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@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
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<meta charset='utf-8' />
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<meta content='TeX4ht (https://tug.org/tex4ht/)' name='generator' />
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<meta content='width=device-width,initial-scale=1' name='viewport' />
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<link href='lkmpg.css' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' />
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<meta content='lkmpg.tex' name='src' />
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<link href='lkmpg-for-ht.css' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' />
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<meta content='lkmpg-for-ht.tex' name='src' />
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</head><body>
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<div class='maketitle'>
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@ -298,10 +298,10 @@ to use <span class='ecti-1000'>tabs</span>, not spaces.
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<pre class='fancyvrb' id='fancyvrb11'><a id='x1-12055r1'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>1</span><span class='ectt-0800'>obj-m += hello-1.o</span>
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<a id='x1-12057r2'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>2</span>
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<a id='x1-12059r3'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>3</span><span class='ectt-0800'>all:</span>
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<a id='x1-12061r4'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>4 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox23'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox24'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) modules</span>
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<a id='x1-12061r4'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>4</span><span class='ectt-0800'> make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox23'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox24'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) modules</span>
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<a id='x1-12063r5'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>5</span>
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<a id='x1-12065r6'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>6</span><span class='ectt-0800'>clean:</span>
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<a id='x1-12067r7'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>7 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox25'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox26'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) clean</span></pre>
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<a id='x1-12067r7'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>7</span><span class='ectt-0800'> make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox25'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox26'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) clean</span></pre>
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<!-- l. 220 --><p class='indent'> And finally just:
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</p>
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<pre class='fancyvrb' id='fancyvrb12'><a id='x1-12070r1'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>1</span><span class='ectt-1000'>make</span></pre>
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@ -433,10 +433,10 @@ is as simple as this:
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<a id='x1-13058r2'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>2</span><span class='ectt-0800'>obj-m += hello-2.o</span>
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<a id='x1-13060r3'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>3</span>
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<a id='x1-13062r4'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>4</span><span class='ectt-0800'>all:</span>
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<a id='x1-13064r5'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>5 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox52'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox53'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) modules</span>
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<a id='x1-13064r5'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>5</span><span class='ectt-0800'> make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox52'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox53'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) modules</span>
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<a id='x1-13066r6'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>6</span>
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<a id='x1-13068r7'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>7</span><span class='ectt-0800'>clean:</span>
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<a id='x1-13070r8'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>8 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox54'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox55'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) clean</span></pre>
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<a id='x1-13070r8'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>8</span><span class='ectt-0800'> make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox54'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox55'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) clean</span></pre>
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<!-- l. 326 --><p class='indent'> Now have a look at <span class='obeylines-h'><span class='verb'><span class='ectt-1000'>linux/drivers/char/Makefile</span></span></span> for a real world example. As
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you can see, some things get hardwired into the kernel (<span class='obeylines-h'><span class='verb'><span class='ectt-1000'>obj-y</span></span></span>) but where are all
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those <span class='obeylines-h'><span class='verb'><span class='ectt-1000'>obj-m</span></span></span> gone? Those familiar with shell scripts will easily be able to spot them.
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@ -729,10 +729,10 @@ files.
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<a id='x1-17081r7'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>7</span><span class='ectt-0800'>startstop-objs := start.o stop.o</span>
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<a id='x1-17083r8'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>8</span>
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<a id='x1-17085r9'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>9</span><span class='ectt-0800'>all:</span>
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<a id='x1-17087r10'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>10 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox246'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox247'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) modules</span>
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<a id='x1-17087r10'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>10</span><span class='ectt-0800'> make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox246'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox247'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) modules</span>
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<a id='x1-17089r11'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>11</span>
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<a id='x1-17091r12'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>12</span><span class='ectt-0800'>clean:</span>
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<a id='x1-17093r13'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>13 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox248'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox249'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) clean</span></pre>
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<a id='x1-17093r13'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>13</span><span class='ectt-0800'> make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox248'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox249'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) clean</span></pre>
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<!-- l. 465 --><p class='indent'> This is the complete makefile for all the examples we have seen so far. The first
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five lines are nothing special, but for the last example we will need two lines. First we
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invent an object name for our combined module, second we tell make what object
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@ -1192,10 +1192,10 @@ new way of assigning to the structure looks like:
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</p>
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<pre class='fancyvrb' id='fancyvrb32'><a id='x1-27122r1'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>1</span><span id='textcolor380'><span class='ectt-0800'>struct</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'> file_operations fops = {</span>
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<a id='x1-27124r2'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>2 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>read: device_read,</span>
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<a id='x1-27126r3'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>3 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>write: device_write,</span>
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<a id='x1-27128r4'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>4 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>open: device_open,</span>
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<a id='x1-27130r5'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>5 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>release: device_release</span>
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<a id='x1-27124r2'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>2</span><span class='ectt-0800'> read: device_read,</span>
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<a id='x1-27126r3'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>3</span><span class='ectt-0800'> write: device_write,</span>
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<a id='x1-27128r4'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>4</span><span class='ectt-0800'> open: device_open,</span>
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<a id='x1-27130r5'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>5</span><span class='ectt-0800'> release: device_release</span>
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<a id='x1-27132r6'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>6</span><span class='ectt-0800'>};</span></pre>
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<!-- l. 809 --><p class='indent'> However, there is also a C99 way of assigning to elements of a structure,
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<a href='https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Designated-Inits.html'>designated initializers</a>, and this is definitely preferred over using the GNU extension.
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@ -1204,10 +1204,10 @@ with compatibility:
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</p><!-- l. 1 --><p class='indent'>
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</p>
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<pre class='fancyvrb' id='fancyvrb33'><a id='x1-27140r1'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>1</span><span id='textcolor381'><span class='ectt-0800'>struct</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'> file_operations fops = {</span>
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<a id='x1-27142r2'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>2 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>.read = device_read,</span>
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<a id='x1-27144r3'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>3 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>.write = device_write,</span>
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<a id='x1-27146r4'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>4 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>.open = device_open,</span>
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<a id='x1-27148r5'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>5 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>.release = device_release</span>
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<a id='x1-27142r2'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>2</span><span class='ectt-0800'> .read = device_read,</span>
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<a id='x1-27144r3'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>3</span><span class='ectt-0800'> .write = device_write,</span>
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<a id='x1-27146r4'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>4</span><span class='ectt-0800'> .open = device_open,</span>
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<a id='x1-27148r5'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>5</span><span class='ectt-0800'> .release = device_release</span>
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<a id='x1-27150r6'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>6</span><span class='ectt-0800'>};</span></pre>
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<!-- l. 822 --><p class='indent'> The meaning is clear, and you should be aware that any member of the
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structure which you do not explicitly assign will be initialized to NULL by
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@ -1491,7 +1491,7 @@ multiple kernel versions, you will find yourself having to code conditional comp
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directives. The way to do this to compare the macro <span class='obeylines-h'><span class='verb'><span class='ectt-1000'>LINUX_VERSION_CODE</span></span></span> to the
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macro <span class='obeylines-h'><span class='verb'><span class='ectt-1000'>KERNEL_VERSION</span></span></span>. In version a.b.c of the kernel, the value of this macro would
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be <img alt=' 16 8
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2 a + 2 b+ c ' class='math' src='lkmpg0x.svg' />.
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2 a + 2 b+ c ' class='math' src='lkmpg-for-ht0x.svg' />.
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</p><!-- l. 926 --><p class='indent'> While previous versions of this guide showed how you can write backward
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compatible code with such constructs in great detail, we decided to break with this
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tradition for the better. People interested in doing such might now use a LKMPG
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@ -1942,7 +1942,7 @@ Figure <a href='#ignorespaces-how-seqfile-works'>1<!-- tex4ht:ref: img:seqfile
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<!-- l. 1041 --><p class='noindent'><img alt='srYrsNNYtaeenetoooertusetupstrxr((ntn))( tis)istrr teeaNreNatUaUtmLtLmeLmLen?e?ntntt ' src='lkmpg1x.svg' />
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<!-- l. 1041 --><p class='noindent'><img alt='srYrsNNYtaeenetoooertusetupstrxr((ntn))( tis)istrr teeaNreNatUaUtmLtLmeLmLen?e?ntntt ' src='lkmpg-for-ht1x.svg' />
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</p>
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<figcaption class='caption'><span class='id'>Figure 1:</span><span class='content'>How seq_file works</span></figcaption><!-- tex4ht:label?: x1-37001r1 -->
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@ -173,9 +173,9 @@ html { width: 100vw; overflow-x: hidden; }
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body { max-width: 50rem; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 1rem; margin: 0 auto; overflow-x: hidden; }
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div.author { white-space: normal; }
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img.math { height: 1rem; vertical-align: top; }
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pre.fancyvrb, { white-space: pre; }
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figure, .fancyvrb, .verbatim { margin-inline: 0; overflow-x: auto; }
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.ecrm-0500 { font-size: 70%; font-style: italic; color: gray; -webkit-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -o-user-select: none; user-select: none; }
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.ecrm-0500:after { content:" "; white-space: pre; -webkit-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -o-user-select: none; user-select: none; }
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.ecrm-0500 { font-size: 70%; font-style: italic; color: gray; width: 1.5rem; display: inline-block; -webkit-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -o-user-select: none; user-select: none; }
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pre#fancyvrb1{padding:5.69054pt;}
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pre#fancyvrb1{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; }
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pre#fancyvrb1{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; }
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@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
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<meta charset='utf-8' />
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<meta content='TeX4ht (https://tug.org/tex4ht/)' name='generator' />
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<meta content='width=device-width,initial-scale=1' name='viewport' />
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<link href='lkmpg.css' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' />
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<meta content='lkmpg.tex' name='src' />
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<link href='lkmpg-for-ht.css' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' />
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<meta content='lkmpg-for-ht.tex' name='src' />
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</head><body>
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<div class='maketitle'>
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@ -298,10 +298,10 @@ to use <span class='ecti-1000'>tabs</span>, not spaces.
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<pre class='fancyvrb' id='fancyvrb11'><a id='x1-12055r1'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>1</span><span class='ectt-0800'>obj-m += hello-1.o</span>
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<a id='x1-12057r2'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>2</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-12059r3'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>3</span><span class='ectt-0800'>all:</span>
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<a id='x1-12061r4'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>4 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox23'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox24'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) modules</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-12061r4'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>4</span><span class='ectt-0800'> make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox23'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox24'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) modules</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-12063r5'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>5</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-12065r6'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>6</span><span class='ectt-0800'>clean:</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-12067r7'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>7 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox25'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox26'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) clean</span></pre>
|
||||
<a id='x1-12067r7'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>7</span><span class='ectt-0800'> make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox25'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox26'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) clean</span></pre>
|
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<!-- l. 220 --><p class='indent'> And finally just:
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</p>
|
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<pre class='fancyvrb' id='fancyvrb12'><a id='x1-12070r1'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>1</span><span class='ectt-1000'>make</span></pre>
|
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@ -433,10 +433,10 @@ is as simple as this:
|
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<a id='x1-13058r2'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>2</span><span class='ectt-0800'>obj-m += hello-2.o</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-13060r3'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>3</span>
|
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<a id='x1-13062r4'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>4</span><span class='ectt-0800'>all:</span>
|
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<a id='x1-13064r5'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>5 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox52'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox53'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) modules</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-13064r5'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>5</span><span class='ectt-0800'> make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox52'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox53'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) modules</span>
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<a id='x1-13066r6'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>6</span>
|
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<a id='x1-13068r7'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>7</span><span class='ectt-0800'>clean:</span>
|
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<a id='x1-13070r8'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>8 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox54'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox55'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) clean</span></pre>
|
||||
<a id='x1-13070r8'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>8</span><span class='ectt-0800'> make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox54'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox55'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) clean</span></pre>
|
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<!-- l. 326 --><p class='indent'> Now have a look at <span class='obeylines-h'><span class='verb'><span class='ectt-1000'>linux/drivers/char/Makefile</span></span></span> for a real world example. As
|
||||
you can see, some things get hardwired into the kernel (<span class='obeylines-h'><span class='verb'><span class='ectt-1000'>obj-y</span></span></span>) but where are all
|
||||
those <span class='obeylines-h'><span class='verb'><span class='ectt-1000'>obj-m</span></span></span> gone? Those familiar with shell scripts will easily be able to spot them.
|
||||
@ -729,10 +729,10 @@ files.
|
||||
<a id='x1-17081r7'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>7</span><span class='ectt-0800'>startstop-objs := start.o stop.o</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-17083r8'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>8</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-17085r9'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>9</span><span class='ectt-0800'>all:</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-17087r10'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>10 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox246'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox247'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) modules</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-17087r10'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>10</span><span class='ectt-0800'> make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox246'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox247'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) modules</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-17089r11'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>11</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-17091r12'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>12</span><span class='ectt-0800'>clean:</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-17093r13'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>13 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox248'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox249'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) clean</span></pre>
|
||||
<a id='x1-17093r13'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>13</span><span class='ectt-0800'> make -C /lib/modules/</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox248'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(shell uname -r)/build M=</span><span class='colorbox' id='colorbox249'><span class='ectt-0800'>$</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'>(PWD) clean</span></pre>
|
||||
<!-- l. 465 --><p class='indent'> This is the complete makefile for all the examples we have seen so far. The first
|
||||
five lines are nothing special, but for the last example we will need two lines. First we
|
||||
invent an object name for our combined module, second we tell make what object
|
||||
@ -1192,10 +1192,10 @@ new way of assigning to the structure looks like:
|
||||
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<pre class='fancyvrb' id='fancyvrb32'><a id='x1-27122r1'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>1</span><span id='textcolor380'><span class='ectt-0800'>struct</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'> file_operations fops = {</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-27124r2'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>2 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>read: device_read,</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-27126r3'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>3 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>write: device_write,</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-27128r4'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>4 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>open: device_open,</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-27130r5'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>5 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>release: device_release</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-27124r2'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>2</span><span class='ectt-0800'> read: device_read,</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-27126r3'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>3</span><span class='ectt-0800'> write: device_write,</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-27128r4'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>4</span><span class='ectt-0800'> open: device_open,</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-27130r5'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>5</span><span class='ectt-0800'> release: device_release</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-27132r6'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>6</span><span class='ectt-0800'>};</span></pre>
|
||||
<!-- l. 809 --><p class='indent'> However, there is also a C99 way of assigning to elements of a structure,
|
||||
<a href='https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Designated-Inits.html'>designated initializers</a>, and this is definitely preferred over using the GNU extension.
|
||||
@ -1204,10 +1204,10 @@ with compatibility:
|
||||
</p><!-- l. 1 --><p class='indent'>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<pre class='fancyvrb' id='fancyvrb33'><a id='x1-27140r1'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>1</span><span id='textcolor381'><span class='ectt-0800'>struct</span></span><span class='ectt-0800'> file_operations fops = {</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-27142r2'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>2 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>.read = device_read,</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-27144r3'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>3 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>.write = device_write,</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-27146r4'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>4 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>.open = device_open,</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-27148r5'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>5 </span><span class='ectt-0800'>.release = device_release</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-27142r2'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>2</span><span class='ectt-0800'> .read = device_read,</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-27144r3'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>3</span><span class='ectt-0800'> .write = device_write,</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-27146r4'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>4</span><span class='ectt-0800'> .open = device_open,</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-27148r5'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>5</span><span class='ectt-0800'> .release = device_release</span>
|
||||
<a id='x1-27150r6'></a><span class='ecrm-0500'>6</span><span class='ectt-0800'>};</span></pre>
|
||||
<!-- l. 822 --><p class='indent'> The meaning is clear, and you should be aware that any member of the
|
||||
structure which you do not explicitly assign will be initialized to NULL by
|
||||
@ -1491,7 +1491,7 @@ multiple kernel versions, you will find yourself having to code conditional comp
|
||||
directives. The way to do this to compare the macro <span class='obeylines-h'><span class='verb'><span class='ectt-1000'>LINUX_VERSION_CODE</span></span></span> to the
|
||||
macro <span class='obeylines-h'><span class='verb'><span class='ectt-1000'>KERNEL_VERSION</span></span></span>. In version a.b.c of the kernel, the value of this macro would
|
||||
be <img alt=' 16 8
|
||||
2 a + 2 b+ c ' class='math' src='lkmpg0x.svg' />.
|
||||
2 a + 2 b+ c ' class='math' src='lkmpg-for-ht0x.svg' />.
|
||||
</p><!-- l. 926 --><p class='indent'> While previous versions of this guide showed how you can write backward
|
||||
compatible code with such constructs in great detail, we decided to break with this
|
||||
tradition for the better. People interested in doing such might now use a LKMPG
|
||||
@ -1942,7 +1942,7 @@ Figure <a href='#ignorespaces-how-seqfile-works'>1<!-- tex4ht:ref: img:seqfile
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- l. 1041 --><p class='noindent'><img alt='srYrsNNYtaeenetoooertusetupstrxr((ntn))( tis)istrr teeaNreNatUaUtmLtLmeLmLen?e?ntntt ' src='lkmpg1x.svg' />
|
||||
<!-- l. 1041 --><p class='noindent'><img alt='srYrsNNYtaeenetoooertusetupstrxr((ntn))( tis)istrr teeaNreNatUaUtmLtLmeLmLen?e?ntntt ' src='lkmpg-for-ht1x.svg' />
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<figcaption class='caption'><span class='id'>Figure 1:</span><span class='content'>How seq_file works</span></figcaption><!-- tex4ht:label?: x1-37001r1 -->
|
||||
|
||||
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