit 0, 1 using select a, b from t use index (ib) where a = 1 limit 0, 1`)

	// after binding
	tk.MustQuery("select a, b from t where a = 3 limit 1, 100")
	require.Equal(t, "t:ib", tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames[0])
	require.True(t, tk.MustUseIndex("select a, b from t where a = 3 limit 1, 100", "ib(b)"))

	// Normalize
	stmt, err := parser.New().ParseOneStmt("select a, b from test . t where a = 1 limit 0, 1", "", "")
	require.NoError(t, err)

	_, fuzzyDigest := norm.NormalizeStmtForBinding(stmt, norm.WithFuzz(true))
	binding, matched := dom.BindHandle().MatchGlobalBinding(tk.Session(), fuzzyDigest, bindinfo.CollectTableNames(stmt))
	require.True(t, matched)
	require.Equal(t, "select `a` , `b` from `test` . `t` where `a` = ? limit ...", binding.OriginalSQL)
	require.Equal(t, "SELECT `a`,`b` FROM `test`.`t` USE INDEX (`ib`) WHERE `a` = 1 LIMIT 0,1", binding.BindSQL)
	require.Equal(t, "test", binding.Db)
	require.Equal(t, bindinfo.Enabled, binding.Status)
	require.NotNil(t, binding.Charset)
	require.NotNil(t, binding.Collation)
	require.NotNil(t, binding.CreateTime)
	require.NotNil(t, binding.UpdateTime)
}

// TestBindingInListWithSingleLiteral tests sql with "IN (Lit)", fixes #44298
func TestBindingInListWithSingleLiteral(t *testing.T) {
	store, dom := testkit.CreateMockStoreAndDomain(t)

	tk := testkit.NewTestKit(t, store)
	tk.MustExec("use test")
	tk.MustExec("drop table if exists t")
	tk.MustExec("create table t(a int, b int, INDEX ia (a), INDEX ib (b));")
	tk.MustExec("insert into t value(1, 1);")

	// GIVEN
	sqlcmd := "select a, b from t where a in (1)"
	bindingStmt := `create global binding for select a, b from t where a in (1, 2, 3) using select a, b from t use index (ib) where a in (1, 2, 3)`

	// before binding
	tk.MustQuery(sqlcmd)
	require.Equal(t, "t:ia", tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames[0])
	require.True(t, tk.MustUseIndex(sqlcmd, "ia(a)"))

	tk.MustExec(bindingStmt)

	// after binding
	tk.MustQuery(sqlcmd)
	require.Equal(t, "t:ib", tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames[0])
	require.True(t, tk.MustUseIndex(sqlcmd, "ib(b)"))

	tk.MustQuery("select @@last_plan_from_binding").Check(testkit.Rows("1"))

	// Normalize
	stmt, err := parser.New().ParseOneStmt("select a, b from test . t where a in (1)", "", "")
	require.NoError(t, err)

	_, fuzzyDigest := norm.NormalizeStmtForBinding(stmt, norm.WithFuzz(true))
	binding, matched := dom.BindHandle().MatchGlobalBinding(tk.Session(), fuzzyDigest, bindinfo.CollectTableNames(stmt))
	require.True(t, matched)
	require.Equal(t, "select `a` , `b` from `test` . `t` where `a` in ( ... )", binding.OriginalSQL)
	require.Equal(t, "SELECT `a`,`b` FROM `test`.`t` USE INDEX (`ib`) WHERE `a` IN (1,2,3)", binding.BindSQL)
	require.Equal(t, "test", binding.Db)
	require.Equal(t, bindinfo.Enabled, binding.Status)
	require.NotNil(t, binding.Charset)
	require.NotNil(t, binding.Collation)
	require.NotNil(t, binding.CreateTime)
	require.NotNil(t, binding.UpdateTime)
}

func TestBestPlanInBaselines(t *testing.T) {
	store, dom := testkit.CreateMockStoreAndDomain(t)

	tk := testkit.NewTestKit(t, store)
	tk.MustExec("use test")
	tk.MustExec("drop table if exists t")
	tk.MustExec("create table t(a int, b int, INDEX ia (a), INDEX ib (b));")
	tk.MustExec("insert into t value(1, 1);")

	// before binding
	tk.MustQuery("select a, b from t where a = 3 limit 1, 100")
	require.Equal(t, "t:ia", tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames[0])
	require.True(t, tk.MustUseIndex("select a, b from t where a = 3 limit 1, 100", "ia(a)"))

	tk.MustQuery("select a, b from t where b = 3 limit 1, 100")
	require.Equal(t, "t:ib", tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames[0])
	require.True(t, tk.MustUseIndex("select a, b from t where b = 3 limit 1, 100", "ib(b)"))

	tk.MustExec(`create global binding for select a, b from t where a = 1 limit 0, 1 using select /*+ use_index(@sel_1 test.t ia) */ a, b from t where a = 1 limit 0, 1`)
	tk.MustExec(`create global binding for select a, b from t where b = 1 limit 0, 1 using select /*+ use_index(@sel_1 test.t ib) */ a, b from t where b = 1 limit 0, 1`)

	stmt, _, _ := internal.UtilNormalizeWithDefaultDB(t, "select a, b from t where a = 1 limit 0, 1")

	_, fuzzyDigest := norm.NormalizeStmtForBinding(stmt, norm.WithFuzz(true))
	binding, matched := dom.BindHandle().MatchGlobalBinding(tk.Session(), fuzzyDigest, bindinfo.CollectTableNames(stmt))
	require.True(t, matched)
	require.Equal(t, "select `a` , `b` from `test` . `t` where `a` = ? limit ...", binding.OriginalSQL)
	require.Equal(t, "SELECT /*+ use_index(@`sel_1` `test`.`t` `ia`)*/ `a`,`b` FROM `test`.`t` WHERE `a` = 1 LIMIT 0,1", binding.BindSQL)
	require.Equal(t, "test", binding.Db)
	require.Equal(t, bindinfo.Enabled, binding.Status)

	tk.MustQuery("select a, b from t where a = 3 limit 1, 10")
	require.Equal(t, "t:ia", tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames[0])
	require.True(t, tk.MustUseIndex("select a, b from t where a = 3 limit 1, 100", "ia(a)"))

	tk.MustQuery("select a, b from t where b = 3 limit 1, 100")
	require.Equal(t, "t:ib", tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames[0])
	require.True(t, tk.MustUseIndex("select a, b from t where b = 3 limit 1, 100", "ib(b)"))
}

func TestIssue50646(t *testing.T) {
	store := testkit.CreateMockStore(t)
	tk := testkit.NewTestKit(t, store)
	tk.MustExec(`create database TICASE;`)
	tk.MustExec(`use TICASE;`)
	tk.MustExec(`create table t(a int, b int, index idx(a));`)
	tk.MustExec(`create table t1(a int, b int, index idx(a));`)
	tk.MustExec(`create global binding for delete t, t1 from t use index(idx) join t1 use index(idx) on t.a=t1.a using delete /*+ merge_join(t) */ t, t1 from t use index(idx) join t1 use index(idx) on t.a=t1.a;`)
	tk.MustHavePlan(`delete /*+ inl_merge_join(t) */ t, t1 from t ignore index(idx) join t1 ignore index(idx) on t.a=t1.a;`, "MergeJoin")
	tk.MustExec(`delete t, t1 from t ignore index(idx) join t1 ignore index(idx) on t.a=t1.a;`)
	tk.MustQuery(`select @@last_plan_from_binding`).Check(testkit.Rows("1"))
}

func TestErrorBind(t *testing.T) {
	store, dom := testkit.CreateMockStoreAndDomain(t)

	tk := testkit.NewTestKit(t, store)
	tk.MustExec("use test")
	tk.MustGetErrMsg("create global binding for select * from t using select * from t", "[schema:1146]Table 'test.t' doesn't exist")
	tk.MustExec("drop table if exists t")
	tk.MustExec("drop table if exists t1")
	tk.MustExec("create table t(i int, s varchar(20))")
	tk.MustExec("create table t1(i int, s varchar(20))")
	tk.MustExec("create index index_t on t(i,s)")

	_, err := tk.Exec("create global binding for select * from t where i>100 using select * from t use index(index_t) where i>100")
	require.NoError(t, err, "err %v", err)

	stmt, err := parser.New().ParseOneStmt("select * from test . t where i > ?", "", "")
	require.NoError(t, err)
	_, fuzzyDigest := norm.NormalizeStmtForBinding(stmt, norm.WithFuzz(true))
	binding, matched := dom.BindHandle().MatchGlobalBinding(tk.Session(), fuzzyDigest, bindinfo.CollectTableNames(stmt))
	require.True(t, matched)
	require.Equal(t, "select * from `test` . `t` where `i` > ?", binding.OriginalSQL)
	require.Equal(t, "SELECT * FROM `test`.`t` USE INDEX (`index_t`) WHERE `i` > 100", binding.BindSQL)
	require.Equal(t, "test", binding.Db)
	require.Equal(t, bindinfo.Enabled, binding.Status)
	require.NotNil(t, binding.Charset)
	require.NotNil(t, binding.Collation)
	require.NotNil(t, binding.CreateTime)
	require.NotNil(t, binding.UpdateTime)

	tk.MustExec("drop index index_t on t")
	rs, err := tk.Exec("select * from t where i > 10")
	require.NoError(t, err)
	rs.Close()

	dom.BindHandle().DropInvalidGlobalBinding()

	rs, err = tk.Exec("show global bindings")
	require.NoError(t, err)
	chk := rs.NewChunk(nil)
	err = rs.Next(context.TODO(), chk)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	require.Equal(t, 0, chk.NumRows())
}

func TestStmtHints(t *testing.T) {
	store := testkit.CreateMockStore(t)

	tk := testkit.NewTestKit(t, store)
	tk.MustExec("use test")
	tk.MustExec("drop table if exists t")
	tk.MustExec("create table t(a int, b int, index idx(a))")
	tk.MustExec("create global binding for select * from t using select /*+ MAX_EXECUTION_TIME(100), SET_VAR(TIKV_CLIENT_READ_TIMEOUT=20), MEMORY_QUOTA(2 GB) */ * from t use index(idx)")
	tk.MustQuery("select * from t")
	require.Equal(t, int64(2147483648), tk.Session().GetSessionVars().MemTracker.GetBytesLimit())
	require.Equal(t, uint64(100), tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.MaxExecutionTime)
	require.Equal(t, uint64(20), tk.Session().GetSessionVars().GetTiKVClientReadTimeout())
	tk.MustQuery("select a, b from t")
	require.Equal(t, int64(1073741824), tk.Session().GetSessionVars().MemTracker.GetBytesLimit())
	require.Equal(t, uint64(0), tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.MaxExecutionTime)
	// TODO(crazycs520): Fix me.
	//require.Equal(t, uint64(0), tk.Session().GetSessionVars().GetTiKVClientReadTimeout())
}

func TestHintsSetID(t *testing.T) {
	store, dom := testkit.CreateMockStoreAndDomain(t)

	tk := testkit.NewTestKit(t, store)
	tk.MustExec("use test")
	tk.MustExec("drop table if exists t")
	tk.MustExec("create table t(a int, index idx_a(a))")
	tk.MustExec("create global binding for select * from t where a > 10 using select /*+ use_index(test.t, idx_a) */ * from t where a > 10")
	// Verify the added Binding contains ID with restored query block.
	stmt, err := parser.New().ParseOneStmt("select * from t where a > ?", "", "")
	require.NoError(t, err)
	_, fuzzyDigest := norm.NormalizeStmtForBinding(stmt, norm.WithFuzz(true))
	binding, matched := dom.BindHandle().MatchGlobalBinding(tk.Session(), fuzzyDigest, bindinfo.CollectTableNames(stmt))
	require.True(t, matched)
	require.Equal(t, "select * from `test` . `t` where `a` > ?", binding.OriginalSQL)
	require.Equal(t, "use_index(@`sel_1` `test`.`t` `idx_a`)", binding.ID)

	internal.UtilCleanBindingEnv(tk, dom)
	tk.MustExec("create global binding for select * from t where a > 10 using select /*+ use_index(t, idx_a) */ * from t where a > 10")
	_, fuzzyDigest = norm.NormalizeStmtForBinding(stmt, norm.WithFuzz(true))
	binding, matched = dom.BindHandle().MatchGlobalBinding(tk.Session(), fuzzyDigest, bindinfo.CollectTableNames(stmt))
	require.True(t, matched)
	require.Equal(t, "select * from `test` . `t` where `a` > ?", binding.OriginalSQL)
	require.Equal(t, "use_index(@`sel_1` `test`.`t` `idx_a`)", binding.ID)

	internal.UtilCleanBindingEnv(tk, dom)
	tk.MustExec("create global binding for select * from t where a > 10 using select /*+ use_index(@sel_1 t, idx_a) */ * from t where a > 10")
	_, fuzzyDigest = norm.NormalizeStmtForBinding(stmt, norm.WithFuzz(true))
	binding, matched = dom.BindHandle().MatchGlobalBinding(tk.Session(), fuzzyDigest, bindinfo.CollectTableNames(stmt))
	require.True(t, matched)
	require.Equal(t, "select * from `test` . `t` where `a` > ?", binding.OriginalSQL)
	require.Equal(t, "use_index(@`sel_1` `test`.`t` `idx_a`)", binding.ID)

	internal.UtilCleanBindingEnv(tk, dom)
	tk.MustExec("create global binding for select * from t where a > 10 using select /*+ use_index(@qb1 t, idx_a) qb_name(qb1) */ * from t where a > 10")
	_, fuzzyDigest = norm.NormalizeStmtForBinding(stmt, norm.WithFuzz(true))
	binding, matched = dom.BindHandle().MatchGlobalBinding(tk.Session(), fuzzyDigest, bindinfo.CollectTableNames(stmt))
	require.True(t, matched)
	require.Equal(t, "select * from `test` . `t` where `a` > ?", binding.OriginalSQL)
	require.Equal(t, "use_index(@`sel_1` `test`.`t` `idx_a`)", binding.ID)

	internal.UtilCleanBindingEnv(tk, dom)
	tk.MustExec("create global binding for select * from t where a > 10 using select /*+ use_index(T, IDX_A) */ * from t where a > 10")
	_, fuzzyDigest = norm.NormalizeStmtForBinding(stmt, norm.WithFuzz(true))
	binding, matched = dom.BindHandle().MatchGlobalBinding(tk.Session(), fuzzyDigest, bindinfo.CollectTableNames(stmt))
	require.True(t, matched)
	require.Equal(t, "select * from `test` . `t` where `a` > ?", binding.OriginalSQL)
	require.Equal(t, "use_index(@`sel_1` `test`.`t` `idx_a`)", binding.ID)

	internal.UtilCleanBindingEnv(tk, dom)
	err = tk.ExecToErr("create global binding for select * from t using select /*+ non_exist_hint() */ * from t")
	require.True(t, terror.ErrorEqual(err, parser.ErrParse))
	tk.MustExec("create global binding for select * from t where a > 10 using select * from t where a > 10")
	_, fuzzyDigest = norm.NormalizeStmtForBinding(stmt, norm.WithFuzz(true))
	binding, matched = dom.BindHandle().MatchGlobalBinding(tk.Session(), fuzzyDigest, bindinfo.CollectTableNames(stmt))
	require.True(t, matched)
	require.Equal(t, "select * from `test` . `t` where `a` > ?", binding.OriginalSQL)
	require.Equal(t, "", binding.ID)
}

func TestBindingWithIsolationRead(t *testing.T) {
	store := testkit.CreateMockStore(t)

	tk := testkit.NewTestKit(t, store)
	tk.MustExec("use test")
	tk.MustExec("set tidb_cost_model_version=2")
	tk.MustExec("drop table if exists t")
	tk.MustExec("create table t(a int, b int, index idx_a(a), index idx_b(b))")
	tk.MustExec("insert into t values (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6), (7,7), (8,8), (9,9), (10,10)")
	tk.MustExec("analyze table t")
	// Create virtual tiflash replica info.
	dom := domain.GetDomain(tk.Session())
	is := dom.InfoSchema()
	db, exists := is.SchemaByName(model.NewCIStr("test"))
	require.True(t, exists)
	for _, tblInfo := range db.Tables {
		if tblInfo.Name.L == "t" {
			tblInfo.TiFlashReplica = &model.TiFlashReplicaInfo{
				Count:     1,
				Available: true,
			}
		}
	}
	tk.MustExec("create global binding for select * from t where a >= 1 and b >= 1 using select * from t use index(idx_a) where a >= 1 and b >= 1")
	tk.MustExec("set @@tidb_use_plan_baselines = 1")
	rows := tk.MustQuery("explain select * from t where a >= 11 and b >= 11").Rows()
	require.Equal(t, "cop[tikv]", rows[len(rows)-1][2])
	// Even if we build a binding use index for SQL, but after we set the isolation read for TiFlash, it choose TiFlash instead of index of TiKV.
	tk.MustExec("set @@tidb_isolation_read_engines = \"tiflash\"")
	rows = tk.MustQuery("explain select * from t where a >= 11 and b >= 11").Rows()
	require.Equal(t, "mpp[tiflash]", rows[len(rows)-1][2])
}

func TestInvisibleIndex(t *testing.T) {
	store := testkit.CreateMockStore(t)

	tk := testkit.NewTestKit(t, store)
	tk.MustExec("use test")
	tk.MustExec("drop table if exists t")
	tk.MustExec("create table t(a int, b int, unique idx_a(a), index idx_b(b) invisible)")
	tk.MustGetErrMsg(
		"create global binding for select * from t using select * from t use index(idx_b) ",
		"[planner:1176]Key 'idx_b' doesn't exist in table 't'")

	// Create bind using index
	tk.MustExec("create global binding for select * from t using select * from t use index(idx_a) ")

	tk.MustQuery("select * from t")
	require.Equal(t, "t:idx_a", tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames[0])
	require.True(t, tk.MustUseIndex("select * from t", "idx_a(a)"))

	tk.MustExec(`prepare stmt1 from 'select * from t'`)
	tk.MustExec("execute stmt1")
	require.Len(t, tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames, 1)
	require.Equal(t, "t:idx_a", tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames[0])

	// And then make this index invisible
	tk.MustExec("alter table t alter index idx_a invisible")
	tk.MustQuery("select * from t")
	require.Len(t, tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames, 0)

	tk.MustExec("execute stmt1")
	require.Len(t, tk.Session().GetSessionVars().StmtCtx.IndexNames, 0)

	tk.MustExec("drop global binding for select * from t")
}

func TestGCBindRecord(t *testing.T) {
	// set lease for gc tests
	originLease := bindinfo.Lease
	bindinfo.Lease = 0
	defer func() {
		bindinfo.Lease = originLease
	}()

	store, dom := testkit.CreateMockStoreAndDomain(t)

	tk := testkit.NewTestKit(t, store)
	tk.MustExec("use test")
	tk.MustExec("drop table if exists t")
	tk.MustExec("create table t(a int, b int, key(a))")

	tk.MustExec("create global binding for select * from t where a = 1 using select * from t use index(a) where a = 1")
	rows := tk.MustQuery("show global bindings").Rows()
	require.Len(t, rows, 1)
	require.Equal(t, "select * from `test` . `t` where `a` = ?", rows[0][0])
	require.Equal(t, bindinfo.Enabled, rows[0][3])
	tk.MustQuery("select status from mysql.bind_info where original_sql = 'select * from `test` . `t` where `a` = ?'").Check(testkit.Rows(
		bindinfo.Enabled,
	))

	h := dom.BindHandle()
	// bindinfo.Lease is set to 0 for test env in SetUpSuite.
	require.NoError(t, h.GCGlobalBinding())
	rows = tk.MustQuery("show global bindings").Rows()
	require.Len(t, rows, 1)
	require.Equal(t, "select * from `test` . `t` where `a` = ?", rows[0][0])
	require.Equal(t, bindinfo.Enabled, rows[0][3])
	tk.MustQuery("select status from mysql.bind_info where original_sql = 'select * from `test` . `t` where `a` = ?'").Check(testkit.Rows(
		bindinfo.Enabled,
	))

	tk.MustExec("drop global binding for select * from t where a = 1")
	tk.MustQuery("show global bindings").Check(testkit.Rows())
	tk.MustQuery("select status from mysql.bind_info where original_sql = 'select * from `test` . `t` where `a` = ?'").Check(testkit.Rows(
		"deleted",
	))
	require.NoError(t, h.GCGlobalBinding())
	tk.MustQuery("show global bindings").Check(testkit.Rows())
	tk.MustQuery("select status from mysql.bind_info where original_sql = 'select * from `test` . `t` where `a` = ?'").Check(testkit.Rows())
}

func TestBindSQLDigest(t *testing.T) {
	store, dom := testkit.CreateMockStoreAndDomain(t)
	tk := testkit.NewTestKit(t, store)
	tk.MustExec("use test")
	tk.MustExec("drop table if exists t")
	tk.MustExec("create table t(pk int primary key, a int, b int, key(a), key(b))")

	cases := []struct {
		origin string
		hint   string
	}{
		// agg hints
		{"select count(1) from t", "select /*+ hash_agg() */ count(1) from t"},
		{"select count(1) from t", "select /*+ stream_agg() */ count(1) from t"},
		// join hints
		{"select * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a", "select /*+ merge_join(t1, t2) */ * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a"},
		{"select * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a", "select /*+ tidb_smj(t1, t2) */ * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a"},
		{"select * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a", "select /*+ hash_join(t1, t2) */ * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a"},
		{"select * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a", "select /*+ tidb_hj(t1, t2) */ * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a"},
		{"select * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a", "select /*+ inl_join(t1, t2) */ * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a"},
		{"select * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a", "select /*+ tidb_inlj(t1, t2) */ * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a"},
		{"select * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a", "select /*+ inl_hash_join(t1, t2) */ * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a"},
		// index hints
		{"select * from t", "select * from t use index(primary)"},
		{"select * from t", "select /*+ use_index(primary) */ * from t"},
		{"select * from t", "select * from t use index(a)"},
		{"select * from t", "select /*+ use_index(a) */ * from t use index(a)"},
		{"select * from t", "select * from t use index(b)"},
		{"select * from t", "select /*+ use_index(b) */ * from t use index(b)"},
		{"select a, b from t where a=1 or b=1", "select /*+ use_index_merge(t, a, b) */ a, b from t where a=1 or b=1"},
		{"select * from t where a=1", "select /*+ ignore_index(t, a) */ * from t where a=1"},
		// push-down hints
		{"select * from t limit 10", "select /*+ limit_to_cop() */ * from t limit 10"},
		{"select a, count(*) from t group by a", "select /*+ agg_to_cop() */ a, count(*) from t group by a"},
		// index-merge hints
		{"select a, b from t where a>1 or b>1", "select /*+ no_index_merge() */ a, b from t where a>1 or b>1"},
		{"select a, b from t where a>1 or b>1", "select /*+ use_index_merge(t, a, b) */ a, b from t where a>1 or b>1"},
		// runtime hints
		{"select * from t", "select /*+ memory_quota(1024 MB) */ * from t"},
		{"select * from t", "select /*+ max_execution_time(1000) */ * from t"},
		{"select * from t", "select /*+ set_var(tikv_client_read_timeout=1000) */ * from t"},
		// storage hints
		{"select * from t", "select /*+ read_from_storage(tikv[t]) */ * from t"},
		// others
		{"select t1.a, t1.b from t t1 where t1.a in (select t2.a from t t2)", "select /*+ use_toja(true) */ t1.a, t1.b from t t1 where t1.a in (select t2.a from t t2)"},
	}
	for _, c := range cases {
		stmtsummary.StmtSummaryByDigestMap.Clear()
		internal.UtilCleanBindingEnv(tk, dom)
		sql := "create global binding for " + c.origin + " using " + c.hint
		tk.MustExec(sql)
		res := tk.MustQuery(`show global bindings`).Rows()
		require.Equal(t, len(res[0]), 11)

		parser4binding := parser.New()
		originNode, err := parser4binding.ParseOneStmt(c.origin, "utf8mb4", "utf8mb4_general_ci")
		require.NoError(t, err)
		_, sqlDigestWithDB := parser.NormalizeDigestForBinding(utilparser.RestoreWithDefaultDB(originNode, "test", c.origin))
		require.Equal(t, res[0][9], sqlDigestWithDB.String())
	}
}

func TestSimplifiedCreateBinding(t *testing.T) {
	store := testkit.CreateMockStore(t)
	tk := testkit.NewTestKit(t, store)
	tk.MustExec(`use test`)
	tk.MustExec(`create table t (a int, b int, key(a))`)

	check := func(scope, sql, binding string) {
		r := tk.MustQuery(fmt.Sprintf("show %s bindings", scope)).Rows()
		require.Equal(t, len(r), 1)
		require.Equal(t, r[0][0].(string), sql)
		require.Equal(t, r[0][1].(string), binding)
	}

	tk.MustExec(`create binding using select /*+ use_index(t, a) */ * from t`)
	check("", "select * from `test` . `t`", "SELECT /*+ use_index(`t` `a`)*/ * FROM `test`.`t`")
	tk.MustExec(`drop binding for select * from t`)
	tk.MustExec(`create binding using select /*+ use_index(t, a) */ * from t where a<10`)
	check("", "select * from `test` . `t` where `a` < ?", "SELECT /*+ use_index(`t` `a`)*/ * FROM `test`.`t` WHERE `a` < 10")
	tk.MustExec(`drop binding for select * from t where a<10`)
	tk.MustExec(`create global binding using select /*+ use_index(t, a) */ * from t where a in (1)`)
	check("global", "select * from `test` . `t` where `a` in ( ... )", "SELECT /*+ use_index(`t` `a`)*/ * FROM `test`.`t` WHERE `a` IN (1)")
	tk.MustExec(`drop global binding for select * from t where a in (1)`)
	tk.MustExec(`create global binding using select /*+ use_index(t, a) */ * from t where a in (1,2,3)`)
	check("global", "select * from `test` . `t` where `a` in ( ... )", "SELECT /*+ use_index(`t` `a`)*/ * FROM `test`.`t` WHERE `a` IN (1,2,3)")
	tk.MustExec(`drop global binding for select * from t where a in (1,2,3)`)
}

func TestDropBindBySQLDigest(t *testing.T) {
	store, dom := testkit.CreateMockStoreAndDomain(t)
	tk := testkit.NewTestKit(t, store)
	tk.MustExec("use test")
	tk.MustExec("drop table if exists t")
	tk.MustExec("create table t(pk int primary key, a int, b int, key(a), key(b))")

	cases := []struct {
		origin string
		hint   string
	}{
		// agg hints
		{"select count(1) from t", "select /*+ hash_agg() */ count(1) from t"},
		{"select count(1) from t", "select /*+ stream_agg() */ count(1) from t"},
		// join hints
		{"select * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a", "select /*+ merge_join(t1, t2) */ * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a"},
		{"select * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a", "select /*+ tidb_smj(t1, t2) */ * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a"},
		{"select * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a", "select /*+ hash_join(t1, t2) */ * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a"},
		{"select * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a", "select /*+ tidb_hj(t1, t2) */ * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a"},
		{"select * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a", "select /*+ inl_join(t1, t2) */ * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a"},
		{"select * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a", "select /*+ tidb_inlj(t1, t2) */ * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a"},
		{"select * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a", "select /*+ inl_hash_join(t1, t2) */ * from t t1, t t2 where t1.a=t2.a"},
		// index hints
		{"select * from t", "select * from t use index(primary)"},
		{"select * from t", "select /*+ use_index(primary) */ * from t"},
		{"select * from t", "select * from t use index(a)"},
		{"select * from t", "select /*+ use_index(a) */ * from t use index(a)"},
		{"select * from t", "select * from t use index(b)"},
		{"select * from t", "select /*+ use_index(b) */ * from t use index(b)"},
		{"select a, b from t where a=1 or b=1", "select /*+ use_index_merge(t, a, b) */ a, b from t where a=1 or b=1"},
		{"select * from t where a=1", "select /*+ ignore_index(t, a) */ * from t where a=1"},
		// push-down hints
		{"select * from t limit 10", "select /*+ limit_to_cop() */ * from t limit 10"},
		{"select a, count(*) from t group by a", "select /*+ agg_to_cop() */ a, count(*) from t group by a"},
		// index-merge hints
		{"select a, b from t where a>1 or b>1", "select /*+ no_index_merge() */ a, b from t where a>1 or b>1"},
		{"select a, b from t where a>1 or b>1", "select /*+ use_index_merge(t, a, b) */ a, b from t where a>1 or b>1"},
		// runtime hints
		{"select * from t", "select /*+ memory_quota(1024 MB) */ * from t"},
		{"select * from t", "select /*+ max_execution_time(1000) */ * from t"},
		{"select * from t", "select /*+ set_var(tikv_client_read_timeout=1000) */ * from t"},
		// storage hints
		{"select * from t", "select /*+ read_from_storage(tikv[t]) */ * from t"},
		// others
		{"select t1.a, t1.b from t t1 where t1.a in (select t2.a from t t2)", "select /*+ use_toja(true) */ t1.a, t1.b from t t1 where t1.a in (select t2.a from t t2)"},
	}

	h := dom.BindHandle()
	// global scope
	for _, c := range cases {
		internal.UtilCleanBindingEnv(tk, dom)
		sql := "create global binding for " + c.origin + " using " + c.hint
		tk.MustExec(sql)
		h.LoadFromStorageToCache(true)
		res := tk.MustQuery(`show global bindings`).Rows()

		require.Equal(t, len(res), 1)
		require.Equal(t, len(res[0]), 11)
		drop := fmt.Sprintf("drop global binding for sql digest '%s'", res[0][9])
		tk.MustExec(drop)
		require.NoError(t, h.GCGlobalBinding())
		h.LoadFromStorageToCache(true)
		tk.MustQuery("show global bindings").Check(testkit.Rows())
	}

	// session scope
	for _, c := range cases {
		internal.UtilCleanBindingEnv(tk, dom)
		sql := "create binding for " + c.origin + " using " + c.hint
		tk.MustExec(sql)
		res := tk.MustQuery(`show bindings`).Rows()

		require.Equal(t, len(res), 1)
		require.Equal(t, len(res[0]), 11)
		drop := fmt.Sprintf("drop binding for sql digest '%s'", res[0][9])
		tk.MustExec(drop)
		require.NoError(t, h.GCGlobalBinding())
		tk.MustQuery("show bindings").Check(testkit.Rows())
	}

	// exception cases
	tk.MustGetErrMsg(fmt.Sprintf("drop binding for sql digest '%s'", ""), "sql digest is empty")
}

func TestJoinOrderHintWithBinding(t *testing.T) {
	store := testkit.CreateMockStore(t)

	tk := testkit.NewTestKit(t, store)
	tk.MustExec("use test")
	tk.MustExec("drop table if exists t, t1, t2, t3;")
	tk.MustExec("create table t(a int, b int, key(a));")
	tk.MustExec("create table t1(a int, b int, key(a));")
	tk.MustExec("create table t2(a int, b int, key(a));")
	tk.MustExec("create table t3(a int, b int, key(a));")

	tk.MustExec("create global binding for select * from t1 join t2 on t1.a=t2.a left join t3 on t2.b=t3.b using select /*+ leading(t2) */ * from t1 join t2 on t1.a=t2.a left join t3 on t2.b=t3.b")
	tk.MustExec("select * from t1 join t2 on t1.a=t2.a left join t3 on t2.b=t3.b")
	tk.MustQuery("select @@last_plan_from_binding").Check(testkit.Rows("1"))
	res := tk.MustQuery("show global bindings").Rows()
	require.Equal(t, res[0][0], "select * from ( `test` . `t1` join `test` . `t2` on `t1` . `a` = `t2` . `a` ) left join `test` . `t3` on `t2` . `b` = `t3` . `b`")

	tk.MustExec("drop global binding for select * from t1 join t2 on t1.a=t2.a join t3 on t2.b=t3.b")
}