diff --git a/index.html b/index.html index 8ce1451..d70d860 100644 --- a/index.html +++ b/index.html @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
register_chrdev
1int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name, struct file_operations *fops);
- Where unsigned int major is the major number you want to request,
- const char *name
+ Where unsigned int major
+
is the major number you want to request,
+ const char *name
is the name of the device as it will appear in /proc/devices and
- struct file_operations *fops
+ struct file_operations *fops
is a pointer to the file_operations
table for your driver. A negative return value means the
registration failed. Note that we didn’t pass the minor number to
@@ -1517,10 +1518,10 @@ assigned later. The answer is that you can ask the kernel to assign you a dynami
major number.
If you pass a major number of 0 to register_chrdev
, the return value will be the dynamically allocated major number. The
-downside is that you can not make a device file in advance, since you do not
+downside is that you can not make a device file in advance, since you do not
know what the major number will be. There are a couple of ways to do
this. First, the driver itself can print the newly assigned number and we
can make the device file by hand. Second, the newly registered device will
@@ -1543,8 +1544,8 @@ First, we should register a range of device numbers, which can be completed with
.
- 1int register_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count, const char *name);
-2int alloc_chrdev_region(dev_t *dev, unsigned baseminor, unsigned count, const char *name);
+ 1int register_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count, const char *name);
+2int alloc_chrdev_region(dev_t *dev, unsigned baseminor, unsigned count, const char *name);
The choice between two different functions depends on
whether you know the major numbers for your device. Using
register_chrdev_region
@@ -1552,31 +1553,31 @@ whether you know the major numbers for your device. Using
alloc_chrdev_region
if you would like to allocate a dynamically-allocated major number.
Second, we should initialize the data structure
- struct cdev
+ struct cdev
for our char device and associate it with the device numbers. To initialize the
- struct cdev
+ struct cdev
, we can achieve by the similar sequence of the following codes.
- 1struct cdev *my_dev = cdev_alloc();
-2my_cdev->ops = &my_fops;
+ 1struct cdev *my_dev = cdev_alloc();
+2my_cdev->ops = &my_fops;
However, the common usage pattern will embed the
- struct cdev
+ struct cdev
within a device-specific structure of your own. In this case, we’ll need
cdev_init
for the initialization.
-
- 1void cdev_init(struct cdev *cdev, const struct file_operations *fops);
+
+ 1void cdev_init(struct cdev *cdev, const struct file_operations *fops);
Once we finish the initialization, we can add the char device to the system by using
the cdev_add
.
- 1int cdev_add(struct cdev *p, dev_t dev, unsigned count);
+ 1int cdev_add(struct cdev *p, dev_t dev, unsigned count);
To find an example using the interface, you can see ioctl.c described in section
9.
@@ -1609,6 +1610,9 @@ can see what its value is by looking at the 3rd field with the command
there are functions defined in include/linux/module.h which let you increase,
decrease and display this counter:
+
+
+
try_module_get(THIS_MODULE)
: Increment the reference count of current module.
@@ -1632,7 +1636,7 @@ file.
1cat /proc/devices
(or open the file with a program) and the driver will put the number of times the
device file has been read from into the file. We do not support writing to the file (like
- echo "hi" > /dev/hello
+ echo "hi" > /dev/hello
), but catch these attempts and tell the user that the operation is not supported.
Don’t worry if you don’t see what we do with the data we read into the buffer; we
don’t do much with it. We simply read in the data and print a message
@@ -1642,160 +1646,160 @@ to the same memory may lead to the race condition, and will not preserve the
performance. In the kernel module, this problem may happen due to multiple
instances accessing the shared resources. Therefore, a solution is to enforce the
exclusive access. We use atomic Compare-And-Swap (CAS) to maintain the states,
- CDEV_NOT_USED
-
and CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN
+ CDEV_NOT_USED
+
and CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN
, to determine whether the file is currently opened by someone or not. CAS compares
the contents of a memory location with the expected value and, only if they are the
same, modifies the contents of that memory location to the desired value. See more
concurrency details in the 12 section.
- 1/*
-2 * chardev.c: Creates a read-only char device that says how many times
-3 * you have read from the dev file
-4 */
+ 1/*
+2 * chardev.c: Creates a read-only char device that says how many times
+3 * you have read from the dev file
+4 */
5
-6#include <linux/atomic.h>
-7#include <linux/cdev.h>
-8#include <linux/delay.h>
-9#include <linux/device.h>
-10#include <linux/fs.h>
-11#include <linux/init.h>
-12#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */
-13#include <linux/module.h>
-14#include <linux/printk.h>
-15#include <linux/types.h>
-16#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */
-17#include <linux/version.h>
+6#include <linux/atomic.h>
+7#include <linux/cdev.h>
+8#include <linux/delay.h>
+9#include <linux/device.h>
+10#include <linux/fs.h>
+11#include <linux/init.h>
+12#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */
+13#include <linux/module.h>
+14#include <linux/printk.h>
+15#include <linux/types.h>
+16#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */
+17#include <linux/version.h>
18
-19#include <asm/errno.h>
+19#include <asm/errno.h>
20
-21/* Prototypes - this would normally go in a .h file */
-22static int device_open(struct inode *, struct file *);
-23static int device_release(struct inode *, struct file *);
-24static ssize_t device_read(struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
-25static ssize_t device_write(struct file *, const char __user *, size_t,
+21/* Prototypes - this would normally go in a .h file */
+22static int device_open(struct inode *, struct file *);
+23static int device_release(struct inode *, struct file *);
+24static ssize_t device_read(struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
+25static ssize_t device_write(struct file *, const char __user *, size_t,
26 loff_t *);
27
-28#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev" /* Dev name as it appears in /proc/devices */
-29#define BUF_LEN 80 /* Max length of the message from the device */
+28#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev" /* Dev name as it appears in /proc/devices */
+29#define BUF_LEN 80 /* Max length of the message from the device */
30
-31/* Global variables are declared as static, so are global within the file. */
+31/* Global variables are declared as static, so are global within the file. */
32
-33static int major; /* major number assigned to our device driver */
+33static int major; /* major number assigned to our device driver */
34
-35enum {
+35enum {
36 CDEV_NOT_USED,
37 CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN,
38};
39
-40/* Is device open? Used to prevent multiple access to device */
-41static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED);
+40/* Is device open? Used to prevent multiple access to device */
+41static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED);
42
-43static char msg[BUF_LEN + 1]; /* The msg the device will give when asked */
+43static char msg[BUF_LEN + 1]; /* The msg the device will give when asked */
44
-45static struct class *cls;
+45static struct class *cls;
46
-47static struct file_operations chardev_fops = {
+47static struct file_operations chardev_fops = {
48 .read = device_read,
49 .write = device_write,
50 .open = device_open,
51 .release = device_release,
52};
53
-54static int __init chardev_init(void)
+54static int __init chardev_init(void)
55{
56 major = register_chrdev(0, DEVICE_NAME, &chardev_fops);
57
-58 if (major < 0) {
-59 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major);
-60 return major;
+58 if (major < 0) {
+59 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major);
+60 return major;
61 }
62
-63 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d.\n", major);
+63 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d.\n", major);
64
-65#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0)
+65#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0)
66 cls = class_create(DEVICE_NAME);
-67#else
+67#else
68 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_NAME);
-69#endif
+69#endif
70 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, DEVICE_NAME);
71
-72 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME);
+72 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME);
73
-74 return 0;
+74 return 0;
75}
76
-77static void __exit chardev_exit(void)
+77static void __exit chardev_exit(void)
78{
79 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 0));
80 class_destroy(cls);
81
-82 /* Unregister the device */
+82 /* Unregister the device */
83 unregister_chrdev(major, DEVICE_NAME);
84}
85
-86/* Methods */
+86/* Methods */
87
-88/* Called when a process tries to open the device file, like
-89 * "sudo cat /dev/chardev"
-90 */
-91static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+88/* Called when a process tries to open the device file, like
+89 * "sudo cat /dev/chardev"
+90 */
+91static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
92{
-93 static int counter = 0;
+93 static int counter = 0;
94
-95 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN))
-96 return -EBUSY;
+95 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN))
+96 return -EBUSY;
97
-98 sprintf(msg, "I already told you %d times Hello world!\n", counter++);
+98 sprintf(msg, "I already told you %d times Hello world!\n", counter++);
99 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE);
100
-101 return 0;
+101 return 0;
102}
103
-104/* Called when a process closes the device file. */
-105static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+104/* Called when a process closes the device file. */
+105static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
106{
-107 /* We're now ready for our next caller */
+107 /* We're now ready for our next caller */
108 atomic_set(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED);
109
-110 /* Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will
-111 * never get rid of the module.
-112 */
+110 /* Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will
+111 * never get rid of the module.
+112 */
113 module_put(THIS_MODULE);
114
-115 return 0;
+115 return 0;
116}
117
-118/* Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to
-119 * read from it.
-120 */
-121static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */
-122 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */
-123 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */
+118/* Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to
+119 * read from it.
+120 */
+121static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */
+122 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */
+123 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */
124 loff_t *offset)
125{
-126 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */
-127 int bytes_read = 0;
-128 const char *msg_ptr = msg;
+126 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */
+127 int bytes_read = 0;
+128 const char *msg_ptr = msg;
129
-130 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */
-131 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */
-132 return 0; /* signify end of file */
+130 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */
+131 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */
+132 return 0; /* signify end of file */
133 }
134
135 msg_ptr += *offset;
136
-137 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */
-138 while (length && *msg_ptr) {
-139 /* The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel
-140 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use
-141 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to
-142 * the user data segment.
-143 */
+137 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */
+138 while (length && *msg_ptr) {
+139 /* The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel
+140 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use
+141 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to
+142 * the user data segment.
+143 */
144 put_user(*(msg_ptr++), buffer++);
145 length--;
146 bytes_read++;
@@ -1803,22 +1807,22 @@ concurrency details in the 12
6.6 Writing Modules for Multiple Kernel Versions
@@ -1850,11 +1854,11 @@ including pointers to any handler functions (in our case there is only one, the
one called when somebody attempts to read from the /proc file). Then,
init_module
registers the structure with the kernel and
- cleanup_module
-
unregisters it.
+ cleanup_module
+
unregisters it.
Normal file systems are located on a disk, rather than just in memory (which is
where /proc is), and in that case the index-node (inode for short) number
is a pointer to a disk location where the file’s inode is located. The inode
@@ -1876,7 +1880,7 @@ function procfile_read
.
The /proc/helloworld is created when the module is loaded with the function
proc_create
-
. The return value is a pointer to struct proc_dir_entry
+
. The return value is a pointer to struct proc_dir_entry
, and it will be used to configure the file /proc/helloworld (for example, the owner
of this file). A null return value means that the creation has failed.
Every time the file /proc/helloworld is read, the function
@@ -1899,74 +1903,74 @@ HelloWorld!
- 1/*
-2 * procfs1.c
-3 */
+ 1/*
+2 * procfs1.c
+3 */
4
-5#include <linux/kernel.h>
-6#include <linux/module.h>
-7#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
-8#include <linux/uaccess.h>
-9#include <linux/version.h>
+5#include <linux/kernel.h>
+6#include <linux/module.h>
+7#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
+8#include <linux/uaccess.h>
+9#include <linux/version.h>
10
-11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
-12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
-13#endif
+11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
+12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
+13#endif
14
-15#define procfs_name "helloworld"
+15#define procfs_name "helloworld"
16
-17static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file;
+17static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file;
18
-19static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *file_pointer, char __user *buffer,
-20 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset)
+19static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *file_pointer, char __user *buffer,
+20 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset)
21{
-22 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n";
-23 int len = sizeof(s);
-24 ssize_t ret = len;
+22 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n";
+23 int len = sizeof(s);
+24 ssize_t ret = len;
25
-26 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) {
-27 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n");
+26 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) {
+27 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n");
28 ret = 0;
-29 } else {
-30 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", file_pointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name);
+29 } else {
+30 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", file_pointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name);
31 *offset += len;
32 }
33
-34 return ret;
+34 return ret;
35}
36
-37#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
-38static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = {
+37#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
+38static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = {
39 .proc_read = procfile_read,
40};
-41#else
-42static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = {
+41#else
+42static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = {
43 .read = procfile_read,
44};
-45#endif
+45#endif
46
-47static int __init procfs1_init(void)
+47static int __init procfs1_init(void)
48{
49 our_proc_file = proc_create(procfs_name, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops);
-50 if (NULL == our_proc_file) {
-51 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", procfs_name);
-52 return -ENOMEM;
+50 if (NULL == our_proc_file) {
+51 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", procfs_name);
+52 return -ENOMEM;
53 }
54
-55 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", procfs_name);
-56 return 0;
+55 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", procfs_name);
+56 return 0;
57}
58
-59static void __exit procfs1_exit(void)
+59static void __exit procfs1_exit(void)
60{
61 proc_remove(our_proc_file);
-62 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", procfs_name);
+62 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", procfs_name);
63}
64
65module_init(procfs1_init);
66module_exit(procfs1_exit);
67
-68MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+68MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
7.1 The proc_ops Structure
@@ -2022,103 +2026,103 @@ need to import data because it comes from user space, but not for the read funct
because data is already in kernel space.
- 1/*
-2 * procfs2.c - create a "file" in /proc
-3 */
+ 1/*
+2 * procfs2.c - create a "file" in /proc
+3 */
4
-5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */
-6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
-7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use the proc fs */
-8#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for copy_from_user */
-9#include <linux/version.h>
+5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */
+6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
+7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use the proc fs */
+8#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for copy_from_user */
+9#include <linux/version.h>
10
-11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
-12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
-13#endif
+11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
+12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
+13#endif
14
-15#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 1024
-16#define PROCFS_NAME "buffer1k"
+15#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 1024
+16#define PROCFS_NAME "buffer1k"
17
-18/* This structure hold information about the /proc file */
-19static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file;
+18/* This structure hold information about the /proc file */
+19static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file;
20
-21/* The buffer used to store character for this module */
-22static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE];
+21/* The buffer used to store character for this module */
+22static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE];
23
-24/* The size of the buffer */
-25static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0;
+24/* The size of the buffer */
+25static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0;
26
-27/* This function is called then the /proc file is read */
-28static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *file_pointer, char __user *buffer,
-29 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset)
+27/* This function is called then the /proc file is read */
+28static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *file_pointer, char __user *buffer,
+29 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset)
30{
-31 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n";
-32 int len = sizeof(s);
-33 ssize_t ret = len;
+31 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n";
+32 int len = sizeof(s);
+33 ssize_t ret = len;
34
-35 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) {
-36 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n");
+35 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) {
+36 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n");
37 ret = 0;
-38 } else {
-39 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", file_pointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name);
+38 } else {
+39 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", file_pointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name);
40 *offset += len;
41 }
42
-43 return ret;
+43 return ret;
44}
45
-46/* This function is called with the /proc file is written. */
-47static ssize_t procfile_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buff,
-48 size_t len, loff_t *off)
+46/* This function is called with the /proc file is written. */
+47static ssize_t procfile_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buff,
+48 size_t len, loff_t *off)
49{
50 procfs_buffer_size = len;
-51 if (procfs_buffer_size >= PROCFS_MAX_SIZE)
+51 if (procfs_buffer_size >= PROCFS_MAX_SIZE)
52 procfs_buffer_size = PROCFS_MAX_SIZE - 1;
53
-54 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buff, procfs_buffer_size))
-55 return -EFAULT;
+54 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buff, procfs_buffer_size))
+55 return -EFAULT;
56
-57 procfs_buffer[procfs_buffer_size] = '\0';
+57 procfs_buffer[procfs_buffer_size] = '\0';
58 *off += procfs_buffer_size;
-59 pr_info("procfile write %s\n", procfs_buffer);
+59 pr_info("procfile write %s\n", procfs_buffer);
60
-61 return procfs_buffer_size;
+61 return procfs_buffer_size;
62}
63
-64#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
-65static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = {
+64#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
+65static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = {
66 .proc_read = procfile_read,
67 .proc_write = procfile_write,
68};
-69#else
-70static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = {
+69#else
+70static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = {
71 .read = procfile_read,
72 .write = procfile_write,
73};
-74#endif
+74#endif
75
-76static int __init procfs2_init(void)
+76static int __init procfs2_init(void)
77{
78 our_proc_file = proc_create(PROCFS_NAME, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops);
-79 if (NULL == our_proc_file) {
-80 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROCFS_NAME);
-81 return -ENOMEM;
+79 if (NULL == our_proc_file) {
+80 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROCFS_NAME);
+81 return -ENOMEM;
82 }
83
-84 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_NAME);
-85 return 0;
+84 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_NAME);
+85 return 0;
86}
87
-88static void __exit procfs2_exit(void)
+88static void __exit procfs2_exit(void)
89{
90 proc_remove(our_proc_file);
-91 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_NAME);
+91 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_NAME);
92}
93
94module_init(procfs2_init);
95module_exit(procfs2_exit);
96
-97MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+97MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
7.3 Manage /proc file with standard filesystem
@@ -2128,20 +2132,20 @@ functions, like permissions.
In Linux, there is a standard mechanism for file system registration.
Since every file system has to have its own functions to handle inode and file
operations, there is a special structure to hold pointers to all those functions,
- struct inode_operations
-
, which includes a pointer to struct proc_ops
+ struct inode_operations
+
, which includes a pointer to struct proc_ops
.
The difference between file and inode operations is that file operations deal with
the file itself whereas inode operations deal with ways of referencing the file, such as
creating links to it.
In /proc, whenever we register a new file, we’re allowed to specify which
- struct inode_operations
+ struct inode_operations
will be used to access to it. This is the mechanism we use, a
- struct inode_operations
+ struct inode_operations
-
which includes a pointer to a struct proc_ops
+
which includes a pointer to a struct proc_ops
which includes pointers to our procfs_read
and procfs_write
functions.
@@ -2162,111 +2166,111 @@ if a process writes something to the kernel, then the kernel receives it as
input.
- 1/*
-2 * procfs3.c
-3 */
+ 1/*
+2 * procfs3.c
+3 */
4
-5#include <linux/kernel.h>
-6#include <linux/module.h>
-7#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
-8#include <linux/sched.h>
-9#include <linux/uaccess.h>
-10#include <linux/version.h>
-11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 10, 0)
-12#include <linux/minmax.h>
-13#endif
+5#include <linux/kernel.h>
+6#include <linux/module.h>
+7#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
+8#include <linux/sched.h>
+9#include <linux/uaccess.h>
+10#include <linux/version.h>
+11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 10, 0)
+12#include <linux/minmax.h>
+13#endif
14
-15#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
-16#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
-17#endif
+15#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
+16#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
+17#endif
18
-19#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 2048UL
-20#define PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME "buffer2k"
+19#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 2048UL
+20#define PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME "buffer2k"
21
-22static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file;
-23static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE];
-24static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0;
+22static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file;
+23static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE];
+24static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0;
25
-26static ssize_t procfs_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buffer,
-27 size_t length, loff_t *offset)
+26static ssize_t procfs_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buffer,
+27 size_t length, loff_t *offset)
28{
-29 if (*offset || procfs_buffer_size == 0) {
-30 pr_debug("procfs_read: END\n");
+29 if (*offset || procfs_buffer_size == 0) {
+30 pr_debug("procfs_read: END\n");
31 *offset = 0;
-32 return 0;
+32 return 0;
33 }
34 procfs_buffer_size = min(procfs_buffer_size, length);
-35 if (copy_to_user(buffer, procfs_buffer, procfs_buffer_size))
-36 return -EFAULT;
+35 if (copy_to_user(buffer, procfs_buffer, procfs_buffer_size))
+36 return -EFAULT;
37 *offset += procfs_buffer_size;
38
-39 pr_debug("procfs_read: read %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size);
-40 return procfs_buffer_size;
+39 pr_debug("procfs_read: read %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size);
+40 return procfs_buffer_size;
41}
-42static ssize_t procfs_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer,
-43 size_t len, loff_t *off)
+42static ssize_t procfs_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer,
+43 size_t len, loff_t *off)
44{
45 procfs_buffer_size = min(PROCFS_MAX_SIZE, len);
-46 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buffer, procfs_buffer_size))
-47 return -EFAULT;
+46 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buffer, procfs_buffer_size))
+47 return -EFAULT;
48 *off += procfs_buffer_size;
49
-50 pr_debug("procfs_write: write %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size);
-51 return procfs_buffer_size;
+50 pr_debug("procfs_write: write %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size);
+51 return procfs_buffer_size;
52}
-53static int procfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+53static int procfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
54{
55 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE);
-56 return 0;
+56 return 0;
57}
-58static int procfs_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+58static int procfs_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
59{
60 module_put(THIS_MODULE);
-61 return 0;
+61 return 0;
62}
63
-64#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
-65static struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = {
+64#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
+65static struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = {
66 .proc_read = procfs_read,
67 .proc_write = procfs_write,
68 .proc_open = procfs_open,
69 .proc_release = procfs_close,
70};
-71#else
-72static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = {
+71#else
+72static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = {
73 .read = procfs_read,
74 .write = procfs_write,
75 .open = procfs_open,
76 .release = procfs_close,
77};
-78#endif
+78#endif
79
-80static int __init procfs3_init(void)
+80static int __init procfs3_init(void)
81{
82 our_proc_file = proc_create(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL,
83 &file_ops_4_our_proc_file);
-84 if (our_proc_file == NULL) {
-85 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n",
+84 if (our_proc_file == NULL) {
+85 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n",
86 PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME);
-87 return -ENOMEM;
+87 return -ENOMEM;
88 }
89 proc_set_size(our_proc_file, 80);
90 proc_set_user(our_proc_file, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID);
91
-92 pr_debug("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME);
-93 return 0;
+92 pr_debug("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME);
+93 return 0;
94}
95
-96static void __exit procfs3_exit(void)
+96static void __exit procfs3_exit(void)
97{
98 remove_proc_entry(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL);
-99 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME);
+99 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME);
100}
101
102module_init(procfs3_init);
103module_exit(procfs3_exit);
104
-105MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+105MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
Still hungry for procfs examples? Well, first of all keep in mind, there are rumors
around, claiming that procfs is on its way out, consider using sysfs instead. Consider
using this mechanism, in case you want to document something kernel related
@@ -2332,123 +2336,123 @@ of function stop()
, and some others. But nothing to write in the /proc file. Of course, you can still use
the same way as in the previous example.
- 1/*
-2 * procfs4.c - create a "file" in /proc
-3 * This program uses the seq_file library to manage the /proc file.
-4 */
+ 1/*
+2 * procfs4.c - create a "file" in /proc
+3 * This program uses the seq_file library to manage the /proc file.
+4 */
5
-6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */
-7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
-8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */
-9#include <linux/seq_file.h> /* for seq_file */
-10#include <linux/version.h>
+6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */
+7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
+8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */
+9#include <linux/seq_file.h> /* for seq_file */
+10#include <linux/version.h>
11
-12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
-13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
-14#endif
+12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0)
+13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS
+14#endif
15
-16#define PROC_NAME "iter"
+16#define PROC_NAME "iter"
17
-18/* This function is called at the beginning of a sequence.
-19 * ie, when:
-20 * - the /proc file is read (first time)
-21 * - after the function stop (end of sequence)
-22 */
-23static void *my_seq_start(struct seq_file *s, loff_t *pos)
+18/* This function is called at the beginning of a sequence.
+19 * ie, when:
+20 * - the /proc file is read (first time)
+21 * - after the function stop (end of sequence)
+22 */
+23static void *my_seq_start(struct seq_file *s, loff_t *pos)
24{
-25 static unsigned long counter = 0;
+25 static unsigned long counter = 0;
26
-27 /* beginning a new sequence? */
-28 if (*pos == 0) {
-29 /* yes => return a non null value to begin the sequence */
-30 return &counter;
+27 /* beginning a new sequence? */
+28 if (*pos == 0) {
+29 /* yes => return a non null value to begin the sequence */
+30 return &counter;
31 }
32
-33 /* no => it is the end of the sequence, return end to stop reading */
+33 /* no => it is the end of the sequence, return end to stop reading */
34 *pos = 0;
-35 return NULL;
+35 return NULL;
36}
37
-38/* This function is called after the beginning of a sequence.
-39 * It is called until the return is NULL (this ends the sequence).
-40 */
-41static void *my_seq_next(struct seq_file *s, void *v, loff_t *pos)
+38/* This function is called after the beginning of a sequence.
+39 * It is called until the return is NULL (this ends the sequence).
+40 */
+41static void *my_seq_next(struct seq_file *s, void *v, loff_t *pos)
42{
-43 unsigned long *tmp_v = (unsigned long *)v;
+43 unsigned long *tmp_v = (unsigned long *)v;
44 (*tmp_v)++;
45 (*pos)++;
-46 return NULL;
+46 return NULL;
47}
48
-49/* This function is called at the end of a sequence. */
-50static void my_seq_stop(struct seq_file *s, void *v)
+49/* This function is called at the end of a sequence. */
+50static void my_seq_stop(struct seq_file *s, void *v)
51{
-52 /* nothing to do, we use a static value in start() */
+52 /* nothing to do, we use a static value in start() */
53}
54
-55/* This function is called for each "step" of a sequence. */
-56static int my_seq_show(struct seq_file *s, void *v)
+55/* This function is called for each "step" of a sequence. */
+56static int my_seq_show(struct seq_file *s, void *v)
57{
58 loff_t *spos = (loff_t *)v;
59
-60 seq_printf(s, "%Ld\n", *spos);
-61 return 0;
+60 seq_printf(s, "%Ld\n", *spos);
+61 return 0;
62}
63
-64/* This structure gather "function" to manage the sequence */
-65static struct seq_operations my_seq_ops = {
+64/* This structure gather "function" to manage the sequence */
+65static struct seq_operations my_seq_ops = {
66 .start = my_seq_start,
67 .next = my_seq_next,
68 .stop = my_seq_stop,
69 .show = my_seq_show,
70};
71
-72/* This function is called when the /proc file is open. */
-73static int my_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+72/* This function is called when the /proc file is open. */
+73static int my_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
74{
-75 return seq_open(file, &my_seq_ops);
+75 return seq_open(file, &my_seq_ops);
76};
77
-78/* This structure gather "function" that manage the /proc file */
-79#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
-80static const struct proc_ops my_file_ops = {
+78/* This structure gather "function" that manage the /proc file */
+79#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS
+80static const struct proc_ops my_file_ops = {
81 .proc_open = my_open,
82 .proc_read = seq_read,
83 .proc_lseek = seq_lseek,
84 .proc_release = seq_release,
85};
-86#else
-87static const struct file_operations my_file_ops = {
+86#else
+87static const struct file_operations my_file_ops = {
88 .open = my_open,
89 .read = seq_read,
90 .llseek = seq_lseek,
91 .release = seq_release,
92};
-93#endif
+93#endif
94
-95static int __init procfs4_init(void)
+95static int __init procfs4_init(void)
96{
-97 struct proc_dir_entry *entry;
+97 struct proc_dir_entry *entry;
98
99 entry = proc_create(PROC_NAME, 0, NULL, &my_file_ops);
-100 if (entry == NULL) {
-101 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_NAME);
-102 return -ENOMEM;
+100 if (entry == NULL) {
+101 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_NAME);
+102 return -ENOMEM;
103 }
104
-105 return 0;
+105 return 0;
106}
107
-108static void __exit procfs4_exit(void)
+108static void __exit procfs4_exit(void)
109{
110 remove_proc_entry(PROC_NAME, NULL);
-111 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_NAME);
+111 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_NAME);
112}
113
114module_init(procfs4_init);
115module_exit(procfs4_exit);
116
-117MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+117MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
If you want more information, you can read this web page:
@@ -2471,32 +2475,32 @@ providing a means to read and write kernel attributes.
An attribute definition in simply:
-
1struct attribute {
-2 char *name;
-3 struct module *owner;
+ 1struct attribute {
+2 char *name;
+3 struct module *owner;
4 umode_t mode;
5};
6
-7int sysfs_create_file(struct kobject * kobj, const struct attribute * attr);
-8void sysfs_remove_file(struct kobject * kobj, const struct attribute * attr);
+7int sysfs_create_file(struct kobject * kobj, const struct attribute * attr);
+8void sysfs_remove_file(struct kobject * kobj, const struct attribute * attr);
For example, the driver model defines
- struct device_attribute
+ struct device_attribute
like:
- 1struct device_attribute {
-2 struct attribute attr;
-3 ssize_t (*show)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
-4 char *buf);
-5 ssize_t (*store)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
-6 const char *buf, size_t count);
+ 1struct device_attribute {
+2 struct attribute attr;
+3 ssize_t (*show)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
+4 char *buf);
+5 ssize_t (*store)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
+6 const char *buf, size_t count);
7};
8
-9int device_create_file(struct device *, const struct device_attribute *);
-10void device_remove_file(struct device *, const struct device_attribute *);
+9int device_create_file(struct device *, const struct device_attribute *);
+10void device_remove_file(struct device *, const struct device_attribute *);
To read or write attributes, show()
or store()
method must be specified when declaring the attribute. For the
@@ -2510,68 +2514,68 @@ readable.
accessible via sysfs is given below.
- 1/*
-2 * hello-sysfs.c sysfs example
-3 */
-4#include <linux/fs.h>
-5#include <linux/init.h>
-6#include <linux/kobject.h>
-7#include <linux/module.h>
-8#include <linux/string.h>
-9#include <linux/sysfs.h>
+ 1/*
+2 * hello-sysfs.c sysfs example
+3 */
+4#include <linux/fs.h>
+5#include <linux/init.h>
+6#include <linux/kobject.h>
+7#include <linux/module.h>
+8#include <linux/string.h>
+9#include <linux/sysfs.h>
10
-11static struct kobject *mymodule;
+11static struct kobject *mymodule;
12
-13/* the variable you want to be able to change */
-14static int myvariable = 0;
+13/* the variable you want to be able to change */
+14static int myvariable = 0;
15
-16static ssize_t myvariable_show(struct kobject *kobj,
-17 struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf)
+16static ssize_t myvariable_show(struct kobject *kobj,
+17 struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf)
18{
-19 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", myvariable);
+19 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", myvariable);
20}
21
-22static ssize_t myvariable_store(struct kobject *kobj,
-23 struct kobj_attribute *attr, const char *buf,
-24 size_t count)
+22static ssize_t myvariable_store(struct kobject *kobj,
+23 struct kobj_attribute *attr, const char *buf,
+24 size_t count)
25{
-26 sscanf(buf, "%d", &myvariable);
-27 return count;
+26 sscanf(buf, "%d", &myvariable);
+27 return count;
28}
29
-30static struct kobj_attribute myvariable_attribute =
+30static struct kobj_attribute myvariable_attribute =
31 __ATTR(myvariable, 0660, myvariable_show, myvariable_store);
32
-33static int __init mymodule_init(void)
+33static int __init mymodule_init(void)
34{
-35 int error = 0;
+35 int error = 0;
36
-37 pr_info("mymodule: initialized\n");
+37 pr_info("mymodule: initialized\n");
38
-39 mymodule = kobject_create_and_add("mymodule", kernel_kobj);
-40 if (!mymodule)
-41 return -ENOMEM;
+39 mymodule = kobject_create_and_add("mymodule", kernel_kobj);
+40 if (!mymodule)
+41 return -ENOMEM;
42
43 error = sysfs_create_file(mymodule, &myvariable_attribute.attr);
-44 if (error) {
+44 if (error) {
45 kobject_put(mymodule);
-46 pr_info("failed to create the myvariable file "
-47 "in /sys/kernel/mymodule\n");
+46 pr_info("failed to create the myvariable file "
+47 "in /sys/kernel/mymodule\n");
48 }
49
-50 return error;
+50 return error;
51}
52
-53static void __exit mymodule_exit(void)
+53static void __exit mymodule_exit(void)
54{
-55 pr_info("mymodule: Exit success\n");
+55 pr_info("mymodule: Exit success\n");
56 kobject_put(mymodule);
57}
58
59module_init(mymodule_init);
60module_exit(mymodule_exit);
61
-62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
Make and install the module:
@@ -2590,7 +2594,7 @@ accessible via sysfs is given below.
and check that it changed.
-
1echo "32" | sudo tee /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable +1echo "32" | sudo tee /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable 2cat /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariableFinally, remove the test module:
@@ -2647,199 +2651,199 @@ example:
-
1/* -2 * ioctl.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/cdev.h> -5#include <linux/fs.h> -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/ioctl.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/slab.h> -10#include <linux/uaccess.h> -11#include <linux/version.h> +1/* +2 * ioctl.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/cdev.h> +5#include <linux/fs.h> +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/ioctl.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/slab.h> +10#include <linux/uaccess.h> +11#include <linux/version.h> 12 -13struct ioctl_arg { -14 unsigned int val; +13struct ioctl_arg { +14 unsigned int val; 15}; 16 -17/* Documentation/userspace-api/ioctl/ioctl-number.rst */ -18#define IOC_MAGIC '\x66' +17/* Documentation/userspace-api/ioctl/ioctl-number.rst */ +18#define IOC_MAGIC '\x66' 19 -20#define IOCTL_VALSET _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct ioctl_arg) -21#define IOCTL_VALGET _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 1, struct ioctl_arg) -22#define IOCTL_VALGET_NUM _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 2, int) -23#define IOCTL_VALSET_NUM _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 3, int) +20#define IOCTL_VALSET _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct ioctl_arg) +21#define IOCTL_VALGET _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 1, struct ioctl_arg) +22#define IOCTL_VALGET_NUM _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 2, int) +23#define IOCTL_VALSET_NUM _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 3, int) 24 -25#define IOCTL_VAL_MAXNR 3 -26#define DRIVER_NAME "ioctltest" +25#define IOCTL_VAL_MAXNR 3 +26#define DRIVER_NAME "ioctltest" 27 -28static unsigned int test_ioctl_major = 0; -29static unsigned int num_of_dev = 1; -30static struct cdev test_ioctl_cdev; -31static int ioctl_num = 0; +28static unsigned int test_ioctl_major = 0; +29static unsigned int num_of_dev = 1; +30static struct cdev test_ioctl_cdev; +31static int ioctl_num = 0; 32 -33struct test_ioctl_data { -34 unsigned char val; +33struct test_ioctl_data { +34 unsigned char val; 35 rwlock_t lock; 36}; 37 -38static long test_ioctl_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, -39 unsigned long arg) +38static long test_ioctl_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, +39 unsigned long arg) 40{ -41 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; -42 int retval = 0; -43 unsigned char val; -44 struct ioctl_arg data; -45 memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data)); +41 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; +42 int retval = 0; +43 unsigned char val; +44 struct ioctl_arg data; +45 memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data)); 46 -47 switch (cmd) { -48 case IOCTL_VALSET: -49 if (copy_from_user(&data, (int __user *)arg, sizeof(data))) { +47 switch (cmd) { +48 case IOCTL_VALSET: +49 if (copy_from_user(&data, (int __user *)arg, sizeof(data))) { 50 retval = -EFAULT; -51 goto done; +51 goto done; 52 } 53 -54 pr_alert("IOCTL set val:%x .\n", data.val); +54 pr_alert("IOCTL set val:%x .\n", data.val); 55 write_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); 56 ioctl_data->val = data.val; 57 write_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); -58 break; +58 break; 59 -60 case IOCTL_VALGET: +60 case IOCTL_VALGET: 61 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); 62 val = ioctl_data->val; 63 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); 64 data.val = val; 65 -66 if (copy_to_user((int __user *)arg, &data, sizeof(data))) { +66 if (copy_to_user((int __user *)arg, &data, sizeof(data))) { 67 retval = -EFAULT; -68 goto done; +68 goto done; 69 } 70 -71 break; +71 break; 72 -73 case IOCTL_VALGET_NUM: -74 retval = __put_user(ioctl_num, (int __user *)arg); -75 break; +73 case IOCTL_VALGET_NUM: +74 retval = __put_user(ioctl_num, (int __user *)arg); +75 break; 76 -77 case IOCTL_VALSET_NUM: +77 case IOCTL_VALSET_NUM: 78 ioctl_num = arg; -79 break; +79 break; 80 -81 default: +81 default: 82 retval = -ENOTTY; 83 } 84 85done: -86 return retval; +86 return retval; 87} 88 -89static ssize_t test_ioctl_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, -90 size_t count, loff_t *f_pos) +89static ssize_t test_ioctl_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, +90 size_t count, loff_t *f_pos) 91{ -92 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; -93 unsigned char val; -94 int retval; -95 int i = 0; +92 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; +93 unsigned char val; +94 int retval; +95 int i = 0; 96 97 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); 98 val = ioctl_data->val; 99 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); 100 -101 for (; i < count; i++) { -102 if (copy_to_user(&buf[i], &val, 1)) { +101 for (; i < count; i++) { +102 if (copy_to_user(&buf[i], &val, 1)) { 103 retval = -EFAULT; -104 goto out; +104 goto out; 105 } 106 } 107 108 retval = count; 109out: -110 return retval; +110 return retval; 111} 112 -113static int test_ioctl_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) +113static int test_ioctl_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) 114{ -115 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); +115 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); 116 -117 if (filp->private_data) { +117 if (filp->private_data) { 118 kfree(filp->private_data); 119 filp->private_data = NULL; 120 } 121 -122 return 0; +122 return 0; 123} 124 -125static int test_ioctl_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) +125static int test_ioctl_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) 126{ -127 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data; +127 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data; 128 -129 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); -130 ioctl_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct test_ioctl_data), GFP_KERNEL); +129 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); +130 ioctl_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct test_ioctl_data), GFP_KERNEL); 131 -132 if (ioctl_data == NULL) -133 return -ENOMEM; +132 if (ioctl_data == NULL) +133 return -ENOMEM; 134 135 rwlock_init(&ioctl_data->lock); 136 ioctl_data->val = 0xFF; 137 filp->private_data = ioctl_data; 138 -139 return 0; +139 return 0; 140} 141 -142static struct file_operations fops = { -143#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +142static struct file_operations fops = { +143#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 144 .owner = THIS_MODULE, -145#endif +145#endif 146 .open = test_ioctl_open, 147 .release = test_ioctl_close, 148 .read = test_ioctl_read, 149 .unlocked_ioctl = test_ioctl_ioctl, 150}; 151 -152static int __init ioctl_init(void) +152static int __init ioctl_init(void) 153{ -154 dev_t dev; -155 int alloc_ret = -1; -156 int cdev_ret = -1; +154 dev_t dev; +155 int alloc_ret = -1; +156 int cdev_ret = -1; 157 alloc_ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, num_of_dev, DRIVER_NAME); 158 -159 if (alloc_ret) -160 goto error; +159 if (alloc_ret) +160 goto error; 161 162 test_ioctl_major = MAJOR(dev); 163 cdev_init(&test_ioctl_cdev, &fops); 164 cdev_ret = cdev_add(&test_ioctl_cdev, dev, num_of_dev); 165 -166 if (cdev_ret) -167 goto error; +166 if (cdev_ret) +167 goto error; 168 -169 pr_alert("%s driver(major: %d) installed.\n", DRIVER_NAME, +169 pr_alert("%s driver(major: %d) installed.\n", DRIVER_NAME, 170 test_ioctl_major); -171 return 0; +171 return 0; 172error: -173 if (cdev_ret == 0) +173 if (cdev_ret == 0) 174 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev); -175 if (alloc_ret == 0) +175 if (alloc_ret == 0) 176 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev); -177 return -1; +177 return -1; 178} 179 -180static void __exit ioctl_exit(void) +180static void __exit ioctl_exit(void) 181{ -182 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0); +182 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0); 183 184 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev); 185 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev); -186 pr_alert("%s driver removed.\n", DRIVER_NAME); +186 pr_alert("%s driver removed.\n", DRIVER_NAME); 187} 188 189module_init(ioctl_init); 190module_exit(ioctl_exit); 191 -192MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -193MODULE_DESCRIPTION("This is test_ioctl module");+192MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +193MODULE_DESCRIPTION("This is test_ioctl module");You can see there is an argument called
cmd
intest_ioctl_ioctl() @@ -2864,394 +2868,394 @@ lead to the race condition. The solution is using atomic Compare-And-Swap (CAS), which we mentioned at 6.5 section, to enforce the exclusive access.
-
1/* -2 * chardev2.c - Create an input/output character device -3 */ +1/* +2 * chardev2.c - Create an input/output character device +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/atomic.h> -6#include <linux/cdev.h> -7#include <linux/delay.h> -8#include <linux/device.h> -9#include <linux/fs.h> -10#include <linux/init.h> -11#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -12#include <linux/printk.h> -13#include <linux/types.h> -14#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -15#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/atomic.h> +6#include <linux/cdev.h> +7#include <linux/delay.h> +8#include <linux/device.h> +9#include <linux/fs.h> +10#include <linux/init.h> +11#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +12#include <linux/printk.h> +13#include <linux/types.h> +14#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +15#include <linux/version.h> 16 -17#include <asm/errno.h> +17#include <asm/errno.h> 18 -19#include "chardev.h" -20#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev" -21#define BUF_LEN 80 +19#include "chardev.h" +20#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev" +21#define BUF_LEN 80 22 -23enum { +23enum { 24 CDEV_NOT_USED, 25 CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN, 26}; 27 -28/* Is the device open right now? Used to prevent concurrent access into -29 * the same device -30 */ -31static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); +28/* Is the device open right now? Used to prevent concurrent access into +29 * the same device +30 */ +31static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); 32 -33/* The message the device will give when asked */ -34static char message[BUF_LEN + 1]; +33/* The message the device will give when asked */ +34static char message[BUF_LEN + 1]; 35 -36static struct class *cls; +36static struct class *cls; 37 -38/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */ -39static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +38/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */ +39static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 40{ -41 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file); +41 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file); 42 43 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -44 return 0; +44 return 0; 45} 46 -47static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +47static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 48{ -49 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file); +49 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file); 50 51 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -52 return 0; +52 return 0; 53} 54 -55/* This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the -56 * device file attempts to read from it. -57 */ -58static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -59 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be filled */ -60 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +55/* This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the +56 * device file attempts to read from it. +57 */ +58static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +59 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be filled */ +60 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ 61 loff_t *offset) 62{ -63 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ -64 int bytes_read = 0; -65 /* How far did the process reading the message get? Useful if the message -66 * is larger than the size of the buffer we get to fill in device_read. -67 */ -68 const char *message_ptr = message; +63 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ +64 int bytes_read = 0; +65 /* How far did the process reading the message get? Useful if the message +66 * is larger than the size of the buffer we get to fill in device_read. +67 */ +68 const char *message_ptr = message; 69 -70 if (!*(message_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ -71 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ -72 return 0; /* signify end of file */ +70 if (!*(message_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ +71 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ +72 return 0; /* signify end of file */ 73 } 74 75 message_ptr += *offset; 76 -77 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ -78 while (length && *message_ptr) { -79 /* Because the buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel -80 * data segment, assignment would not work. Instead, we have to -81 * use put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to -82 * the user data segment. -83 */ +77 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ +78 while (length && *message_ptr) { +79 /* Because the buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel +80 * data segment, assignment would not work. Instead, we have to +81 * use put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to +82 * the user data segment. +83 */ 84 put_user(*(message_ptr++), buffer++); 85 length--; 86 bytes_read++; 87 } 88 -89 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length); +89 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length); 90 91 *offset += bytes_read; 92 -93 /* Read functions are supposed to return the number of bytes actually -94 * inserted into the buffer. -95 */ -96 return bytes_read; +93 /* Read functions are supposed to return the number of bytes actually +94 * inserted into the buffer. +95 */ +96 return bytes_read; 97} 98 -99/* called when somebody tries to write into our device file. */ -100static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, -101 size_t length, loff_t *offset) +99/* called when somebody tries to write into our device file. */ +100static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, +101 size_t length, loff_t *offset) 102{ -103 int i; +103 int i; 104 -105 pr_info("device_write(%p,%p,%ld)", file, buffer, length); +105 pr_info("device_write(%p,%p,%ld)", file, buffer, length); 106 -107 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++) +107 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++) 108 get_user(message[i], buffer + i); 109 -110 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ -111 return i; +110 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ +111 return i; 112} 113 -114/* This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our -115 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file -116 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called -117 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function. -118 * -119 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the -120 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function. -121 */ -122static long -123device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */ -124 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */ -125 unsigned long ioctl_param) +114/* This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our +115 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file +116 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called +117 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function. +118 * +119 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the +120 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function. +121 */ +122static long +123device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */ +124 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */ +125 unsigned long ioctl_param) 126{ -127 int i; -128 long ret = 0; +127 int i; +128 long ret = 0; 129 -130 /* We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time. */ -131 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) -132 return -EBUSY; +130 /* We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time. */ +131 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) +132 return -EBUSY; 133 -134 /* Switch according to the ioctl called */ -135 switch (ioctl_num) { -136 case IOCTL_SET_MSG: { -137 /* Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that to -138 * be the device's message. Get the parameter given to ioctl by -139 * the process. -140 */ -141 char __user *tmp = (char __user *)ioctl_param; -142 char ch; +134 /* Switch according to the ioctl called */ +135 switch (ioctl_num) { +136 case IOCTL_SET_MSG: { +137 /* Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that to +138 * be the device's message. Get the parameter given to ioctl by +139 * the process. +140 */ +141 char __user *tmp = (char __user *)ioctl_param; +142 char ch; 143 -144 /* Find the length of the message */ +144 /* Find the length of the message */ 145 get_user(ch, tmp); -146 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, tmp++) +146 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, tmp++) 147 get_user(ch, tmp); 148 -149 device_write(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, i, NULL); -150 break; +149 device_write(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, i, NULL); +150 break; 151 } -152 case IOCTL_GET_MSG: { +152 case IOCTL_GET_MSG: { 153 loff_t offset = 0; 154 -155 /* Give the current message to the calling process - the parameter -156 * we got is a pointer, fill it. -157 */ -158 i = device_read(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, 99, &offset); +155 /* Give the current message to the calling process - the parameter +156 * we got is a pointer, fill it. +157 */ +158 i = device_read(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, 99, &offset); 159 -160 /* Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be properly -161 * terminated. -162 */ -163 put_user('\0', (char __user *)ioctl_param + i); -164 break; +160 /* Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be properly +161 * terminated. +162 */ +163 put_user('\0', (char __user *)ioctl_param + i); +164 break; 165 } -166 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE: -167 /* This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and output (the return -168 * value of this function). -169 */ -170 ret = (long)message[ioctl_param]; -171 break; +166 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE: +167 /* This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and output (the return +168 * value of this function). +169 */ +170 ret = (long)message[ioctl_param]; +171 break; 172 } 173 -174 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ +174 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ 175 atomic_set(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED); 176 -177 return ret; +177 return ret; 178} 179 -180/* Module Declarations */ +180/* Module Declarations */ 181 -182/* This structure will hold the functions to be called when a process does -183 * something to the device we created. Since a pointer to this structure -184 * is kept in the devices table, it can't be local to init_module. NULL is -185 * for unimplemented functions. -186 */ -187static struct file_operations fops = { +182/* This structure will hold the functions to be called when a process does +183 * something to the device we created. Since a pointer to this structure +184 * is kept in the devices table, it can't be local to init_module. NULL is +185 * for unimplemented functions. +186 */ +187static struct file_operations fops = { 188 .read = device_read, 189 .write = device_write, 190 .unlocked_ioctl = device_ioctl, 191 .open = device_open, -192 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */ +192 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */ 193}; 194 -195/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */ -196static int __init chardev2_init(void) +195/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */ +196static int __init chardev2_init(void) 197{ -198 /* Register the character device (at least try) */ -199 int ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &fops); +198 /* Register the character device (at least try) */ +199 int ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &fops); 200 -201 /* Negative values signify an error */ -202 if (ret_val < 0) { -203 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n", -204 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val); -205 return ret_val; +201 /* Negative values signify an error */ +202 if (ret_val < 0) { +203 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n", +204 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val); +205 return ret_val; 206 } 207 -208#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +208#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 209 cls = class_create(DEVICE_FILE_NAME); -210#else +210#else 211 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); -212#endif +212#endif 213 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0), NULL, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); 214 -215 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME); +215 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME); 216 -217 return 0; +217 return 0; 218} 219 -220/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */ -221static void __exit chardev2_exit(void) +220/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */ +221static void __exit chardev2_exit(void) 222{ 223 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0)); 224 class_destroy(cls); 225 -226 /* Unregister the device */ +226 /* Unregister the device */ 227 unregister_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME); 228} 229 230module_init(chardev2_init); 231module_exit(chardev2_exit); 232 -233MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+233MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions. -3 * -4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because they need -5 * to be known both to the kernel module (in chardev2.c) and the process -6 * calling ioctl() (in userspace_ioctl.c). -7 */ +1/* +2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions. +3 * +4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because they need +5 * to be known both to the kernel module (in chardev2.c) and the process +6 * calling ioctl() (in userspace_ioctl.c). +7 */ 8 -9#ifndef CHARDEV_H -10#define CHARDEV_H +9#ifndef CHARDEV_H +10#define CHARDEV_H 11 -12#include <linux/ioctl.h> +12#include <linux/ioctl.h> 13 -14/* The major device number. We can not rely on dynamic registration -15 * any more, because ioctls need to know it. -16 */ -17#define MAJOR_NUM 100 +14/* The major device number. We can not rely on dynamic registration +15 * any more, because ioctls need to know it. +16 */ +17#define MAJOR_NUM 100 18 -19/* Set the message of the device driver */ -20#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *) -21/* _IOW means that we are creating an ioctl command number for passing -22 * information from a user process to the kernel module. -23 * -24 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device number we are using. -25 * -26 * The second argument is the number of the command (there could be several -27 * with different meanings). -28 * -29 * The third argument is the type we want to get from the process to the -30 * kernel. -31 */ +19/* Set the message of the device driver */ +20#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *) +21/* _IOW means that we are creating an ioctl command number for passing +22 * information from a user process to the kernel module. +23 * +24 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device number we are using. +25 * +26 * The second argument is the number of the command (there could be several +27 * with different meanings). +28 * +29 * The third argument is the type we want to get from the process to the +30 * kernel. +31 */ 32 -33/* Get the message of the device driver */ -34#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *) -35/* This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message of the device driver. -36 * However, we still need the buffer to place the message in to be input, -37 * as it is allocated by the process. -38 */ +33/* Get the message of the device driver */ +34#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *) +35/* This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message of the device driver. +36 * However, we still need the buffer to place the message in to be input, +37 * as it is allocated by the process. +38 */ 39 -40/* Get the n'th byte of the message */ -41#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int) -42/* The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It receives from the user -43 * a number, n, and returns message[n]. -44 */ +40/* Get the n'th byte of the message */ +41#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int) +42/* The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It receives from the user +43 * a number, n, and returns message[n]. +44 */ 45 -46/* The name of the device file */ -47#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev" -48#define DEVICE_PATH "/dev/char_dev" +46/* The name of the device file */ +47#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev" +48#define DEVICE_PATH "/dev/char_dev" 49 -50#endif+50#endif-
1/* userspace_ioctl.c - the process to use ioctl's to control the kernel module -2 * -3 * Until now we could have used cat for input and output. But now -4 * we need to do ioctl's, which require writing our own process. -5 */ +1/* userspace_ioctl.c - the process to use ioctl's to control the kernel module +2 * +3 * Until now we could have used cat for input and output. But now +4 * we need to do ioctl's, which require writing our own process. +5 */ 6 -7/* device specifics, such as ioctl numbers and the -8 * major device file. */ -9#include "../chardev.h" +7/* device specifics, such as ioctl numbers and the +8 * major device file. */ +9#include "../chardev.h" 10 -11#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ -12#include <fcntl.h> /* open */ -13#include <unistd.h> /* close */ -14#include <stdlib.h> /* exit */ -15#include <sys/ioctl.h> /* ioctl */ +11#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ +12#include <fcntl.h> /* open */ +13#include <unistd.h> /* close */ +14#include <stdlib.h> /* exit */ +15#include <sys/ioctl.h> /* ioctl */ 16 -17/* Functions for the ioctl calls */ +17/* Functions for the ioctl calls */ 18 -19int ioctl_set_msg(int file_desc, char *message) +19int ioctl_set_msg(int file_desc, char *message) 20{ -21 int ret_val; +21 int ret_val; 22 23 ret_val = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_SET_MSG, message); 24 -25 if (ret_val < 0) { -26 printf("ioctl_set_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); +25 if (ret_val < 0) { +26 printf("ioctl_set_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); 27 } 28 -29 return ret_val; +29 return ret_val; 30} 31 -32int ioctl_get_msg(int file_desc) +32int ioctl_get_msg(int file_desc) 33{ -34 int ret_val; -35 char message[100] = { 0 }; +34 int ret_val; +35 char message[100] = { 0 }; 36 -37 /* Warning - this is dangerous because we don't tell -38 * the kernel how far it's allowed to write, so it -39 * might overflow the buffer. In a real production -40 * program, we would have used two ioctls - one to tell -41 * the kernel the buffer length and another to give -42 * it the buffer to fill -43 */ +37 /* Warning - this is dangerous because we don't tell +38 * the kernel how far it's allowed to write, so it +39 * might overflow the buffer. In a real production +40 * program, we would have used two ioctls - one to tell +41 * the kernel the buffer length and another to give +42 * it the buffer to fill +43 */ 44 ret_val = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_GET_MSG, message); 45 -46 if (ret_val < 0) { -47 printf("ioctl_get_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); +46 if (ret_val < 0) { +47 printf("ioctl_get_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); 48 } -49 printf("get_msg message:%s", message); +49 printf("get_msg message:%s", message); 50 -51 return ret_val; +51 return ret_val; 52} 53 -54int ioctl_get_nth_byte(int file_desc) +54int ioctl_get_nth_byte(int file_desc) 55{ -56 int i, c; +56 int i, c; 57 -58 printf("get_nth_byte message:"); +58 printf("get_nth_byte message:"); 59 60 i = 0; -61 do { +61 do { 62 c = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE, i++); 63 -64 if (c < 0) { -65 printf("\nioctl_get_nth_byte failed at the %d'th byte:\n", i); -66 return c; +64 if (c < 0) { +65 printf("\nioctl_get_nth_byte failed at the %d'th byte:\n", i); +66 return c; 67 } 68 69 putchar(c); -70 } while (c != 0); +70 } while (c != 0); 71 -72 return 0; +72 return 0; 73} 74 -75/* Main - Call the ioctl functions */ -76int main(void) +75/* Main - Call the ioctl functions */ +76int main(void) 77{ -78 int file_desc, ret_val; -79 char *msg = "Message passed by ioctl\n"; +78 int file_desc, ret_val; +79 char *msg = "Message passed by ioctl\n"; 80 81 file_desc = open(DEVICE_PATH, O_RDWR); -82 if (file_desc < 0) { -83 printf("Can't open device file: %s, error:%d\n", DEVICE_PATH, +82 if (file_desc < 0) { +83 printf("Can't open device file: %s, error:%d\n", DEVICE_PATH, 84 file_desc); 85 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); 86 } 87 88 ret_val = ioctl_set_msg(file_desc, msg); -89 if (ret_val) -90 goto error; +89 if (ret_val) +90 goto error; 91 ret_val = ioctl_get_nth_byte(file_desc); -92 if (ret_val) -93 goto error; +92 if (ret_val) +93 goto error; 94 ret_val = ioctl_get_msg(file_desc); -95 if (ret_val) -96 goto error; +95 if (ret_val) +96 goto error; 97 98 close(file_desc); -99 return 0; +99 return 0; 100error: 101 close(file_desc); 102 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); @@ -3522,297 +3526,297 @@ dry run of this example, you will have to patch your current kernel in order to exported.-
1/* -2 * syscall-steal.c -3 * -4 * System call "stealing" sample. -5 * -6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by changing the 16th bit -7 * in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific). -8 */ +1/* +2 * syscall-steal.c +3 * +4 * System call "stealing" sample. +5 * +6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by changing the 16th bit +7 * in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific). +8 */ 9 -10#include <linux/delay.h> -11#include <linux/kernel.h> -12#include <linux/module.h> -13#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */ -14#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */ -15#include <linux/cred.h> /* For current_uid() */ -16#include <linux/uidgid.h> /* For __kuid_val() */ -17#include <linux/version.h> +10#include <linux/delay.h> +11#include <linux/kernel.h> +12#include <linux/module.h> +13#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */ +14#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */ +15#include <linux/cred.h> /* For current_uid() */ +16#include <linux/uidgid.h> /* For __kuid_val() */ +17#include <linux/version.h> 18 -19/* For the current (process) structure, we need this to know who the -20 * current user is. -21 */ -22#include <linux/sched.h> -23#include <linux/uaccess.h> +19/* For the current (process) structure, we need this to know who the +20 * current user is. +21 */ +22#include <linux/sched.h> +23#include <linux/uaccess.h> 24 -25/* The way we access "sys_call_table" varies as kernel internal changes. -26 * - Prior to v5.4 : manual symbol lookup -27 * - v5.5 to v5.6 : use kallsyms_lookup_name() -28 * - v5.7+ : Kprobes or specific kernel module parameter -29 */ +25/* The way we access "sys_call_table" varies as kernel internal changes. +26 * - Prior to v5.4 : manual symbol lookup +27 * - v5.5 to v5.6 : use kallsyms_lookup_name() +28 * - v5.7+ : Kprobes or specific kernel module parameter +29 */ 30 -31/* The in-kernel calls to the ksys_close() syscall were removed in Linux v5.11+. -32 */ -33#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 7, 0)) +31/* The in-kernel calls to the ksys_close() syscall were removed in Linux v5.11+. +32 */ +33#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 7, 0)) 34 -35#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE <= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 4, 0) -36#define HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE 1 -37#include <linux/syscalls.h> /* For ksys_close() */ -38#else -39#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For kallsyms_lookup_name */ -40#endif +35#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE <= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 4, 0) +36#define HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE 1 +37#include <linux/syscalls.h> /* For ksys_close() */ +38#else +39#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For kallsyms_lookup_name */ +40#endif 41 -42#else +42#else 43 -44#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBES) -45#define HAVE_KPROBES 1 -46#if defined(CONFIG_X86_64) -47/* If you have tried to use the syscall table to intercept syscalls and it -48 * doesn't work, you can try to use Kprobes to intercept syscalls. -49 * Set USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL to 1 to register a pre-handler -50 * before the syscall. -51 */ -52#define USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL 0 -53#endif -54#include <linux/kprobes.h> -55#else -56#define HAVE_PARAM 1 -57#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For sprint_symbol */ -58/* The address of the sys_call_table, which can be obtained with looking up -59 * "/boot/System.map" or "/proc/kallsyms". When the kernel version is v5.7+, -60 * without CONFIG_KPROBES, you can input the parameter or the module will look -61 * up all the memory. -62 */ -63static unsigned long sym = 0; +44#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBES) +45#define HAVE_KPROBES 1 +46#if defined(CONFIG_X86_64) +47/* If you have tried to use the syscall table to intercept syscalls and it +48 * doesn't work, you can try to use Kprobes to intercept syscalls. +49 * Set USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL to 1 to register a pre-handler +50 * before the syscall. +51 */ +52#define USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL 0 +53#endif +54#include <linux/kprobes.h> +55#else +56#define HAVE_PARAM 1 +57#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For sprint_symbol */ +58/* The address of the sys_call_table, which can be obtained with looking up +59 * "/boot/System.map" or "/proc/kallsyms". When the kernel version is v5.7+, +60 * without CONFIG_KPROBES, you can input the parameter or the module will look +61 * up all the memory. +62 */ +63static unsigned long sym = 0; 64module_param(sym, ulong, 0644); -65#endif /* CONFIG_KPROBES */ +65#endif /* CONFIG_KPROBES */ 66 -67#endif /* Version < v5.7 */ +67#endif /* Version < v5.7 */ 68 -69/* UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the command line. */ -70static uid_t uid = -1; -71module_param(uid, int, 0644); +69/* UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the command line. */ +70static uid_t uid = -1; +71module_param(uid, int, 0644); 72 -73#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL +73#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL 74 -75/* syscall_sym is the symbol name of the syscall to spy on. The default is -76 * "__x64_sys_openat", which can be changed by the module parameter. You can -77 * look up the symbol name of a syscall in /proc/kallsyms. -78 */ -79static char *syscall_sym = "__x64_sys_openat"; +75/* syscall_sym is the symbol name of the syscall to spy on. The default is +76 * "__x64_sys_openat", which can be changed by the module parameter. You can +77 * look up the symbol name of a syscall in /proc/kallsyms. +78 */ +79static char *syscall_sym = "__x64_sys_openat"; 80module_param(syscall_sym, charp, 0644); 81 -82static int sys_call_kprobe_pre_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs) +82static int sys_call_kprobe_pre_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs) 83{ -84 if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid) { -85 return 0; +84 if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid) { +85 return 0; 86 } 87 -88 pr_info("%s called by %d\n", syscall_sym, uid); -89 return 0; +88 pr_info("%s called by %d\n", syscall_sym, uid); +89 return 0; 90} 91 -92static struct kprobe syscall_kprobe = { -93 .symbol_name = "__x64_sys_openat", +92static struct kprobe syscall_kprobe = { +93 .symbol_name = "__x64_sys_openat", 94 .pre_handler = sys_call_kprobe_pre_handler, 95}; 96 -97#else +97#else 98 -99static unsigned long **sys_call_table_stolen; +99static unsigned long **sys_call_table_stolen; 100 -101/* A pointer to the original system call. The reason we keep this, rather -102 * than call the original function (sys_openat), is because somebody else -103 * might have replaced the system call before us. Note that this is not -104 * 100% safe, because if another module replaced sys_openat before us, -105 * then when we are inserted, we will call the function in that module - -106 * and it might be removed before we are. -107 * -108 * Another reason for this is that we can not get sys_openat. -109 * It is a static variable, so it is not exported. -110 */ -111#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -112static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(const struct pt_regs *); -113#else -114static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(int, const char __user *, int, umode_t); -115#endif +101/* A pointer to the original system call. The reason we keep this, rather +102 * than call the original function (sys_openat), is because somebody else +103 * might have replaced the system call before us. Note that this is not +104 * 100% safe, because if another module replaced sys_openat before us, +105 * then when we are inserted, we will call the function in that module - +106 * and it might be removed before we are. +107 * +108 * Another reason for this is that we can not get sys_openat. +109 * It is a static variable, so it is not exported. +110 */ +111#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +112static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(const struct pt_regs *); +113#else +114static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(int, const char __user *, int, umode_t); +115#endif 116 -117/* The function we will replace sys_openat (the function called when you -118 * call the open system call) with. To find the exact prototype, with -119 * the number and type of arguments, we find the original function first -120 * (it is at fs/open.c). -121 * -122 * In theory, this means that we are tied to the current version of the -123 * kernel. In practice, the system calls almost never change (it would -124 * wreck havoc and require programs to be recompiled, since the system -125 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the processes). -126 */ -127#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -128static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(const struct pt_regs *regs) -129#else -130static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(int dfd, const char __user *filename, -131 int flags, umode_t mode) -132#endif +117/* The function we will replace sys_openat (the function called when you +118 * call the open system call) with. To find the exact prototype, with +119 * the number and type of arguments, we find the original function first +120 * (it is at fs/open.c). +121 * +122 * In theory, this means that we are tied to the current version of the +123 * kernel. In practice, the system calls almost never change (it would +124 * wreck havoc and require programs to be recompiled, since the system +125 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the processes). +126 */ +127#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +128static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(const struct pt_regs *regs) +129#else +130static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(int dfd, const char __user *filename, +131 int flags, umode_t mode) +132#endif 133{ -134 int i = 0; -135 char ch; +134 int i = 0; +135 char ch; 136 -137 if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid) -138 goto orig_call; +137 if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid) +138 goto orig_call; 139 -140 /* Report the file, if relevant */ -141 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid); -142 do { -143#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -144 get_user(ch, (char __user *)regs->si + i); -145#else -146 get_user(ch, (char __user *)filename + i); -147#endif +140 /* Report the file, if relevant */ +141 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid); +142 do { +143#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +144 get_user(ch, (char __user *)regs->si + i); +145#else +146 get_user(ch, (char __user *)filename + i); +147#endif 148 i++; -149 pr_info("%c", ch); -150 } while (ch != 0); -151 pr_info("\n"); +149 pr_info("%c", ch); +150 } while (ch != 0); +151 pr_info("\n"); 152 153orig_call: -154 /* Call the original sys_openat - otherwise, we lose the ability to -155 * open files. -156 */ -157#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -158 return original_call(regs); -159#else -160 return original_call(dfd, filename, flags, mode); -161#endif +154 /* Call the original sys_openat - otherwise, we lose the ability to +155 * open files. +156 */ +157#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +158 return original_call(regs); +159#else +160 return original_call(dfd, filename, flags, mode); +161#endif 162} 163 -164static unsigned long **acquire_sys_call_table(void) +164static unsigned long **acquire_sys_call_table(void) 165{ -166#ifdef HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE -167 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET; -168 unsigned long **sct; +166#ifdef HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE +167 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET; +168 unsigned long **sct; 169 -170 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) { -171 sct = (unsigned long **)offset; +170 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) { +171 sct = (unsigned long **)offset; 172 -173 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *)ksys_close) -174 return sct; +173 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *)ksys_close) +174 return sct; 175 -176 offset += sizeof(void *); +176 offset += sizeof(void *); 177 } 178 -179 return NULL; -180#endif +179 return NULL; +180#endif 181 -182#ifdef HAVE_PARAM -183 const char sct_name[15] = "sys_call_table"; -184 char symbol[40] = { 0 }; +182#ifdef HAVE_PARAM +183 const char sct_name[15] = "sys_call_table"; +184 char symbol[40] = { 0 }; 185 -186 if (sym == 0) { -187 pr_alert("For Linux v5.7+, Kprobes is the preferable way to get " -188 "symbol.\n"); -189 pr_info("If Kprobes is absent, you have to specify the address of " -190 "sys_call_table symbol\n"); -191 pr_info("by /boot/System.map or /proc/kallsyms, which contains all the " -192 "symbol addresses, into sym parameter.\n"); -193 return NULL; +186 if (sym == 0) { +187 pr_alert("For Linux v5.7+, Kprobes is the preferable way to get " +188 "symbol.\n"); +189 pr_info("If Kprobes is absent, you have to specify the address of " +190 "sys_call_table symbol\n"); +191 pr_info("by /boot/System.map or /proc/kallsyms, which contains all the " +192 "symbol addresses, into sym parameter.\n"); +193 return NULL; 194 } 195 sprint_symbol(symbol, sym); -196 if (!strncmp(sct_name, symbol, sizeof(sct_name) - 1)) -197 return (unsigned long **)sym; +196 if (!strncmp(sct_name, symbol, sizeof(sct_name) - 1)) +197 return (unsigned long **)sym; 198 -199 return NULL; -200#endif +199 return NULL; +200#endif 201 -202#ifdef HAVE_KPROBES -203 unsigned long (*kallsyms_lookup_name)(const char *name); -204 struct kprobe kp = { -205 .symbol_name = "kallsyms_lookup_name", +202#ifdef HAVE_KPROBES +203 unsigned long (*kallsyms_lookup_name)(const char *name); +204 struct kprobe kp = { +205 .symbol_name = "kallsyms_lookup_name", 206 }; 207 -208 if (register_kprobe(&kp) < 0) -209 return NULL; -210 kallsyms_lookup_name = (unsigned long (*)(const char *name))kp.addr; +208 if (register_kprobe(&kp) < 0) +209 return NULL; +210 kallsyms_lookup_name = (unsigned long (*)(const char *name))kp.addr; 211 unregister_kprobe(&kp); -212#endif +212#endif 213 -214 return (unsigned long **)kallsyms_lookup_name("sys_call_table"); +214 return (unsigned long **)kallsyms_lookup_name("sys_call_table"); 215} 216 -217#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 3, 0) -218static inline void __write_cr0(unsigned long cr0) +217#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 3, 0) +218static inline void __write_cr0(unsigned long cr0) 219{ -220 asm volatile("mov %0,%%cr0" : "+r"(cr0) : : "memory"); +220 asm volatile("mov %0,%%cr0" : "+r"(cr0) : : "memory"); 221} -222#else -223#define __write_cr0 write_cr0 -224#endif +222#else +223#define __write_cr0 write_cr0 +224#endif 225 -226static void enable_write_protection(void) +226static void enable_write_protection(void) 227{ -228 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); +228 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); 229 set_bit(16, &cr0); 230 __write_cr0(cr0); 231} 232 -233static void disable_write_protection(void) +233static void disable_write_protection(void) 234{ -235 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); +235 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); 236 clear_bit(16, &cr0); 237 __write_cr0(cr0); 238} -239#endif +239#endif 240 -241static int __init syscall_steal_start(void) +241static int __init syscall_steal_start(void) 242{ -243#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL -244 int err; -245 /* use symbol name from the module parameter */ +243#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL +244 int err; +245 /* use symbol name from the module parameter */ 246 syscall_kprobe.symbol_name = syscall_sym; 247 err = register_kprobe(&syscall_kprobe); -248 if (err) { -249 pr_err("register_kprobe() on %s failed: %d\n", syscall_sym, err); -250 pr_err("Please check the symbol name from 'syscall_sym' parameter.\n"); -251 return err; +248 if (err) { +249 pr_err("register_kprobe() on %s failed: %d\n", syscall_sym, err); +250 pr_err("Please check the symbol name from 'syscall_sym' parameter.\n"); +251 return err; 252 } -253#else -254 if (!(sys_call_table_stolen = acquire_sys_call_table())) -255 return -1; +253#else +254 if (!(sys_call_table_stolen = acquire_sys_call_table())) +255 return -1; 256 257 disable_write_protection(); 258 -259 /* keep track of the original open function */ -260 original_call = (void *)sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat]; +259 /* keep track of the original open function */ +260 original_call = (void *)sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat]; 261 -262 /* use our openat function instead */ -263 sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat; +262 /* use our openat function instead */ +263 sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat; 264 265 enable_write_protection(); -266#endif +266#endif 267 -268 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid); -269 return 0; +268 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid); +269 return 0; 270} 271 -272static void __exit syscall_steal_end(void) +272static void __exit syscall_steal_end(void) 273{ -274#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL +274#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL 275 unregister_kprobe(&syscall_kprobe); -276#else -277 if (!sys_call_table_stolen) -278 return; +276#else +277 if (!sys_call_table_stolen) +278 return; 279 -280 /* Return the system call back to normal */ -281 if (sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] != (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat) { -282 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the "); -283 pr_alert("open system call\n"); -284 pr_alert("The system may be left in "); -285 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n"); +280 /* Return the system call back to normal */ +281 if (sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] != (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat) { +282 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the "); +283 pr_alert("open system call\n"); +284 pr_alert("The system may be left in "); +285 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n"); 286 } 287 288 disable_write_protection(); -289 sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)original_call; +289 sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)original_call; 290 enable_write_protection(); -291#endif +291#endif 292 293 msleep(2000); 294} @@ -3820,7 +3824,7 @@ dry run of this example, you will have to patch your current kernel in order to 296module_init(syscall_steal_start); 297module_exit(syscall_steal_end); 298 -299MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+299MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
11 Blocking Processes and threads
@@ -3925,296 +3929,296 @@ $
-
1/* -2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it -3 * at the same time, put all but one to sleep. -4 */ +1/* +2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it +3 * at the same time, put all but one to sleep. +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/atomic.h> -7#include <linux/fs.h> -8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ -9#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -10#include <linux/printk.h> -11#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ -12#include <linux/types.h> -13#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -14#include <linux/version.h> -15#include <linux/wait.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and -16 waking them up */ +6#include <linux/atomic.h> +7#include <linux/fs.h> +8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ +9#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +10#include <linux/printk.h> +11#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ +12#include <linux/types.h> +13#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +14#include <linux/version.h> +15#include <linux/wait.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and +16 waking them up */ 17 -18#include <asm/current.h> -19#include <asm/errno.h> +18#include <asm/current.h> +19#include <asm/errno.h> 20 -21#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -22#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -23#endif +21#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +22#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +23#endif 24 -25/* Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our -26 * input. -27 */ -28#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80 -29static char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH]; +25/* Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our +26 * input. +27 */ +28#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80 +29static char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH]; 30 -31static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; -32#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep" +31static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +32#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep" 33 -34/* Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc -35 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this -36 * function. -37 */ -38static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -39 char __user *buf, /* The buffer to put data to -40 (in the user segment) */ -41 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */ +34/* Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc +35 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this +36 * function. +37 */ +38static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +39 char __user *buf, /* The buffer to put data to +40 (in the user segment) */ +41 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */ 42 loff_t *offset) 43{ -44 static int finished = 0; -45 int i; -46 char output_msg[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30]; +44 static int finished = 0; +45 int i; +46 char output_msg[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30]; 47 -48 /* Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing more to say -49 * at this point. -50 */ -51 if (finished) { +48 /* Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing more to say +49 * at this point. +50 */ +51 if (finished) { 52 finished = 0; -53 return 0; +53 return 0; 54 } 55 -56 sprintf(output_msg, "Last input:%s\n", message); -57 for (i = 0; i < len && output_msg[i]; i++) +56 sprintf(output_msg, "Last input:%s\n", message); +57 for (i = 0; i < len && output_msg[i]; i++) 58 put_user(output_msg[i], buf + i); 59 60 finished = 1; -61 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */ +61 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */ 62} 63 -64/* This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the -65 * /proc file. -66 */ -67static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */ -68 const char __user *buf, /* The buffer with input */ -69 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */ -70 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */ +64/* This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the +65 * /proc file. +66 */ +67static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */ +68 const char __user *buf, /* The buffer with input */ +69 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */ +70 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */ 71{ -72 int i; +72 int i; 73 -74 /* Put the input into message, where module_output will later be able -75 * to use it. -76 */ -77 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++) +74 /* Put the input into message, where module_output will later be able +75 * to use it. +76 */ +77 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++) 78 get_user(message[i], buf + i); -79 /* we want a standard, zero terminated string */ -80 message[i] = '\0'; +79 /* we want a standard, zero terminated string */ +80 message[i] = '\0'; 81 -82 /* We need to return the number of input characters used */ -83 return i; +82 /* We need to return the number of input characters used */ +83 return i; 84} 85 -86/* 1 if the file is currently open by somebody */ -87static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(0); +86/* 1 if the file is currently open by somebody */ +87static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(0); 88 -89/* Queue of processes who want our file */ -90static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(waitq); +89/* Queue of processes who want our file */ +90static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(waitq); 91 -92/* Called when the /proc file is opened */ -93static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +92/* Called when the /proc file is opened */ +93static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 94{ -95 /* Try to get without blocking */ -96 if (!atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { -97 /* Success without blocking, allow the access */ +95 /* Try to get without blocking */ +96 if (!atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { +97 /* Success without blocking, allow the access */ 98 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -99 return 0; +99 return 0; 100 } -101 /* If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process does not -102 * want to wait for the file. In this case, because the file is already open, -103 * we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you will have to try again", -104 * instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake. -105 */ -106 if (file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) -107 return -EAGAIN; +101 /* If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process does not +102 * want to wait for the file. In this case, because the file is already open, +103 * we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you will have to try again", +104 * instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake. +105 */ +106 if (file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) +107 return -EAGAIN; 108 -109 /* This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because if -110 * a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module, -111 * the kernel module must not be removed. -112 */ +109 /* This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because if +110 * a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module, +111 * the kernel module must not be removed. +112 */ 113 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 114 -115 while (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { -116 int i, is_sig = 0; +115 while (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { +116 int i, is_sig = 0; 117 -118 /* This function puts the current process, including any system -119 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right -120 * after the function call, either because somebody called -121 * wake_up(&waitq) (only module_close does that, when the file -122 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent -123 * to the process -124 */ +118 /* This function puts the current process, including any system +119 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right +120 * after the function call, either because somebody called +121 * wake_up(&waitq) (only module_close does that, when the file +122 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent +123 * to the process +124 */ 125 wait_event_interruptible(waitq, !atomic_read(&already_open)); 126 -127 /* If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking, -128 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes -129 * to be killed or stopped. -130 */ -131 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++) +127 /* If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking, +128 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes +129 * to be killed or stopped. +130 */ +131 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++) 132 is_sig = current->pending.signal.sig[i] & ~current->blocked.sig[i]; 133 -134 if (is_sig) { -135 /* It is important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, because -136 * for processes where the open is interrupted there will never -137 * be a corresponding close. If we do not decrement the usage -138 * count here, we will be left with a positive usage count -139 * which we will have no way to bring down to zero, giving us -140 * an immortal module, which can only be killed by rebooting -141 * the machine. -142 */ +134 if (is_sig) { +135 /* It is important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, because +136 * for processes where the open is interrupted there will never +137 * be a corresponding close. If we do not decrement the usage +138 * count here, we will be left with a positive usage count +139 * which we will have no way to bring down to zero, giving us +140 * an immortal module, which can only be killed by rebooting +141 * the machine. +142 */ 143 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -144 return -EINTR; +144 return -EINTR; 145 } 146 } 147 -148 return 0; /* Allow the access */ +148 return 0; /* Allow the access */ 149} 150 -151/* Called when the /proc file is closed */ -152static int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +151/* Called when the /proc file is closed */ +152static int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 153{ -154 /* Set already_open to zero, so one of the processes in the waitq will -155 * be able to set already_open back to one and to open the file. All -156 * the other processes will be called when already_open is back to one, -157 * so they'll go back to sleep. -158 */ +154 /* Set already_open to zero, so one of the processes in the waitq will +155 * be able to set already_open back to one and to open the file. All +156 * the other processes will be called when already_open is back to one, +157 * so they'll go back to sleep. +158 */ 159 atomic_set(&already_open, 0); 160 -161 /* Wake up all the processes in waitq, so if anybody is waiting for the -162 * file, they can have it. -163 */ +161 /* Wake up all the processes in waitq, so if anybody is waiting for the +162 * file, they can have it. +163 */ 164 wake_up(&waitq); 165 166 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 167 -168 return 0; /* success */ +168 return 0; /* success */ 169} 170 -171/* Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant -172 * functions. -173 */ +171/* Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant +172 * functions. +173 */ 174 -175/* File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all -176 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL -177 * means we don't want to deal with something. -178 */ -179#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -180static const struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { -181 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */ -182 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */ -183 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */ -184 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */ -185 .proc_lseek = noop_llseek, /* return file->f_pos */ +175/* File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all +176 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL +177 * means we don't want to deal with something. +178 */ +179#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +180static const struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +181 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */ +182 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */ +183 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */ +184 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */ +185 .proc_lseek = noop_llseek, /* return file->f_pos */ 186}; -187#else -188static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +187#else +188static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { 189 .read = module_output, 190 .write = module_input, 191 .open = module_open, 192 .release = module_close, 193 .llseek = noop_llseek, 194}; -195#endif +195#endif 196 -197/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */ -198static int __init sleep_init(void) +197/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */ +198static int __init sleep_init(void) 199{ 200 our_proc_file = 201 proc_create(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, &file_ops_4_our_proc_file); -202 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { -203 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); -204 return -ENOMEM; +202 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { +203 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +204 return -ENOMEM; 205 } 206 proc_set_size(our_proc_file, 80); 207 proc_set_user(our_proc_file, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID); 208 -209 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +209 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); 210 -211 return 0; +211 return 0; 212} 213 -214/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if -215 * there are still processes waiting in waitq, because they are inside our -216 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal -217 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10. -218 */ -219static void __exit sleep_exit(void) +214/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if +215 * there are still processes waiting in waitq, because they are inside our +216 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal +217 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10. +218 */ +219static void __exit sleep_exit(void) 220{ 221 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -222 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +222 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); 223} 224 225module_init(sleep_init); 226module_exit(sleep_exit); 227 -228MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+228MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than -3 * wait for input. -4 */ -5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */ -6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */ -7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ -8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ -9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */ +1/* +2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than +3 * wait for input. +4 */ +5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */ +6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */ +7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ +8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ +9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */ 10 -11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4 +11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4 12 -13int main(int argc, char *argv[]) +13int main(int argc, char *argv[]) 14{ -15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */ -16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */ -17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */ +15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */ +16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */ +17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */ 18 -19 /* Usage */ -20 if (argc != 2) { -21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]); -22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input"); +19 /* Usage */ +20 if (argc != 2) { +21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]); +22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input"); 23 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); 24 } 25 -26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */ +26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */ 27 fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK); 28 -29 /* If open failed */ -30 if (fd == -1) { -31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed"); +29 /* If open failed */ +30 if (fd == -1) { +31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed"); 32 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); 33 } 34 -35 /* Read the file and output its contents */ -36 do { -37 /* Read characters from the file */ +35 /* Read the file and output its contents */ +36 do { +37 /* Read characters from the file */ 38 bytes = read(fd, buffer, MAX_BYTES); 39 -40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */ -41 if (bytes == -1) { -42 if (errno == EAGAIN) -43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to"); -44 else -45 puts("Another read error"); +40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */ +41 if (bytes == -1) { +42 if (errno == EAGAIN) +43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to"); +44 else +45 puts("Another read error"); 46 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); 47 } 48 -49 /* Print the characters */ -50 if (bytes > 0) { -51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++) +49 /* Print the characters */ +50 if (bytes > 0) { +51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++) 52 putchar(buffer[i]); 53 } 54 -55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */ -56 } while (bytes > 0); +55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */ +56 } while (bytes > 0); 57 58 close(fd); -59 return 0; +59 return 0; 60}@@ -4251,90 +4255,90 @@ the crank thread to complete. enough for many common situations without adding a lot of complexity.
-
1/* -2 * completions.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/completion.h> -5#include <linux/err.h> /* for IS_ERR() */ -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/kthread.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/printk.h> -10#include <linux/version.h> +1/* +2 * completions.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/completion.h> +5#include <linux/err.h> /* for IS_ERR() */ +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/kthread.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/printk.h> +10#include <linux/version.h> 11 -12static struct completion crank_comp; -13static struct completion flywheel_comp; +12static struct completion crank_comp; +13static struct completion flywheel_comp; 14 -15static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg) +15static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg) 16{ -17 pr_info("Turn the crank\n"); +17 pr_info("Turn the crank\n"); 18 19 complete_all(&crank_comp); -20#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) +20#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) 21 kthread_complete_and_exit(&crank_comp, 0); -22#else +22#else 23 complete_and_exit(&crank_comp, 0); -24#endif +24#endif 25} 26 -27static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg) +27static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg) 28{ 29 wait_for_completion(&crank_comp); 30 -31 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n"); +31 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n"); 32 33 complete_all(&flywheel_comp); -34#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) +34#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) 35 kthread_complete_and_exit(&flywheel_comp, 0); -36#else +36#else 37 complete_and_exit(&flywheel_comp, 0); -38#endif +38#endif 39} 40 -41static int __init completions_init(void) +41static int __init completions_init(void) 42{ -43 struct task_struct *crank_thread; -44 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread; +43 struct task_struct *crank_thread; +44 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread; 45 -46 pr_info("completions example\n"); +46 pr_info("completions example\n"); 47 48 init_completion(&crank_comp); 49 init_completion(&flywheel_comp); 50 -51 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank"); -52 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread)) -53 goto ERROR_THREAD_1; +51 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank"); +52 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread)) +53 goto ERROR_THREAD_1; 54 55 flywheel_thread = kthread_create(machine_flywheel_spinup_thread, NULL, -56 "KThread Flywheel"); -57 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread)) -58 goto ERROR_THREAD_2; +56 "KThread Flywheel"); +57 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread)) +58 goto ERROR_THREAD_2; 59 60 wake_up_process(flywheel_thread); 61 wake_up_process(crank_thread); 62 -63 return 0; +63 return 0; 64 65ERROR_THREAD_2: 66 kthread_stop(crank_thread); 67ERROR_THREAD_1: 68 -69 return -1; +69 return -1; 70} 71 -72static void __exit completions_exit(void) +72static void __exit completions_exit(void) 73{ 74 wait_for_completion(&crank_comp); 75 wait_for_completion(&flywheel_comp); 76 -77 pr_info("completions exit\n"); +77 pr_info("completions exit\n"); 78} 79 80module_init(completions_init); 81module_exit(completions_exit); 82 -83MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example"); -84MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+83MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example"); +84MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
12 Avoiding Collisions and Deadlocks
@@ -4350,46 +4354,46 @@ might deploy them in userland. This may be all that is needed to avoid collision most cases.-
1/* -2 * example_mutex.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/module.h> -5#include <linux/mutex.h> -6#include <linux/printk.h> +@@ -4407,68 +4411,68 @@ they will not be forgotten and will activate when the unlock happens, using the variable to retain their state.1/* +2 * example_mutex.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/module.h> +5#include <linux/mutex.h> +6#include <linux/printk.h> 7 -8static DEFINE_MUTEX(mymutex); +8static DEFINE_MUTEX(mymutex); 9 -10static int __init example_mutex_init(void) +10static int __init example_mutex_init(void) 11{ -12 int ret; +12 int ret; 13 -14 pr_info("example_mutex init\n"); +14 pr_info("example_mutex init\n"); 15 16 ret = mutex_trylock(&mymutex); -17 if (ret != 0) { -18 pr_info("mutex is locked\n"); +17 if (ret != 0) { +18 pr_info("mutex is locked\n"); 19 -20 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0) -21 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n"); +20 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0) +21 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n"); 22 23 mutex_unlock(&mymutex); -24 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n"); -25 } else -26 pr_info("Failed to lock\n"); +24 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n"); +25 } else +26 pr_info("Failed to lock\n"); 27 -28 return 0; +28 return 0; 29} 30 -31static void __exit example_mutex_exit(void) +31static void __exit example_mutex_exit(void) 32{ -33 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n"); +33 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n"); 34} 35 36module_init(example_mutex_init); 37module_exit(example_mutex_exit); 38 -39MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example"); -40MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+39MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example"); +40MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * example_spinlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/printk.h> -7#include <linux/spinlock.h> +1/* +2 * example_spinlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/printk.h> +7#include <linux/spinlock.h> 8 -9static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sl_static); -10static spinlock_t sl_dynamic; +9static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sl_static); +10static spinlock_t sl_dynamic; 11 -12static void example_spinlock_static(void) +12static void example_spinlock_static(void) 13{ -14 unsigned long flags; +14 unsigned long flags; 15 16 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_static, flags); -17 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); +17 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); 18 -19 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this -20 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. -21 */ +19 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this +20 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. +21 */ 22 23 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_static, flags); -24 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); +24 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); 25} 26 -27static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) +27static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) 28{ -29 unsigned long flags; +29 unsigned long flags; 30 31 spin_lock_init(&sl_dynamic); 32 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_dynamic, flags); -33 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); +33 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); 34 -35 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this -36 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. -37 */ +35 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this +36 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. +37 */ 38 39 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_dynamic, flags); -40 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); +40 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); 41} 42 -43static int __init example_spinlock_init(void) +43static int __init example_spinlock_init(void) 44{ -45 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); +45 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); 46 47 example_spinlock_static(); 48 example_spinlock_dynamic(); 49 -50 return 0; +50 return 0; 51} 52 -53static void __exit example_spinlock_exit(void) +53static void __exit example_spinlock_exit(void) 54{ -55 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); +55 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); 56} 57 58module_init(example_spinlock_init); 59module_exit(example_spinlock_exit); 60 -61MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); -62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+61MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); +62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Taking 100% of a CPU’s resources comes with greater responsibility. Situations where the kernel code monopolizes a CPU are called atomic contexts. Holding a spinlock is one of those situations. Sleeping in atomic contexts may leave the system @@ -4537,61 +4541,61 @@ the system and cause users to start revolting against the tyranny of your module.
-
1/* -2 * example_rwlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/module.h> -5#include <linux/printk.h> -6#include <linux/rwlock.h> +1/* +2 * example_rwlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/module.h> +5#include <linux/printk.h> +6#include <linux/rwlock.h> 7 -8static DEFINE_RWLOCK(myrwlock); +8static DEFINE_RWLOCK(myrwlock); 9 -10static void example_read_lock(void) +10static void example_read_lock(void) 11{ -12 unsigned long flags; +12 unsigned long flags; 13 14 read_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); +15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); 16 -17 /* Read from something */ +17 /* Read from something */ 18 19 read_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); +20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); 21} 22 -23static void example_write_lock(void) +23static void example_write_lock(void) 24{ -25 unsigned long flags; +25 unsigned long flags; 26 27 write_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); +28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); 29 -30 /* Write to something */ +30 /* Write to something */ 31 32 write_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); +33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); 34} 35 -36static int __init example_rwlock_init(void) +36static int __init example_rwlock_init(void) 37{ -38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); +38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); 39 40 example_read_lock(); 41 example_write_lock(); 42 -43 return 0; +43 return 0; 44} 45 -46static void __exit example_rwlock_exit(void) +46static void __exit example_rwlock_exit(void) 47{ -48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); +48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); 49} 50 51module_init(example_rwlock_init); 52module_exit(example_rwlock_exit); 53 -54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); -55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); +55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Of course, if you know for sure that there are no functions triggered by irqs which could possibly interfere with your logic then you can use the simpler @@ -4610,81 +4614,81 @@ and was not overwritten by some other shenanigans. An example is shown below.
-
1/* -2 * example_atomic.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/atomic.h> -5#include <linux/bitops.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/printk.h> +1/* +2 * example_atomic.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/atomic.h> +5#include <linux/bitops.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/printk.h> 8 -9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" -10#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ -11 ((byte & 0x80) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x40) ? '1' : '0'), \ -12 ((byte & 0x20) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x10) ? '1' : '0'), \ -13 ((byte & 0x08) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x04) ? '1' : '0'), \ -14 ((byte & 0x02) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x01) ? '1' : '0') +9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" +10#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ +11 ((byte & 0x80) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x40) ? '1' : '0'), \ +12 ((byte & 0x20) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x10) ? '1' : '0'), \ +13 ((byte & 0x08) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x04) ? '1' : '0'), \ +14 ((byte & 0x02) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x01) ? '1' : '0') 15 -16static void atomic_add_subtract(void) +16static void atomic_add_subtract(void) 17{ 18 atomic_t debbie; 19 atomic_t chris = ATOMIC_INIT(50); 20 21 atomic_set(&debbie, 45); 22 -23 /* subtract one */ +23 /* subtract one */ 24 atomic_dec(&debbie); 25 26 atomic_add(7, &debbie); 27 -28 /* add one */ +28 /* add one */ 29 atomic_inc(&debbie); 30 -31 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), +31 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), 32 atomic_read(&debbie)); 33} 34 -35static void atomic_bitwise(void) +35static void atomic_bitwise(void) 36{ -37 unsigned long word = 0; +37 unsigned long word = 0; 38 -39 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +39 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 40 set_bit(3, &word); 41 set_bit(5, &word); -42 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +42 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 43 clear_bit(5, &word); -44 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +44 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 45 change_bit(3, &word); 46 -47 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); -48 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) -49 pr_info("wrong\n"); -50 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +47 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +48 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) +49 pr_info("wrong\n"); +50 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 51 52 word = 255; -53 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "\n", BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +53 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "\n", BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 54} 55 -56static int __init example_atomic_init(void) +56static int __init example_atomic_init(void) 57{ -58 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); +58 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); 59 60 atomic_add_subtract(); 61 atomic_bitwise(); 62 -63 return 0; +63 return 0; 64} 65 -66static void __exit example_atomic_exit(void) +66static void __exit example_atomic_exit(void) 67{ -68 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); +68 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); 69} 70 71module_init(example_atomic_init); 72module_exit(example_atomic_exit); 73 -74MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); -75MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+74MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); +75MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Before the C11 standard adopts the built-in atomic types, the kernel already provided a small set of atomic types by using a bunch of tricky architecture-specific codes. Implementing the atomic types by C11 atomics may allow the kernel to throw @@ -4721,80 +4725,80 @@ structure. Within this structure lies a pointer to a string write function, faci the string’s transmission to the tty.
-
1/* -2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if -3 * it is through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the -4 * tty associated with the current task. -5 */ -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/kernel.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ -10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ +1/* +2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if +3 * it is through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the +4 * tty associated with the current task. +5 */ +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/kernel.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ +10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ 11 -12static void print_string(char *str) +12static void print_string(char *str) 13{ -14 /* The tty for the current task */ -15 struct tty_struct *my_tty = get_current_tty(); +14 /* The tty for the current task */ +15 struct tty_struct *my_tty = get_current_tty(); 16 -17 /* If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to (i.e., -18 * if it is a daemon). If so, there is nothing we can do. -19 */ -20 if (my_tty) { -21 const struct tty_operations *ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; -22 /* my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, -23 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. -24 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or -25 * kernel's memory segment. -26 * -27 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, because the -28 * same function would normally be used for all tty's of a certain -29 * type. -30 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. -31 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. -32 * -33 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use -34 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different -35 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here does not -36 * scale well. The right way to deal with this is described in -37 * section 2 of -38 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches -39 */ -40 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ -41 str, /* String */ -42 strlen(str)); /* Length */ +17 /* If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to (i.e., +18 * if it is a daemon). If so, there is nothing we can do. +19 */ +20 if (my_tty) { +21 const struct tty_operations *ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; +22 /* my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, +23 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. +24 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or +25 * kernel's memory segment. +26 * +27 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, because the +28 * same function would normally be used for all tty's of a certain +29 * type. +30 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. +31 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. +32 * +33 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use +34 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different +35 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here does not +36 * scale well. The right way to deal with this is described in +37 * section 2 of +38 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +39 */ +40 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ +41 str, /* String */ +42 strlen(str)); /* Length */ 43 -44 /* ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) strictly -45 * followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to a new line you -46 * need two characters, a carriage return and a line feed. On Unix, -47 * the ASCII line feed is used for both purposes - so we can not -48 * just use \n, because it would not have a carriage return and the -49 * next line will start at the column right after the line feed. -50 * -51 * This is why text files are different between Unix and MS Windows. -52 * In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and MS Windows, the ASCII -53 * standard was strictly adhered to, and therefore a newline requires -54 * both a LF and a CR. -55 */ -56 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); +44 /* ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) strictly +45 * followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to a new line you +46 * need two characters, a carriage return and a line feed. On Unix, +47 * the ASCII line feed is used for both purposes - so we can not +48 * just use \n, because it would not have a carriage return and the +49 * next line will start at the column right after the line feed. +50 * +51 * This is why text files are different between Unix and MS Windows. +52 * In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and MS Windows, the ASCII +53 * standard was strictly adhered to, and therefore a newline requires +54 * both a LF and a CR. +55 */ +56 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); 57 } 58} 59 -60static int __init print_string_init(void) +60static int __init print_string_init(void) 61{ -62 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); -63 return 0; +62 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); +63 return 0; 64} 65 -66static void __exit print_string_exit(void) +66static void __exit print_string_exit(void) 67{ -68 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); +68 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); 69} 70 71module_init(print_string_init); 72module_exit(print_string_exit); 73 -74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
13.2 Flashing keyboard LEDs
@@ -4812,39 +4816,39 @@ to improve memory safety. A buffer overflow in the area of a anddata
fields, providing the attacker with a way to use return-oriented programming (ROP) to call arbitrary functions within the kernel. Also, the function prototype of the callback, -containing aunsigned long +containing a
unsigned long
argument, will prevent work from any type checking. Furthermore, the function prototype -withunsigned long +with
andunsigned long
argument may be an obstacle to the forward-edge protection of control-flow integrity. Thus, it is better to use a unique prototype to separate from the cluster that takes an -unsigned long +
variable to retain their state.unsigned long
argument. The timer callback should be passed a pointer to thetimer_list -
structure rather than anunsigned long +
structure rather than anunsigned long
argument. Then, it wraps all the information the callback needs, including thetimer_list
structure, into a larger structure, and it can use thecontainer_of -
macro instead of theunsigned long +
macro instead of theunsigned long
value. For more information see: Improving the kernel timers API.Before Linux v4.14,
-setup_timer
was used to initialize the timer and thetimer_list
structure looked like:1struct timer_list { -2 unsigned long expires; -3 void (*function)(unsigned long); -4 unsigned long data; +1struct timer_list { +2 unsigned long expires; +3 void (*function)(unsigned long); +4 unsigned long data; 5 u32 flags; -6 /* ... */ +6 /* ... */ 7}; 8 -9void setup_timer(struct timer_list *timer, void (*callback)(unsigned long), -10 unsigned long data);+9void setup_timer(struct timer_list *timer, void (*callback)(unsigned long), +10 unsigned long data);Since Linux v4.14,
-timer_setup
is adopted and the kernel step by step converting totimer_setup @@ -4854,63 +4858,63 @@ Moreover, the
timer_setup
was implemented bysetup_timer
at first.1void timer_setup(struct timer_list *timer, -2 void (*callback)(struct timer_list *), unsigned int flags);+1void timer_setup(struct timer_list *timer, +2 void (*callback)(struct timer_list *), unsigned int flags);The
-setup_timer
was then removed since v4.15. As a result, thetimer_list
structure had changed to the following.1struct timer_list { -2 unsigned long expires; -3 void (*function)(struct timer_list *); +1struct timer_list { +2 unsigned long expires; +3 void (*function)(struct timer_list *); 4 u32 flags; -5 /* ... */ +5 /* ... */ 6};The following source code illustrates a minimal kernel module which, when loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded.
-
1/* -2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. -3 */ +1/* +2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For tty_struct */ -9#include <linux/vt.h> /* For MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ -10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ -11#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For tty_struct */ +9#include <linux/vt.h> /* For MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ +10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ +11#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ 12 -13MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); +13MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); 14 -15static struct timer_list my_timer; -16static struct tty_driver *my_driver; -17static unsigned long kbledstatus = 0; +15static struct timer_list my_timer; +16static struct tty_driver *my_driver; +17static unsigned long kbledstatus = 0; 18 -19#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 -20#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 -21#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF +19#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 +20#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 +21#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF 22 -23/* Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking -24 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual -25 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: -26 * drivers/tty/vt/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). -27 * -28 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led -29 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF -30 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus -31 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, -32 * please see file: drivers/tty/vt/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). -33 */ -34static void my_timer_func(struct timer_list *unused) +23/* Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking +24 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual +25 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: +26 * drivers/tty/vt/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). +27 * +28 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led +29 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF +30 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus +31 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, +32 * please see file: drivers/tty/vt/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). +33 */ +34static void my_timer_func(struct timer_list *unused) 35{ -36 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; +36 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; 37 -38 if (kbledstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) +38 if (kbledstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) 39 kbledstatus = RESTORE_LEDS; -40 else +40 else 41 kbledstatus = ALL_LEDS_ON; 42 43 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(t, KDSETLED, kbledstatus); @@ -4919,34 +4923,34 @@ loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded. 46 add_timer(&my_timer); 47} 48 -49static int __init kbleds_init(void) +49static int __init kbleds_init(void) 50{ -51 int i; +51 int i; 52 -53 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); -54 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); -55 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { -56 if (!vc_cons[i].d) -57 break; -58 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %p\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, -59 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (void *)vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); +53 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); +54 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); +55 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { +56 if (!vc_cons[i].d) +57 break; +58 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %p\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, +59 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (void *)vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); 60 } -61 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); +61 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); 62 63 my_driver = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty->driver; -64 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver name %s\n", my_driver->driver_name); +64 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver name %s\n", my_driver->driver_name); 65 -66 /* Set up the LED blink timer the first time. */ +66 /* Set up the LED blink timer the first time. */ 67 timer_setup(&my_timer, my_timer_func, 0); 68 my_timer.expires = jiffies + BLINK_DELAY; 69 add_timer(&my_timer); 70 -71 return 0; +71 return 0; 72} 73 -74static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) +74static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) 75{ -76 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); +76 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); 77 del_timer(&my_timer); 78 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty, KDSETLED, 79 RESTORE_LEDS); @@ -4955,7 +4959,7 @@ loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded. 82module_init(kbleds_init); 83module_exit(kbleds_cleanup); 84 -85MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+85MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");If none of the examples in this chapter fit your debugging needs, there might yet be some other tricks to try. Ever wondered what
CONFIG_LL_DEBUG @@ -5026,165 +5030,165 @@ materials used include a Raspberry Pi 5, an LED, jumper wires, and a 220
-
1/* -2 * led.c - Using GPIO to control the LED on/off -3 */ +1/* +2 * led.c - Using GPIO to control the LED on/off +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/cdev.h> -6#include <linux/delay.h> -7#include <linux/device.h> -8#include <linux/fs.h> -9#include <linux/gpio.h> -10#include <linux/init.h> -11#include <linux/module.h> -12#include <linux/printk.h> -13#include <linux/types.h> -14#include <linux/uaccess.h> -15#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/cdev.h> +6#include <linux/delay.h> +7#include <linux/device.h> +8#include <linux/fs.h> +9#include <linux/gpio.h> +10#include <linux/init.h> +11#include <linux/module.h> +12#include <linux/printk.h> +13#include <linux/types.h> +14#include <linux/uaccess.h> +15#include <linux/version.h> 16 -17#include <asm/errno.h> +17#include <asm/errno.h> 18 -19#define DEVICE_NAME "gpio_led" -20#define DEVICE_CNT 1 -21#define BUF_LEN 2 +19#define DEVICE_NAME "gpio_led" +20#define DEVICE_CNT 1 +21#define BUF_LEN 2 22 -23static char control_signal[BUF_LEN]; -24static unsigned long device_buffer_size = 0; +23static char control_signal[BUF_LEN]; +24static unsigned long device_buffer_size = 0; 25 -26struct LED_dev { -27 dev_t dev_num; -28 int major_num, minor_num; -29 struct cdev cdev; -30 struct class *cls; -31 struct device *dev; +26struct LED_dev { +27 dev_t dev_num; +28 int major_num, minor_num; +29 struct cdev cdev; +30 struct class *cls; +31 struct device *dev; 32}; 33 -34static struct LED_dev led_device; +34static struct LED_dev led_device; 35 -36/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -37 * TODO: According to the requirements, search /sys/kernel/debug/gpio to -38 * find the corresponding GPIO location. -39 */ -40static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +36/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +37 * TODO: According to the requirements, search /sys/kernel/debug/gpio to +38 * find the corresponding GPIO location. +39 */ +40static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 41 -42/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */ -43static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +42/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */ +43static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 44{ -45 return 0; +45 return 0; 46} 47 -48static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +48static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 49{ -50 return 0; +50 return 0; 51} 52 -53static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, -54 size_t length, loff_t *offset) +53static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, +54 size_t length, loff_t *offset) 55{ 56 device_buffer_size = min(BUF_LEN, length); 57 -58 if (copy_from_user(control_signal, buffer, device_buffer_size)) { -59 return -EFAULT; +58 if (copy_from_user(control_signal, buffer, device_buffer_size)) { +59 return -EFAULT; 60 } 61 -62 /* Determine the received signal to decide the LED on/off state. */ -63 switch (control_signal[0]) { -64 case '0': +62 /* Determine the received signal to decide the LED on/off state. */ +63 switch (control_signal[0]) { +64 case '0': 65 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); -66 pr_info("LED OFF"); -67 break; -68 case '1': +66 pr_info("LED OFF"); +67 break; +68 case '1': 69 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -70 pr_info("LED ON"); -71 break; -72 default: -73 pr_warn("Invalid value!\n"); -74 break; +70 pr_info("LED ON"); +71 break; +72 default: +73 pr_warn("Invalid value!\n"); +74 break; 75 } 76 77 *offset += device_buffer_size; 78 -79 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ -80 return device_buffer_size; +79 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ +80 return device_buffer_size; 81} 82 -83static struct file_operations fops = { +83static struct file_operations fops = { 84 .owner = THIS_MODULE, 85 .write = device_write, 86 .open = device_open, 87 .release = device_release, 88}; 89 -90/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */ -91static int __init led_init(void) +90/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */ +91static int __init led_init(void) 92{ -93 int ret = 0; +93 int ret = 0; 94 -95 /* Determine whether dynamic allocation of the device number is needed. */ -96 if (led_device.major_num) { +95 /* Determine whether dynamic allocation of the device number is needed. */ +96 if (led_device.major_num) { 97 led_device.dev_num = MKDEV(led_device.major_num, led_device.minor_num); 98 ret = 99 register_chrdev_region(led_device.dev_num, DEVICE_CNT, DEVICE_NAME); -100 } else { +100 } else { 101 ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&led_device.dev_num, 0, DEVICE_CNT, 102 DEVICE_NAME); 103 } 104 -105 /* Negative values signify an error */ -106 if (ret < 0) { -107 pr_alert("Failed to register character device, error: %d\n", ret); -108 return ret; +105 /* Negative values signify an error */ +106 if (ret < 0) { +107 pr_alert("Failed to register character device, error: %d\n", ret); +108 return ret; 109 } 110 -111 pr_info("Major = %d, Minor = %d\n", MAJOR(led_device.dev_num), +111 pr_info("Major = %d, Minor = %d\n", MAJOR(led_device.dev_num), 112 MINOR(led_device.dev_num)); 113 -114 /* Prevents module unloading while operations are in use */ +114 /* Prevents module unloading while operations are in use */ 115 led_device.cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE; 116 117 cdev_init(&led_device.cdev, &fops); 118 ret = cdev_add(&led_device.cdev, led_device.dev_num, 1); -119 if (ret) { -120 pr_err("Failed to add the device to the system\n"); -121 goto fail1; +119 if (ret) { +120 pr_err("Failed to add the device to the system\n"); +121 goto fail1; 122 } 123 -124#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +124#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 125 led_device.cls = class_create(DEVICE_NAME); -126#else +126#else 127 led_device.cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_NAME); -128#endif -129 if (IS_ERR(led_device.cls)) { -130 pr_err("Failed to create class for device\n"); +128#endif +129 if (IS_ERR(led_device.cls)) { +130 pr_err("Failed to create class for device\n"); 131 ret = PTR_ERR(led_device.cls); -132 goto fail2; +132 goto fail2; 133 } 134 135 led_device.dev = device_create(led_device.cls, NULL, led_device.dev_num, 136 NULL, DEVICE_NAME); -137 if (IS_ERR(led_device.dev)) { -138 pr_err("Failed to create the device file\n"); +137 if (IS_ERR(led_device.dev)) { +138 pr_err("Failed to create the device file\n"); 139 ret = PTR_ERR(led_device.dev); -140 goto fail3; +140 goto fail3; 141 } 142 -143 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); +143 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); 144 145 ret = gpio_request(leds[0].gpio, leds[0].label); 146 -147 if (ret) { -148 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -149 goto fail4; +147 if (ret) { +148 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +149 goto fail4; 150 } 151 152 ret = gpio_direction_output(leds[0].gpio, leds[0].flags); 153 -154 if (ret) { -155 pr_err("Failed to set GPIO %d direction\n", leds[0].gpio); -156 goto fail5; +154 if (ret) { +155 pr_err("Failed to set GPIO %d direction\n", leds[0].gpio); +156 goto fail5; 157 } 158 -159 return 0; +159 return 0; 160 161fail5: 162 gpio_free(leds[0].gpio); @@ -5201,10 +5205,10 @@ resistor. 173fail1: 174 unregister_chrdev_region(led_device.dev_num, DEVICE_CNT); 175 -176 return ret; +176 return ret; 177} 178 -179static void __exit led_exit(void) +179static void __exit led_exit(void) 180{ 181 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 182 gpio_free(leds[0].gpio); @@ -5218,20 +5222,20 @@ resistor. 190module_init(led_init); 191module_exit(led_exit); 192 -193MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+193MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Make and install the module:
1make 2sudo insmod led.koSwitch on the LED:
-1echo "1" | sudo tee /dev/gpio_led+1echo "1" | sudo tee /dev/gpio_ledSwitch off the LED:
-1echo "0" | sudo tee /dev/gpio_led+1echo "0" | sudo tee /dev/gpio_ledFinally, remove the module:
1sudo rmmod led@@ -5257,50 +5261,50 @@ debate. softirq.-
1/* -2 * example_tasklet.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/delay.h> -5#include <linux/interrupt.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/printk.h> +1/* +2 * example_tasklet.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/delay.h> +5#include <linux/interrupt.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/printk.h> 8 -9/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibility. -10 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ -11 */ -12#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD -13#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) -14#endif +9/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibility. +10 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ +11 */ +12#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD +13#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) +14#endif 15 -16static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +16static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) 17{ -18 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); +18 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); 19 mdelay(5000); -20 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); +20 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); 21} 22 -23static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(mytask, tasklet_fn); +23static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(mytask, tasklet_fn); 24 -25static int __init example_tasklet_init(void) +25static int __init example_tasklet_init(void) 26{ -27 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); +27 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); 28 tasklet_schedule(&mytask); 29 mdelay(200); -30 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); -31 return 0; +30 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); +31 return 0; 32} 33 -34static void __exit example_tasklet_exit(void) +34static void __exit example_tasklet_exit(void) 35{ -36 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); +36 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); 37 tasklet_kill(&mytask); 38} 39 40module_init(example_tasklet_init); 41module_exit(example_tasklet_exit); 42 -43MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); -44MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+43MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); +44MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");So with this example loaded
dmesg
should show: @@ -5333,30 +5337,30 @@ the macroDECLARE_TASKLET_OLD Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) to execute work within the queue.
-
1/* -2 * sched.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/workqueue.h> +1/* +2 * sched.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/workqueue.h> 7 -8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; -9static struct work_struct work; +8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; +9static struct work_struct work; 10 -11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) +11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) 12{ -13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); +13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); 14} 15 -16static int __init sched_init(void) +16static int __init sched_init(void) 17{ -18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); +18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); 19 INIT_WORK(&work, work_handler); 20 queue_work(queue, &work); -21 return 0; +21 return 0; 22} 23 -24static void __exit sched_exit(void) +24static void __exit sched_exit(void) 25{ 26 destroy_workqueue(queue); 27} @@ -5364,8 +5368,8 @@ Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) to execute work within the queue. 29module_init(sched_init); 30module_exit(sched_exit); 31 -32MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -33MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");+32MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +33MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");
16 Interrupt Handlers
@@ -5459,157 +5463,157 @@ an LED is connected to GPIO 4. You can change those numbers to whatever is appropriate for your board.-
1/* -2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off. -9 */ +1/* +2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off. +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/gpio.h> -12#include <linux/interrupt.h> -13#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for ARRAY_SIZE() */ -14#include <linux/module.h> -15#include <linux/printk.h> -16#include <linux/version.h> +11#include <linux/gpio.h> +12#include <linux/interrupt.h> +13#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for ARRAY_SIZE() */ +14#include <linux/module.h> +15#include <linux/printk.h> +16#include <linux/version.h> 17 -18#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 10, 0) -19#define NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -20#endif +18#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 10, 0) +19#define NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +20#endif 21 -22static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; +22static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 23 -24/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -25 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -26 */ -27static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +24/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +25 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +26 */ +27static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 28 -29/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -30 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -31 */ -32static struct gpio buttons[] = { { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, -33 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" } }; +29/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +30 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +31 */ +32static struct gpio buttons[] = { { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +33 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" } }; 34 -35/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed. */ -36static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +35/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed. */ +36static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 37{ -38 /* first button */ -39 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +38 /* first button */ +39 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 40 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -41 /* second button */ -42 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +41 /* second button */ +42 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 43 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 44 -45 return IRQ_HANDLED; +45 return IRQ_HANDLED; 46} 47 -48static int __init intrpt_init(void) +48static int __init intrpt_init(void) 49{ -50 int ret = 0; +50 int ret = 0; 51 -52 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +52 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 53 -54 /* register LED gpios */ -55#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +54 /* register LED gpios */ +55#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 56 ret = gpio_request(leds[0].gpio, leds[0].label); -57#else +57#else 58 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -59#endif +59#endif 60 -61 if (ret) { -62 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -63 return ret; +61 if (ret) { +62 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +63 return ret; 64 } 65 -66 /* register BUTTON gpios */ -67#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +66 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +67#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 68 ret = gpio_request(buttons[0].gpio, buttons[0].label); 69 -70 if (ret) { -71 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -72 goto fail1; +70 if (ret) { +71 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +72 goto fail1; 73 } 74 75 ret = gpio_request(buttons[1].gpio, buttons[1].label); 76 -77 if (ret) { -78 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -79 goto fail2; +77 if (ret) { +78 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +79 goto fail2; 80 } -81#else +81#else 82 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 83 -84 if (ret) { -85 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -86 goto fail1; +84 if (ret) { +85 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +86 goto fail1; 87 } -88#endif +88#endif 89 -90 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +90 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 91 92 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 93 -94 if (ret < 0) { -95 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -96#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -97 goto fail3; -98#else -99 goto fail2; -100#endif +94 if (ret < 0) { +95 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +96#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +97 goto fail3; +98#else +99 goto fail2; +100#endif 101 } 102 103 button_irqs[0] = ret; 104 -105 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +105 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 106 107 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, 108 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -109 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +109 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); 110 -111 if (ret) { -112 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -113#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -114 goto fail3; -115#else -116 goto fail2; -117#endif +111 if (ret) { +112 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +113#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +114 goto fail3; +115#else +116 goto fail2; +117#endif 118 } 119 120 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); 121 -122 if (ret < 0) { -123 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -124#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -125 goto fail3; -126#else -127 goto fail2; -128#endif +122 if (ret < 0) { +123 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +124#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +125 goto fail3; +126#else +127 goto fail2; +128#endif 129 } 130 131 button_irqs[1] = ret; 132 -133 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +133 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); 134 135 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, 136 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -137 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +137 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); 138 -139 if (ret) { -140 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -141#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -142 goto fail4; -143#else -144 goto fail3; -145#endif +139 if (ret) { +140 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +141#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +142 goto fail4; +143#else +144 goto fail3; +145#endif 146 } 147 -148 return 0; +148 return 0; 149 -150/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ -151#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +150/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +151#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 152fail4: 153 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 154 @@ -5621,7 +5625,7 @@ appropriate for your board. 160 161fail1: 162 gpio_free(leds[0].gpio); -163#else +163#else 164fail3: 165 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 166 @@ -5630,44 +5634,44 @@ appropriate for your board. 169 170fail1: 171 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -172#endif +172#endif 173 -174 return ret; +174 return ret; 175} 176 -177static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) +177static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) 178{ -179 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +179 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 180 -181 /* free irqs */ +181 /* free irqs */ 182 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 183 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 184 -185 /* turn all LEDs off */ -186#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +185 /* turn all LEDs off */ +186#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 187 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); -188#else -189 int i; -190 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +188#else +189 int i; +190 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 191 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); -192#endif +192#endif 193 -194 /* unregister */ -195#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +194 /* unregister */ +195#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 196 gpio_free(leds[0].gpio); 197 gpio_free(buttons[0].gpio); 198 gpio_free(buttons[1].gpio); -199#else +199#else 200 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 201 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); -202#endif +202#endif 203} 204 205module_init(intrpt_init); 206module_exit(intrpt_exit); 207 -208MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -209MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");+208MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +209MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");@@ -5682,181 +5686,181 @@ scheduler. when an interrupt is triggered.
-
1/* -2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on an LED and another to turn it off -9 */ +1/* +2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on an LED and another to turn it off +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/delay.h> -12#include <linux/gpio.h> -13#include <linux/interrupt.h> -14#include <linux/module.h> -15#include <linux/printk.h> -16#include <linux/init.h> -17#include <linux/version.h> -18#include <linux/workqueue.h> +11#include <linux/delay.h> +12#include <linux/gpio.h> +13#include <linux/interrupt.h> +14#include <linux/module.h> +15#include <linux/printk.h> +16#include <linux/init.h> +17#include <linux/version.h> +18#include <linux/workqueue.h> 19 -20#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 10, 0) -21#define NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -22#endif +20#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 10, 0) +21#define NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +22#endif 23 -24/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibility. -25 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ -26 */ -27#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD -28#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) -29#endif +24/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibility. +25 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ +26 */ +27#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD +28#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) +29#endif 30 -31static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; +31static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 32 -33/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -34 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -35 */ -36static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +33/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +34 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +35 */ +36static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 37 -38/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -39 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -40 */ -41static struct gpio buttons[] = { -42 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, -43 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, +38/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +39 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +40 */ +41static struct gpio buttons[] = { +42 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +43 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, 44}; 45 -46/* Workqueue function containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ -47static void bottomhalf_work_fn(struct work_struct *work) +46/* Workqueue function containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ +47static void bottomhalf_work_fn(struct work_struct *work) 48{ -49 pr_info("Bottom half workqueue starts\n"); -50 /* do something which takes a while */ +49 pr_info("Bottom half workqueue starts\n"); +50 /* do something which takes a while */ 51 msleep(500); 52 -53 pr_info("Bottom half workqueue ends\n"); +53 pr_info("Bottom half workqueue ends\n"); 54} 55 -56static DECLARE_WORK(bottomhalf_work, bottomhalf_work_fn); +56static DECLARE_WORK(bottomhalf_work, bottomhalf_work_fn); 57 -58/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed */ -59static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +58/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed */ +59static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 60{ -61 /* Do something quickly right now */ -62 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +61 /* Do something quickly right now */ +62 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 63 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -64 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +64 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 65 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 66 -67 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ +67 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ 68 schedule_work(&bottomhalf_work); -69 return IRQ_HANDLED; +69 return IRQ_HANDLED; 70} 71 -72static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) +72static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) 73{ -74 int ret = 0; +74 int ret = 0; 75 -76 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +76 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 77 -78 /* register LED gpios */ -79#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +78 /* register LED gpios */ +79#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 80 ret = gpio_request(leds[0].gpio, leds[0].label); -81#else +81#else 82 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -83#endif +83#endif 84 -85 if (ret) { -86 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -87 return ret; +85 if (ret) { +86 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +87 return ret; 88 } 89 -90 /* register BUTTON gpios */ -91#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +90 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +91#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 92 ret = gpio_request(buttons[0].gpio, buttons[0].label); 93 -94 if (ret) { -95 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -96 goto fail1; +94 if (ret) { +95 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +96 goto fail1; 97 } 98 99 ret = gpio_request(buttons[1].gpio, buttons[1].label); 100 -101 if (ret) { -102 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -103 goto fail2; +101 if (ret) { +102 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +103 goto fail2; 104 } -105#else +105#else 106 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 107 -108 if (ret) { -109 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -110 goto fail1; +108 if (ret) { +109 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +110 goto fail1; 111 } -112#endif +112#endif 113 -114 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +114 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 115 116 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 117 -118 if (ret < 0) { -119 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -120#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -121 goto fail3; -122#else -123 goto fail2; -124#endif +118 if (ret < 0) { +119 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +120#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +121 goto fail3; +122#else +123 goto fail2; +124#endif 125 } 126 127 button_irqs[0] = ret; 128 -129 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +129 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 130 131 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, 132 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -133 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +133 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); 134 -135 if (ret) { -136 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -137#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -138 goto fail3; -139#else -140 goto fail2; -141#endif +135 if (ret) { +136 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +137#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +138 goto fail3; +139#else +140 goto fail2; +141#endif 142 } 143 144 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); 145 -146 if (ret < 0) { -147 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -148#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -149 goto fail3; -150#else -151 goto fail2; -152#endif +146 if (ret < 0) { +147 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +148#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +149 goto fail3; +150#else +151 goto fail2; +152#endif 153 } 154 155 button_irqs[1] = ret; 156 -157 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +157 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); 158 159 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, 160 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -161 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +161 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); 162 -163 if (ret) { -164 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -165#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -166 goto fail4; -167#else -168 goto fail3; -169#endif +163 if (ret) { +164 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +165#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +166 goto fail4; +167#else +168 goto fail3; +169#endif 170 } 171 -172 return 0; +172 return 0; 173 -174/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ -175#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +174/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +175#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 176fail4: 177 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 178 @@ -5868,7 +5872,7 @@ when an interrupt is triggered. 184 185fail1: 186 gpio_free(leds[0].gpio); -187#else +187#else 188fail3: 189 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 190 @@ -5877,44 +5881,44 @@ when an interrupt is triggered. 193 194fail1: 195 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -196#endif +196#endif 197 -198 return ret; +198 return ret; 199} 200 -201static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) +201static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) 202{ -203 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +203 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 204 -205 /* free irqs */ +205 /* free irqs */ 206 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 207 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 208 -209 /* turn all LEDs off */ -210#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +209 /* turn all LEDs off */ +210#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 211 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); -212#else -213 int i; -214 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +212#else +213 int i; +214 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 215 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); -216#endif +216#endif 217 -218 /* unregister */ -219#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +218 /* unregister */ +219#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 220 gpio_free(leds[0].gpio); 221 gpio_free(buttons[0].gpio); 222 gpio_free(buttons[1].gpio); -223#else +223#else 224 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 225 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); -226#endif +226#endif 227} 228 229module_init(bottomhalf_init); 230module_exit(bottomhalf_exit); 231 -232MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -233MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");+232MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +233MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");
16.4 Threaded IRQ
@@ -5939,163 +5943,163 @@ The thread then runs the bottom-half handler. halves, but using threads.-
1/* -2 * bh_thread.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off -9 */ +1/* +2 * bh_thread.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/module.h> -12#include <linux/kernel.h> -13#include <linux/gpio.h> -14#include <linux/delay.h> -15#include <linux/interrupt.h> -16#include <linux/version.h> +11#include <linux/module.h> +12#include <linux/kernel.h> +13#include <linux/gpio.h> +14#include <linux/delay.h> +15#include <linux/interrupt.h> +16#include <linux/version.h> 17 -18#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 10, 0) -19#define NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -20#endif +18#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 10, 0) +19#define NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +20#endif 21 -22static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; +22static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 23 -24/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -25 * FIXME: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -26 */ -27static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +24/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +25 * FIXME: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +26 */ +27static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 28 -29/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -30 * FIXME: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -31 */ -32static struct gpio buttons[] = { -33 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, -34 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, +29/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +30 * FIXME: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +31 */ +32static struct gpio buttons[] = { +33 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +34 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, 35}; 36 -37/* This happens immediately, when the IRQ is triggered */ -38static irqreturn_t button_top_half(int irq, void *ident) +37/* This happens immediately, when the IRQ is triggered */ +38static irqreturn_t button_top_half(int irq, void *ident) 39{ -40 return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD; +40 return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD; 41} 42 -43/* This can happen at leisure, freeing up IRQs for other high priority task */ -44static irqreturn_t button_bottom_half(int irq, void *ident) +43/* This can happen at leisure, freeing up IRQs for other high priority task */ +44static irqreturn_t button_bottom_half(int irq, void *ident) 45{ -46 pr_info("Bottom half task starts\n"); -47 mdelay(500); /* do something which takes a while */ -48 pr_info("Bottom half task ends\n"); -49 return IRQ_HANDLED; +46 pr_info("Bottom half task starts\n"); +47 mdelay(500); /* do something which takes a while */ +48 pr_info("Bottom half task ends\n"); +49 return IRQ_HANDLED; 50} 51 -52static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) +52static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) 53{ -54 int ret = 0; +54 int ret = 0; 55 -56 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +56 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 57 -58/* register LED gpios */ -59#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +58/* register LED gpios */ +59#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 60 ret = gpio_request(leds[0].gpio, leds[0].label); -61#else +61#else 62 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -63#endif +63#endif 64 -65 if (ret) { -66 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -67 return ret; +65 if (ret) { +66 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +67 return ret; 68 } 69 -70/* register BUTTON gpios */ -71#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +70/* register BUTTON gpios */ +71#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 72 ret = gpio_request(buttons[0].gpio, buttons[0].label); 73 -74 if (ret) { -75 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -76 goto fail1; +74 if (ret) { +75 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +76 goto fail1; 77 } 78 79 ret = gpio_request(buttons[1].gpio, buttons[1].label); 80 -81 if (ret) { -82 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -83 goto fail2; +81 if (ret) { +82 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +83 goto fail2; 84 } -85#else +85#else 86 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 87 -88 if (ret) { -89 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -90 goto fail1; +88 if (ret) { +89 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +90 goto fail1; 91 } -92#endif +92#endif 93 -94 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +94 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 95 96 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 97 -98 if (ret < 0) { -99 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -100#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -101 goto fail3; -102#else -103 goto fail2; -104#endif +98 if (ret < 0) { +99 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +100#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +101 goto fail3; +102#else +103 goto fail2; +104#endif 105 } 106 107 button_irqs[0] = ret; 108 -109 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +109 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 110 111 ret = request_threaded_irq(button_irqs[0], button_top_half, 112 button_bottom_half, 113 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -114 "gpiomod#button1", &buttons[0]); +114 "gpiomod#button1", &buttons[0]); 115 -116 if (ret) { -117 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -118#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -119 goto fail3; -120#else -121 goto fail2; -122#endif +116 if (ret) { +117 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +118#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +119 goto fail3; +120#else +121 goto fail2; +122#endif 123 } 124 125 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); 126 -127 if (ret < 0) { -128 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -129#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -130 goto fail3; -131#else -132 goto fail2; -133#endif +127 if (ret < 0) { +128 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +129#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +130 goto fail3; +131#else +132 goto fail2; +133#endif 134 } 135 136 button_irqs[1] = ret; 137 -138 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +138 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); 139 140 ret = request_threaded_irq(button_irqs[1], button_top_half, 141 button_bottom_half, 142 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -143 "gpiomod#button2", &buttons[1]); +143 "gpiomod#button2", &buttons[1]); 144 -145 if (ret) { -146 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -147#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -148 goto fail4; -149#else -150 goto fail3; -151#endif +145 if (ret) { +146 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +147#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +148 goto fail4; +149#else +150 goto fail3; +151#endif 152 } 153 -154 return 0; +154 return 0; 155 -156/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ -157#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +156/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +157#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 158fail4: 159 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 160 @@ -6107,7 +6111,7 @@ halves, but using threads. 166 167fail1: 168 gpio_free(leds[0].gpio); -169#else +169#else 170fail3: 171 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 172 @@ -6116,44 +6120,44 @@ halves, but using threads. 175 176fail1: 177 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -178#endif +178#endif 179 -180 return ret; +180 return ret; 181} 182 -183static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) +183static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) 184{ -185 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +185 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 186 -187 /* free irqs */ +187 /* free irqs */ 188 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 189 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 190 -191/* turn all LEDs off */ -192#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +191/* turn all LEDs off */ +192#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 193 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); -194#else -195 int i; -196 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +194#else +195 int i; +196 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 197 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); -198#endif +198#endif 199 -200/* unregister */ -201#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +200/* unregister */ +201#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 202 gpio_free(leds[0].gpio); 203 gpio_free(buttons[0].gpio); 204 gpio_free(buttons[1].gpio); -205#else +205#else 206 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 207 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); -208#endif +208#endif 209} 210 211module_init(bottomhalf_init); 212module_exit(bottomhalf_exit); 213 -214MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -215MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");+214MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +215MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");A threaded IRQ is registered using
request_threaded_irq()
. This function only takes one additional parameter than therequest_irq() @@ -6212,22 +6216,22 @@ development of virtual input drivers. The drivers needs to export a
will add a new device to the list of support virtual input devices.-
1int init(struct vinput *);-This function is passed a
struct vinput -
already initialized with an allocatedstruct input_dev +
structure is similar to other attribute types we talked about in section 8:1int init(struct vinput *);+This function is passed a
struct vinput +
already initialized with an allocatedstruct input_dev
. Theinit()
function is responsible for initializing the capabilities of the input device and register it.-
1int send(struct vinput *, char *, int);+1int send(struct vinput *, char *, int);This function will receive a user string to interpret and inject the event using the
input_report_XXXX
orinput_event
call. The string is already copied from user.-
1int read(struct vinput *, char *, int);+1int read(struct vinput *, char *, int);This function is used for debugging and should fill the buffer parameter with the last event sent in the virtual input device format. The buffer will then be copied to user. @@ -6238,12 +6242,12 @@ virtual input device.
-
1struct class_attribute { -2 struct attribute attr; -3 ssize_t (*show)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -4 char *buf); -5 ssize_t (*store)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -6 const char *buf, size_t count); +1struct class_attribute { +2 struct attribute attr; +3 ssize_t (*show)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +4 char *buf); +5 ssize_t (*store)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +6 const char *buf, size_t count); 7};@@ -6254,227 +6258,227 @@ will generate theclass_attribute
structures which are named class_attr_export/unexport. Then, put them intovinput_class_attrs
array and the macroATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(vinput_class) -
will generate thestruct attribute_group vinput_class_group +
will generate thestruct attribute_group vinput_class_group
that should be assigned invinput_class
. Finally, callclass_register(&vinput_class)
to create attributes in sysfs.To create a vinputX sysfs entry and /dev node.
-
1echo "vkbd" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/export+1echo "vkbd" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/exportTo unexport the device, just echo its id in unexport:
-
1echo "0" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/unexport+1echo "0" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/unexport-
1/* -2 * vinput.h -3 */ +1/* +2 * vinput.h +3 */ 4 -5#ifndef VINPUT_H -6#define VINPUT_H +5#ifndef VINPUT_H +6#define VINPUT_H 7 -8#include <linux/input.h> -9#include <linux/spinlock.h> +8#include <linux/input.h> +9#include <linux/spinlock.h> 10 -11#define VINPUT_MAX_LEN 128 -12#define MAX_VINPUT 32 -13#define VINPUT_MINORS MAX_VINPUT +11#define VINPUT_MAX_LEN 128 +12#define MAX_VINPUT 32 +13#define VINPUT_MINORS MAX_VINPUT 14 -15#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) +15#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) 16 -17struct vinput_device; +17struct vinput_device; 18 -19struct vinput { -20 long id; -21 long devno; -22 long last_entry; +19struct vinput { +20 long id; +21 long devno; +22 long last_entry; 23 spinlock_t lock; 24 -25 void *priv_data; +25 void *priv_data; 26 -27 struct device dev; -28 struct list_head list; -29 struct input_dev *input; -30 struct vinput_device *type; +27 struct device dev; +28 struct list_head list; +29 struct input_dev *input; +30 struct vinput_device *type; 31}; 32 -33struct vinput_ops { -34 int (*init)(struct vinput *); -35 int (*kill)(struct vinput *); -36 int (*send)(struct vinput *, char *, int); -37 int (*read)(struct vinput *, char *, int); +33struct vinput_ops { +34 int (*init)(struct vinput *); +35 int (*kill)(struct vinput *); +36 int (*send)(struct vinput *, char *, int); +37 int (*read)(struct vinput *, char *, int); 38}; 39 -40struct vinput_device { -41 char name[16]; -42 struct list_head list; -43 struct vinput_ops *ops; +40struct vinput_device { +41 char name[16]; +42 struct list_head list; +43 struct vinput_ops *ops; 44}; 45 -46int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev); -47void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev); +46int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev); +47void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev); 48 -49#endif+49#endif-
1/* -2 * vinput.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * vinput.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/cdev.h> -6#include <linux/input.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/slab.h> -9#include <linux/spinlock.h> -10#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/cdev.h> +6#include <linux/input.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/slab.h> +9#include <linux/spinlock.h> +10#include <linux/version.h> 11 -12#include <asm/uaccess.h> +12#include <asm/uaccess.h> 13 -14#include "vinput.h" +14#include "vinput.h" 15 -16#define DRIVER_NAME "vinput" +16#define DRIVER_NAME "vinput" 17 -18#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) +18#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) 19 -20static DECLARE_BITMAP(vinput_ids, VINPUT_MINORS); +20static DECLARE_BITMAP(vinput_ids, VINPUT_MINORS); 21 -22static LIST_HEAD(vinput_devices); -23static LIST_HEAD(vinput_vdevices); +22static LIST_HEAD(vinput_devices); +23static LIST_HEAD(vinput_vdevices); 24 -25static int vinput_dev; -26static struct spinlock vinput_lock; -27static struct class vinput_class; +25static int vinput_dev; +26static struct spinlock vinput_lock; +27static struct class vinput_class; 28 -29/* Search the name of vinput device in the vinput_devices linked list, -30 * which added at vinput_register(). -31 */ -32static struct vinput_device *vinput_get_device_by_type(const char *type) +29/* Search the name of vinput device in the vinput_devices linked list, +30 * which added at vinput_register(). +31 */ +32static struct vinput_device *vinput_get_device_by_type(const char *type) 33{ -34 int found = 0; -35 struct vinput_device *vinput; -36 struct list_head *curr; +34 int found = 0; +35 struct vinput_device *vinput; +36 struct list_head *curr; 37 38 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 39 list_for_each (curr, &vinput_devices) { -40 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput_device, list); -41 if (vinput && strncmp(type, vinput->name, strlen(vinput->name)) == 0) { +40 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput_device, list); +41 if (vinput && strncmp(type, vinput->name, strlen(vinput->name)) == 0) { 42 found = 1; -43 break; +43 break; 44 } 45 } 46 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 47 -48 if (found) -49 return vinput; -50 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); +48 if (found) +49 return vinput; +50 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); 51} 52 -53/* Search the id of virtual device in the vinput_vdevices linked list, -54 * which added at vinput_alloc_vdevice(). -55 */ -56static struct vinput *vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(long id) +53/* Search the id of virtual device in the vinput_vdevices linked list, +54 * which added at vinput_alloc_vdevice(). +55 */ +56static struct vinput *vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(long id) 57{ -58 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; -59 struct list_head *curr; +58 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; +59 struct list_head *curr; 60 61 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 62 list_for_each (curr, &vinput_vdevices) { -63 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); -64 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) -65 break; +63 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); +64 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) +65 break; 66 } 67 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 68 -69 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) -70 return vinput; -71 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); +69 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) +70 return vinput; +71 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); 72} 73 -74static int vinput_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +74static int vinput_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 75{ -76 int err = 0; -77 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; +76 int err = 0; +77 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; 78 79 vinput = vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(iminor(inode)); 80 -81 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) +81 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) 82 err = PTR_ERR(vinput); -83 else +83 else 84 file->private_data = vinput; 85 -86 return err; +86 return err; 87} 88 -89static int vinput_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +89static int vinput_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 90{ -91 return 0; +91 return 0; 92} 93 -94static ssize_t vinput_read(struct file *file, char __user *buffer, size_t count, +94static ssize_t vinput_read(struct file *file, char __user *buffer, size_t count, 95 loff_t *offset) 96{ -97 int len; -98 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; -99 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; +97 int len; +98 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; +99 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; 100 101 len = vinput->type->ops->read(vinput, buff, count); 102 -103 if (*offset > len) +103 if (*offset > len) 104 count = 0; -105 else if (count + *offset > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) +105 else if (count + *offset > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) 106 count = len - *offset; 107 -108 if (raw_copy_to_user(buffer, buff + *offset, count)) -109 return -EFAULT; +108 if (raw_copy_to_user(buffer, buff + *offset, count)) +109 return -EFAULT; 110 111 *offset += count; 112 -113 return count; +113 return count; 114} 115 -116static ssize_t vinput_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, -117 size_t count, loff_t *offset) +116static ssize_t vinput_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, +117 size_t count, loff_t *offset) 118{ -119 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; -120 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; +119 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; +120 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; 121 -122 memset(buff, 0, sizeof(char) * (VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1)); +122 memset(buff, 0, sizeof(char) * (VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1)); 123 -124 if (count > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) { -125 dev_warn(&vinput->dev, "Too long. %d bytes allowed\n", VINPUT_MAX_LEN); -126 return -EINVAL; +124 if (count > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) { +125 dev_warn(&vinput->dev, "Too long. %d bytes allowed\n", VINPUT_MAX_LEN); +126 return -EINVAL; 127 } 128 -129 if (raw_copy_from_user(buff, buffer, count)) -130 return -EFAULT; +129 if (raw_copy_from_user(buff, buffer, count)) +130 return -EFAULT; 131 -132 return vinput->type->ops->send(vinput, buff, count); +132 return vinput->type->ops->send(vinput, buff, count); 133} 134 -135static const struct file_operations vinput_fops = { -136#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +135static const struct file_operations vinput_fops = { +136#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 137 .owner = THIS_MODULE, -138#endif +138#endif 139 .open = vinput_open, 140 .release = vinput_release, 141 .read = vinput_read, 142 .write = vinput_write, 143}; 144 -145static void vinput_unregister_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) +145static void vinput_unregister_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) 146{ 147 input_unregister_device(vinput->input); -148 if (vinput->type->ops->kill) +148 if (vinput->type->ops->kill) 149 vinput->type->ops->kill(vinput); 150} 151 -152static void vinput_destroy_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) +152static void vinput_destroy_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) 153{ -154 /* Remove from the list first */ +154 /* Remove from the list first */ 155 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 156 list_del(&vinput->list); 157 clear_bit(vinput->id, vinput_ids); @@ -6485,24 +6489,24 @@ will generate the+424MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +425MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate input events");class_attribute 162 kfree(vinput); 163} 164 -165static void vinput_release_dev(struct device *dev) +165static void vinput_release_dev(struct device *dev) 166{ -167 struct vinput *vinput = dev_to_vinput(dev); -168 int id = vinput->id; +167 struct vinput *vinput = dev_to_vinput(dev); +168 int id = vinput->id; 169 170 vinput_destroy_vdevice(vinput); 171 -172 pr_debug("released vinput%d.\n", id); +172 pr_debug("released vinput%d.\n", id); 173} 174 -175static struct vinput *vinput_alloc_vdevice(void) +175static struct vinput *vinput_alloc_vdevice(void) 176{ -177 int err; -178 struct vinput *vinput = kzalloc(sizeof(struct vinput), GFP_KERNEL); +177 int err; +178 struct vinput *vinput = kzalloc(sizeof(struct vinput), GFP_KERNEL); 179 -180 if (!vinput) { -181 pr_err("vinput: Cannot allocate vinput input device\n"); -182 return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM); +180 if (!vinput) { +181 pr_err("vinput: Cannot allocate vinput input device\n"); +182 return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM); 183 } 184 185 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); @@ -6511,29 +6515,29 @@ will generate the
class_attribute 188 189 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 190 vinput->id = find_first_zero_bit(vinput_ids, VINPUT_MINORS); -191 if (vinput->id >= VINPUT_MINORS) { +191 if (vinput->id >= VINPUT_MINORS) { 192 err = -ENOBUFS; -193 goto fail_id; +193 goto fail_id; 194 } 195 set_bit(vinput->id, vinput_ids); 196 list_add(&vinput->list, &vinput_vdevices); 197 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 198 -199 /* allocate the input device */ +199 /* allocate the input device */ 200 vinput->input = input_allocate_device(); -201 if (vinput->input == NULL) { -202 pr_err("vinput: Cannot allocate vinput input device\n"); +201 if (vinput->input == NULL) { +202 pr_err("vinput: Cannot allocate vinput input device\n"); 203 err = -ENOMEM; -204 goto fail_input_dev; +204 goto fail_input_dev; 205 } 206 -207 /* initialize device */ +207 /* initialize device */ 208 vinput->dev.class = &vinput_class; 209 vinput->dev.release = vinput_release_dev; 210 vinput->dev.devt = MKDEV(vinput_dev, vinput->id); -211 dev_set_name(&vinput->dev, DRIVER_NAME "%lu", vinput->id); +211 dev_set_name(&vinput->dev, DRIVER_NAME "%lu", vinput->id); 212 -213 return vinput; +213 return vinput; 214 215fail_input_dev: 216 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); @@ -6543,16 +6547,16 @@ will generate the
class_attribute 220 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 221 kfree(vinput); 222 -223 return ERR_PTR(err); +223 return ERR_PTR(err); 224} 225 -226static int vinput_register_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) +226static int vinput_register_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) 227{ -228 int err = 0; +228 int err = 0; 229 -230 /* register the input device */ +230 /* register the input device */ 231 vinput->input->name = vinput->type->name; -232 vinput->input->phys = "vinput"; +232 vinput->input->phys = "vinput"; 233 vinput->input->dev.parent = &vinput->dev; 234 235 vinput->input->id.bustype = BUS_VIRTUAL; @@ -6562,180 +6566,180 @@ will generate the
class_attribute 239 240 err = vinput->type->ops->init(vinput); 241 -242 if (err == 0) -243 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Registered virtual input %s %ld\n", +242 if (err == 0) +243 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Registered virtual input %s %ld\n", 244 vinput->type->name, vinput->id); 245 -246 return err; +246 return err; 247} 248 -249#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) -250static ssize_t export_store(const struct class *class, -251 const struct class_attribute *attr, -252#else -253static ssize_t export_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -254#endif -255 const char *buf, size_t len) +249#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +250static ssize_t export_store(const struct class *class, +251 const struct class_attribute *attr, +252#else +253static ssize_t export_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +254#endif +255 const char *buf, size_t len) 256{ -257 int err; -258 struct vinput *vinput; -259 struct vinput_device *device; +257 int err; +258 struct vinput *vinput; +259 struct vinput_device *device; 260 261 device = vinput_get_device_by_type(buf); -262 if (IS_ERR(device)) { -263 pr_info("vinput: This virtual device isn't registered\n"); +262 if (IS_ERR(device)) { +263 pr_info("vinput: This virtual device isn't registered\n"); 264 err = PTR_ERR(device); -265 goto fail; +265 goto fail; 266 } 267 268 vinput = vinput_alloc_vdevice(); -269 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { +269 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { 270 err = PTR_ERR(vinput); -271 goto fail; +271 goto fail; 272 } 273 274 vinput->type = device; 275 err = device_register(&vinput->dev); -276 if (err < 0) -277 goto fail_register; +276 if (err < 0) +277 goto fail_register; 278 279 err = vinput_register_vdevice(vinput); -280 if (err < 0) -281 goto fail_register_vinput; +280 if (err < 0) +281 goto fail_register_vinput; 282 -283 return len; +283 return len; 284 285fail_register_vinput: 286 input_free_device(vinput->input); 287 device_unregister(&vinput->dev); -288 /* avoid calling vinput_destroy_vdevice() twice */ -289 return err; +288 /* avoid calling vinput_destroy_vdevice() twice */ +289 return err; 290fail_register: 291 input_free_device(vinput->input); 292 vinput_destroy_vdevice(vinput); 293fail: -294 return err; +294 return err; 295} -296/* This macro generates class_attr_export structure and export_store() */ -297static CLASS_ATTR_WO(export); +296/* This macro generates class_attr_export structure and export_store() */ +297static CLASS_ATTR_WO(export); 298 -299#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) -300static ssize_t unexport_store(const struct class *class, -301 const struct class_attribute *attr, -302#else -303static ssize_t unexport_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -304#endif -305 const char *buf, size_t len) +299#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +300static ssize_t unexport_store(const struct class *class, +301 const struct class_attribute *attr, +302#else +303static ssize_t unexport_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +304#endif +305 const char *buf, size_t len) 306{ -307 int err; -308 unsigned long id; -309 struct vinput *vinput; +307 int err; +308 unsigned long id; +309 struct vinput *vinput; 310 311 err = kstrtol(buf, 10, &id); -312 if (err) { +312 if (err) { 313 err = -EINVAL; -314 goto failed; +314 goto failed; 315 } 316 317 vinput = vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(id); -318 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { -319 pr_err("vinput: No such vinput device %ld\n", id); +318 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { +319 pr_err("vinput: No such vinput device %ld\n", id); 320 err = PTR_ERR(vinput); -321 goto failed; +321 goto failed; 322 } 323 324 vinput_unregister_vdevice(vinput); 325 device_unregister(&vinput->dev); 326 -327 return len; +327 return len; 328failed: -329 return err; +329 return err; 330} -331/* This macro generates class_attr_unexport structure and unexport_store() */ -332static CLASS_ATTR_WO(unexport); +331/* This macro generates class_attr_unexport structure and unexport_store() */ +332static CLASS_ATTR_WO(unexport); 333 -334static struct attribute *vinput_class_attrs[] = { +334static struct attribute *vinput_class_attrs[] = { 335 &class_attr_export.attr, 336 &class_attr_unexport.attr, 337 NULL, 338}; 339 -340/* This macro generates vinput_class_groups structure */ +340/* This macro generates vinput_class_groups structure */ 341ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(vinput_class); 342 -343static struct class vinput_class = { -344 .name = "vinput", -345#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +343static struct class vinput_class = { +344 .name = "vinput", +345#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 346 .owner = THIS_MODULE, -347#endif +347#endif 348 .class_groups = vinput_class_groups, 349}; 350 -351int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev) +351int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev) 352{ 353 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 354 list_add(&dev->list, &vinput_devices); 355 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 356 -357 pr_info("vinput: registered new virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); +357 pr_info("vinput: registered new virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); 358 -359 return 0; +359 return 0; 360} 361EXPORT_SYMBOL(vinput_register); 362 -363void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev) +363void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev) 364{ -365 struct list_head *curr, *next; +365 struct list_head *curr, *next; 366 -367 /* Remove from the list first */ +367 /* Remove from the list first */ 368 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 369 list_del(&dev->list); 370 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 371 -372 /* unregister all devices of this type */ +372 /* unregister all devices of this type */ 373 list_for_each_safe (curr, next, &vinput_vdevices) { -374 struct vinput *vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); -375 if (vinput && vinput->type == dev) { +374 struct vinput *vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); +375 if (vinput && vinput->type == dev) { 376 vinput_unregister_vdevice(vinput); 377 device_unregister(&vinput->dev); 378 } 379 } 380 -381 pr_info("vinput: unregistered virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); +381 pr_info("vinput: unregistered virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); 382} 383EXPORT_SYMBOL(vinput_unregister); 384 -385static int __init vinput_init(void) +385static int __init vinput_init(void) 386{ -387 int err = 0; +387 int err = 0; 388 -389 pr_info("vinput: Loading virtual input driver\n"); +389 pr_info("vinput: Loading virtual input driver\n"); 390 391 vinput_dev = register_chrdev(0, DRIVER_NAME, &vinput_fops); -392 if (vinput_dev < 0) { -393 pr_err("vinput: Unable to allocate char dev region\n"); +392 if (vinput_dev < 0) { +393 pr_err("vinput: Unable to allocate char dev region\n"); 394 err = vinput_dev; -395 goto failed_alloc; +395 goto failed_alloc; 396 } 397 398 spin_lock_init(&vinput_lock); 399 400 err = class_register(&vinput_class); -401 if (err < 0) { -402 pr_err("vinput: Unable to register vinput class\n"); -403 goto failed_class; +401 if (err < 0) { +402 pr_err("vinput: Unable to register vinput class\n"); +403 goto failed_class; 404 } 405 -406 return 0; +406 return 0; 407failed_class: 408 unregister_chrdev(vinput_dev, DRIVER_NAME); 409failed_alloc: -410 return err; +410 return err; 411} 412 -413static void __exit vinput_end(void) +413static void __exit vinput_end(void) 414{ -415 pr_info("vinput: Unloading virtual input driver\n"); +415 pr_info("vinput: Unloading virtual input driver\n"); 416 417 unregister_chrdev(vinput_dev, DRIVER_NAME); 418 class_unregister(&vinput_class); @@ -6744,8 +6748,8 @@ will generate the
class_attribute 421module_init(vinput_init); 422module_exit(vinput_end); 423 -424MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -425MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate input events");
Here the virtual keyboard is one of example to use vinput. It supports all
KEY_MAX
keycodes. The injection format is theKEY_CODE @@ -6758,7 +6762,7 @@ following demonstrates how simulation work.
= 34):-
1echo "+34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0+1echo "+34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0Simulate a key release on "g" (
KEY_G
= 34):@@ -6766,111 +6770,111 @@ following demonstrates how simulation work.
-1echo "-34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0+1echo "-34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0-
1/* -2 * vkbd.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * vkbd.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/input.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/spinlock.h> +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/input.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/spinlock.h> 9 -10#include "vinput.h" +10#include "vinput.h" 11 -12#define VINPUT_KBD "vkbd" -13#define VINPUT_RELEASE 0 -14#define VINPUT_PRESS 1 +12#define VINPUT_KBD "vkbd" +13#define VINPUT_RELEASE 0 +14#define VINPUT_PRESS 1 15 -16static unsigned short vkeymap[KEY_MAX]; +16static unsigned short vkeymap[KEY_MAX]; 17 -18static int vinput_vkbd_init(struct vinput *vinput) +18static int vinput_vkbd_init(struct vinput *vinput) 19{ -20 int i; +20 int i; 21 -22 /* Set up the input bitfield */ +22 /* Set up the input bitfield */ 23 vinput->input->evbit[0] = BIT_MASK(EV_KEY) | BIT_MASK(EV_REP); -24 vinput->input->keycodesize = sizeof(unsigned short); +24 vinput->input->keycodesize = sizeof(unsigned short); 25 vinput->input->keycodemax = KEY_MAX; 26 vinput->input->keycode = vkeymap; 27 -28 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) +28 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) 29 set_bit(vkeymap[i], vinput->input->keybit); 30 -31 /* vinput will help us allocate new input device structure via -32 * input_allocate_device(). So, we can register it straightforwardly. -33 */ -34 return input_register_device(vinput->input); +31 /* vinput will help us allocate new input device structure via +32 * input_allocate_device(). So, we can register it straightforwardly. +33 */ +34 return input_register_device(vinput->input); 35} 36 -37static int vinput_vkbd_read(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) +37static int vinput_vkbd_read(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) 38{ 39 spin_lock(&vinput->lock); -40 len = snprintf(buff, len, "%+ld\n", vinput->last_entry); +40 len = snprintf(buff, len, "%+ld\n", vinput->last_entry); 41 spin_unlock(&vinput->lock); 42 -43 return len; +43 return len; 44} 45 -46static int vinput_vkbd_send(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) +46static int vinput_vkbd_send(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) 47{ -48 int ret; -49 long key = 0; -50 short type = VINPUT_PRESS; +48 int ret; +49 long key = 0; +50 short type = VINPUT_PRESS; 51 -52 /* Determine which event was received (press or release) -53 * and store the state. -54 */ -55 if (buff[0] == '+') +52 /* Determine which event was received (press or release) +53 * and store the state. +54 */ +55 if (buff[0] == '+') 56 ret = kstrtol(buff + 1, 10, &key); -57 else +57 else 58 ret = kstrtol(buff, 10, &key); -59 if (ret) -60 dev_err(&vinput->dev, "error during kstrtol: -%d\n", ret); +59 if (ret) +60 dev_err(&vinput->dev, "error during kstrtol: -%d\n", ret); 61 spin_lock(&vinput->lock); 62 vinput->last_entry = key; 63 spin_unlock(&vinput->lock); 64 -65 if (key < 0) { +65 if (key < 0) { 66 type = VINPUT_RELEASE; 67 key = -key; 68 } 69 -70 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Event %s code %ld\n", -71 (type == VINPUT_RELEASE) ? "VINPUT_RELEASE" : "VINPUT_PRESS", key); +70 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Event %s code %ld\n", +71 (type == VINPUT_RELEASE) ? "VINPUT_RELEASE" : "VINPUT_PRESS", key); 72 -73 /* Report the state received to input subsystem. */ +73 /* Report the state received to input subsystem. */ 74 input_report_key(vinput->input, key, type); -75 /* Tell input subsystem that it finished the report. */ +75 /* Tell input subsystem that it finished the report. */ 76 input_sync(vinput->input); 77 -78 return len; +78 return len; 79} 80 -81static struct vinput_ops vkbd_ops = { +81static struct vinput_ops vkbd_ops = { 82 .init = vinput_vkbd_init, 83 .send = vinput_vkbd_send, 84 .read = vinput_vkbd_read, 85}; 86 -87static struct vinput_device vkbd_dev = { +87static struct vinput_device vkbd_dev = { 88 .name = VINPUT_KBD, 89 .ops = &vkbd_ops, 90}; 91 -92static int __init vkbd_init(void) +92static int __init vkbd_init(void) 93{ -94 int i; +94 int i; 95 -96 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) +96 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) 97 vkeymap[i] = i; -98 return vinput_register(&vkbd_dev); +98 return vinput_register(&vkbd_dev); 99} 100 -101static void __exit vkbd_end(void) +101static void __exit vkbd_end(void) 102{ 103 vinput_unregister(&vkbd_dev); 104} @@ -6878,8 +6882,8 @@ following demonstrates how simulation work. 106module_init(vkbd_init); 107module_exit(vkbd_end); 108 -109MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -110MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate keyboard input events through /dev/vinput");+109MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +110MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate keyboard input events through /dev/vinput");
18 Standardizing the interfaces: The Device Model
@@ -6891,64 +6895,64 @@ use this as a template to add your own suspend, resume or other interface functions.-
1/* -2 * devicemodel.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/kernel.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/platform_device.h> -7#include <linux/version.h> +1/* +2 * devicemodel.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/kernel.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/platform_device.h> +7#include <linux/version.h> 8 -9struct devicemodel_data { -10 char *greeting; -11 int number; +9struct devicemodel_data { +10 char *greeting; +11 int number; 12}; 13 -14static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) +14static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) 15{ -16 struct devicemodel_data *pd = -17 (struct devicemodel_data *)(dev->dev.platform_data); +16 struct devicemodel_data *pd = +17 (struct devicemodel_data *)(dev->dev.platform_data); 18 -19 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); -20 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); +19 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); +20 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); 21 -22 /* Your device initialization code */ +22 /* Your device initialization code */ 23 -24 return 0; +24 return 0; 25} -26#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 11, 0) -27static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) -28#else -29static void devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) -30#endif +26#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 11, 0) +27static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) +28#else +29static void devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) +30#endif 31{ -32 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); +32 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); 33 -34 /* Your device removal code */ -35#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 11, 0) -36 return 0; -37#endif +34 /* Your device removal code */ +35#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 11, 0) +36 return 0; +37#endif 38} 39 -40static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) +40static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) 41{ -42 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); +42 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); 43 -44 /* Your device suspend code */ +44 /* Your device suspend code */ 45 -46 return 0; +46 return 0; 47} 48 -49static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) +49static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) 50{ -51 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); +51 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); 52 -53 /* Your device resume code */ +53 /* Your device resume code */ 54 -55 return 0; +55 return 0; 56} 57 -58static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { +58static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { 59 .suspend = devicemodel_suspend, 60 .resume = devicemodel_resume, 61 .poweroff = devicemodel_suspend, @@ -6957,43 +6961,43 @@ functions. 64 .restore = devicemodel_resume, 65}; 66 -67static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { +67static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { 68 .driver = 69 { -70 .name = "devicemodel_example", +70 .name = "devicemodel_example", 71 .pm = &devicemodel_pm_ops, 72 }, 73 .probe = devicemodel_probe, 74 .remove = devicemodel_remove, 75}; 76 -77static int __init devicemodel_init(void) +77static int __init devicemodel_init(void) 78{ -79 int ret; +79 int ret; 80 -81 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); +81 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); 82 83 ret = platform_driver_register(&devicemodel_driver); 84 -85 if (ret) { -86 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); -87 return ret; +85 if (ret) { +86 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); +87 return ret; 88 } 89 -90 return 0; +90 return 0; 91} 92 -93static void __exit devicemodel_exit(void) +93static void __exit devicemodel_exit(void) 94{ -95 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); +95 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); 96 platform_driver_unregister(&devicemodel_driver); 97} 98 99module_init(devicemodel_init); 100module_exit(devicemodel_exit); 101 -102MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -103MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");+102MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +103MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");
19 Optimizations
@@ -7017,10 +7021,10 @@ to succeed.1bvl = bvec_alloc(gfp_mask, nr_iovecs, &idx); -2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { +2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { 3 mempool_free(bio, bio_pool); 4 bio = NULL; -5 goto out; +5 goto out; 6}When the
unlikely
macro is used, the compiler alters its machine instruction output, so that it @@ -7038,7 +7042,7 @@ prediction. The most typical use case of static keys is for performance-sensitiv code, such as tracepoints, context switching, networking, etc. These hot paths of the kernel often contain branches and can be optimized easily using this technique. Before we can use static keys in the kernel, we need to make sure that gcc supports -asm goto +
asm goto
inline assembly, and the following kernel configurations are set:@@ -7061,10 +7065,10 @@ no-op instruction will be generated at compile time as the key is initialized to and the branch is unlikely to be taken.
-
1pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); -2if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) -3 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); -4pr_info("fastpath 2\n");+1pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); +2if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) +3 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); +4pr_info("fastpath 2\n");@@ -7077,158 +7081,158 @@ codepr_alert static key works.
exported.-
1/* -2 * static_key.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * static_key.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/atomic.h> -6#include <linux/device.h> -7#include <linux/fs.h> -8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ -9#include <linux/module.h> -10#include <linux/printk.h> -11#include <linux/types.h> -12#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -13#include <linux/jump_label.h> /* for static key macros */ -14#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/atomic.h> +6#include <linux/device.h> +7#include <linux/fs.h> +8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ +9#include <linux/module.h> +10#include <linux/printk.h> +11#include <linux/types.h> +12#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +13#include <linux/jump_label.h> /* for static key macros */ +14#include <linux/version.h> 15 -16#include <asm/errno.h> +16#include <asm/errno.h> 17 -18static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); -19static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); -20static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t count, +18static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); +19static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); +20static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t count, 21 loff_t *ppos); -22static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, -23 size_t count, loff_t *ppos); +22static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, +23 size_t count, loff_t *ppos); 24 -25#define DEVICE_NAME "key_state" -26#define BUF_LEN 10 +25#define DEVICE_NAME "key_state" +26#define BUF_LEN 10 27 -28static int major; +28static int major; 29 -30enum { +30enum { 31 CDEV_NOT_USED, 32 CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN, 33}; 34 -35static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); +35static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); 36 -37static char msg[BUF_LEN + 1]; +37static char msg[BUF_LEN + 1]; 38 -39static struct class *cls; +39static struct class *cls; 40 -41static DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(fkey); +41static DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(fkey); 42 -43static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { -44#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +43static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { +44#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 45 .owner = THIS_MODULE, -46#endif +46#endif 47 .open = device_open, 48 .release = device_release, 49 .read = device_read, 50 .write = device_write, 51}; 52 -53static int __init chardev_init(void) +53static int __init chardev_init(void) 54{ 55 major = register_chrdev(0, DEVICE_NAME, &chardev_fops); -56 if (major < 0) { -57 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); -58 return major; +56 if (major < 0) { +57 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); +58 return major; 59 } 60 -61 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d\n", major); +61 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d\n", major); 62 -63#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +63#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 64 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_NAME); -65#else +65#else 66 cls = class_create(DEVICE_NAME); -67#endif +67#endif 68 69 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, DEVICE_NAME); 70 -71 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); +71 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); 72 -73 return 0; +73 return 0; 74} 75 -76static void __exit chardev_exit(void) +76static void __exit chardev_exit(void) 77{ 78 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 0)); 79 class_destroy(cls); 80 -81 /* Unregister the device */ +81 /* Unregister the device */ 82 unregister_chrdev(major, DEVICE_NAME); 83} 84 -85/* Methods */ +85/* Methods */ 86 -87/** -88 * Called when a process tried to open the device file, like -89 * cat /dev/key_state -90 */ -91static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +87/** +88 * Called when a process tried to open the device file, like +89 * cat /dev/key_state +90 */ +91static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 92{ -93 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) -94 return -EBUSY; +93 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) +94 return -EBUSY; 95 -96 sprintf(msg, static_key_enabled(&fkey) ? "enabled\n" : "disabled\n"); +96 sprintf(msg, static_key_enabled(&fkey) ? "enabled\n" : "disabled\n"); 97 -98 pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); -99 if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) -100 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); -101 pr_info("fastpath 2\n"); +98 pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); +99 if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) +100 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); +101 pr_info("fastpath 2\n"); 102 103 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 104 -105 return 0; +105 return 0; 106} 107 -108/** -109 * Called when a process closes the device file -110 */ -111static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +108/** +109 * Called when a process closes the device file +110 */ +111static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 112{ -113 /* We are now ready for our next caller. */ +113 /* We are now ready for our next caller. */ 114 atomic_set(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED); 115 -116 /** -117 * Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will -118 * never get rid of the module. -119 */ +116 /** +117 * Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will +118 * never get rid of the module. +119 */ 120 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 121 -122 return 0; +122 return 0; 123} 124 -125/** -126 * Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to -127 * read from it. -128 */ -129static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -130 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ -131 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +125/** +126 * Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to +127 * read from it. +128 */ +129static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +130 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ +131 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ 132 loff_t *offset) 133{ -134 /* Number of the bytes actually written to the buffer */ -135 int bytes_read = 0; -136 const char *msg_ptr = msg; +134 /* Number of the bytes actually written to the buffer */ +135 int bytes_read = 0; +136 const char *msg_ptr = msg; 137 -138 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* We are at the end of the message */ -139 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ -140 return 0; /* signify end of file */ +138 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* We are at the end of the message */ +139 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ +140 return 0; /* signify end of file */ 141 } 142 143 msg_ptr += *offset; 144 -145 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ -146 while (length && *msg_ptr) { -147 /** -148 * The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel -149 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use -150 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to -151 * the user data segment. -152 */ +145 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ +146 while (length && *msg_ptr) { +147 /** +148 * The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel +149 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use +150 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to +151 * the user data segment. +152 */ 153 put_user(*(msg_ptr++), buffer++); 154 length--; 155 bytes_read++; @@ -7236,41 +7240,41 @@ static key works. 157 158 *offset += bytes_read; 159 -160 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */ -161 return bytes_read; +160 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */ +161 return bytes_read; 162} 163 -164/* Called when a process writes to dev file; echo "enable" > /dev/key_state */ -165static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buffer, -166 size_t length, loff_t *offset) +164/* Called when a process writes to dev file; echo "enable" > /dev/key_state */ +165static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buffer, +166 size_t length, loff_t *offset) 167{ -168 char command[10]; +168 char command[10]; 169 -170 if (length > 10) { -171 pr_err("command exceeded 10 char\n"); -172 return -EINVAL; +170 if (length > 10) { +171 pr_err("command exceeded 10 char\n"); +172 return -EINVAL; 173 } 174 -175 if (copy_from_user(command, buffer, length)) -176 return -EFAULT; +175 if (copy_from_user(command, buffer, length)) +176 return -EFAULT; 177 -178 if (strncmp(command, "enable", strlen("enable")) == 0) +178 if (strncmp(command, "enable", strlen("enable")) == 0) 179 static_branch_enable(&fkey); -180 else if (strncmp(command, "disable", strlen("disable")) == 0) +180 else if (strncmp(command, "disable", strlen("disable")) == 0) 181 static_branch_disable(&fkey); -182 else { -183 pr_err("Invalid command: %s\n", command); -184 return -EINVAL; +182 else { +183 pr_err("Invalid command: %s\n", command); +184 return -EINVAL; 185 } 186 -187 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ -188 return length; +187 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ +188 return length; 189} 190 191module_init(chardev_init); 192module_exit(chardev_exit); 193 -194MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+194MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");To check the state of the static key, we can use the /dev/key_state interface.
diff --git a/lkmpg-for-ht.css b/lkmpg-for-ht.css index 3a9df3b..5fb081e 100644 --- a/lkmpg-for-ht.css +++ b/lkmpg-for-ht.css @@ -819,68 +819,68 @@ span#textcolor401{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor402{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor403{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor404{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor405{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor405{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor406{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor407{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor408{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor409{color:rgb(0,0,255)} pre#fancyvrb41{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb41{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb41{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb41{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb41{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor408{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor409{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor410{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor411{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor411{color:rgb(43,145,175)} 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+span#textcolor654{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor655{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor656{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor657{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor658{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor659{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb48{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb48{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb48{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb48{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb48{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor658{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor659{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor660{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor661{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor661{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor662{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor663{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor664{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -1126,58 +1126,58 @@ span#textcolor668{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor669{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor670{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor671{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor672{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor672{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor673{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor674{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor675{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor676{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor676{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor677{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor678{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor679{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor678{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor679{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor680{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor681{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor682{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor683{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor684{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor685{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor686{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor687{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor688{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor681{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor682{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor683{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor684{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor685{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor686{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor687{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor688{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor689{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor690{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor691{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor691{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor692{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor693{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor694{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor693{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor694{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor695{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor696{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor697{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor696{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor697{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor698{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor699{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor700{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor701{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor700{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor701{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor702{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor703{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor703{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor704{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor705{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor705{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor706{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor707{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor708{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor707{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor708{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor709{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor710{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor710{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor711{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor712{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor713{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor714{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor715{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor716{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor712{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor713{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor714{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor715{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor716{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor717{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor718{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor719{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor718{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor719{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor720{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor721{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor722{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor723{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor722{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor723{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor724{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor725{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor726{color:rgb(0,0,255)} @@ -1187,38 +1187,38 @@ span#textcolor729{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor730{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor731{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor732{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor733{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor734{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor735{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor736{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor737{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor733{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor734{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor735{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor736{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor737{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor738{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor739{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor739{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor740{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor741{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor741{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor742{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor743{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor744{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor745{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor746{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor747{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor748{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor743{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor744{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor745{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor746{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor747{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor748{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor749{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor750{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor751{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor752{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor751{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor752{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor753{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor754{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor755{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor756{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor757{color:rgb(0,0,255)} pre#fancyvrb49{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb49{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb49{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb49{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb49{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor756{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor757{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor758{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor759{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor759{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor760{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor761{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor762{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -1231,10 +1231,10 @@ span#textcolor768{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor769{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor770{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor771{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor772{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor773{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor772{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor773{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor774{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor775{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor775{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor776{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor777{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor778{color:rgb(0,0,255)} @@ -1242,47 +1242,47 @@ span#textcolor779{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor780{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor781{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor782{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor783{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor783{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor784{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor785{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor786{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor787{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor786{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor787{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor788{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor789{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor790{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor791{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor792{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor793{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor794{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor791{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor792{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor793{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor794{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor795{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor796{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor797{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor796{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor797{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor798{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor799{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor800{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor799{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor800{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor801{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor802{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor803{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor804{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor802{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor803{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor804{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor805{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor806{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor807{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor808{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor809{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor810{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor811{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor812{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor806{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor807{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor808{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor809{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor810{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor811{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor812{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor813{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor814{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor815{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor816{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor814{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor815{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor816{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor817{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor818{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor818{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor819{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor820{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor821{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor821{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor822{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor823{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor823{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor824{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor825{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor826{color:rgb(0,0,255)} @@ -1293,34 +1293,34 @@ span#textcolor830{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor831{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor832{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor833{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor834{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor835{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor836{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor837{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor838{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor834{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor835{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor836{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor837{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor838{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor839{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor840{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor840{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor841{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor842{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor842{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor843{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor844{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor845{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor846{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor847{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor848{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor849{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor844{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor845{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor846{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor847{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor848{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor849{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor850{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor851{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor852{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor853{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb50{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb50{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb50{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb50{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb50{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor852{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor853{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor854{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor855{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor856{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor856{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor857{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor858{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor859{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -1331,65 +1331,65 @@ span#textcolor863{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor864{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor865{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor866{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor867{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor867{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor868{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor869{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor870{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor871{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor870{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor871{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor872{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor873{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor874{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor875{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor876{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor875{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor876{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor877{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor878{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor879{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor880{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor881{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor882{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor878{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor879{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor880{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor881{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor882{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor883{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor884{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor885{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor886{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor887{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor888{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor888{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor889{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor890{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor891{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor890{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor891{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor892{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor893{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor894{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor894{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor895{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor896{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor897{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor898{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor899{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor898{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor899{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor900{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor901{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor901{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor902{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor903{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor904{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor905{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor906{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor907{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor904{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor905{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor906{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor907{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor908{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor909{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor910{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor911{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor910{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor911{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor912{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor913{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor914{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor913{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor914{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor915{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor916{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor917{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor916{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor917{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor918{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor919{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor919{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor920{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor921{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor921{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor922{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor923{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor923{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor924{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor925{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor925{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor926{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor927{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor928{color:rgb(0,0,255)} @@ -1398,22 +1398,24 @@ span#textcolor930{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor931{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor932{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor933{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor934{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor935{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor936{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor937{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor938{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor939{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor934{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor935{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor936{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor937{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor938{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor939{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor940{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor941{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor942{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor941{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor942{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor943{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor944{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor945{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor946{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor947{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor944{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor945{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor946{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor947{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor948{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor949{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor950{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor951{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb51{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb51{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb51{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } @@ -1424,52 +1426,50 @@ pre#fancyvrb52{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb52{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb52{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb52{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor950{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor951{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor952{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor953{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor954{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor955{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor955{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor956{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor957{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor957{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor958{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor959{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor959{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor960{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor961{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor962{color:rgb(0,0,255)} 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+span#textcolor972{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor973{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor974{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor975{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor976{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor975{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor976{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor977{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor978{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor978{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor979{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor980{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor980{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor981{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor982{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor983{color:rgb(0,0,255)} pre#fancyvrb54{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb54{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb54{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb54{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb54{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor982{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor983{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor984{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor985{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor985{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor986{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor987{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor988{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -1482,53 +1482,55 @@ span#textcolor994{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor995{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor996{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor997{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor998{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor999{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor998{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor999{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1000{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1001{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1001{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1002{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1003{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor1004{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1005{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1006{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1005{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1006{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1007{color:rgb(0,0,255)} 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span#textcolor1022{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1023{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor1024{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1023{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1024{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1025{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor1026{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor1027{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1026{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1027{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor1028{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor1029{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor1030{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1031{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1030{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1031{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor1032{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1033{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor1034{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1033{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1034{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1035{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor1036{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor1037{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1038{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1039{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor1040{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor1041{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor1042{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1037{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1038{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1039{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1040{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1041{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1042{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor1043{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor1044{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1045{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1046{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb55{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb55{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb55{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } @@ -1549,7 +1551,7 @@ pre#fancyvrb58{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb58{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb58{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb58{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor1045{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1047{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb59{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb59{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb59{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } @@ -1560,10 +1562,8 @@ pre#fancyvrb60{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb60{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb60{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb60{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor1046{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1047{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1048{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1049{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1049{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1050{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1051{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1052{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -1580,98 +1580,98 @@ span#textcolor1062{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1063{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1064{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1065{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1066{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor1067{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor1068{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1069{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1070{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1066{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor1067{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1068{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1069{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1070{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1071{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1072{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1073{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1074{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1075{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1076{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1077{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor1078{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor1079{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1077{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1078{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1079{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor1080{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor1081{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor1082{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1083{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1081{color:rgb(0,0,255)} 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+span#textcolor1132{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1133{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor1134{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor1135{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1136{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1135{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1136{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor1137{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1138{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1139{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1140{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1140{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1141{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1142{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1143{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor1144{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1142{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1143{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1144{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1145{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor1146{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1147{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1146{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1147{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor1148{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1149{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1149{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1150{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1151{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1151{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor1152{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1153{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor1154{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1153{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1154{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1155{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor1156{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1157{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1156{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1157{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor1158{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1159{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1160{color:rgb(0,0,255)} @@ -1680,40 +1680,40 @@ span#textcolor1162{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1163{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1164{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1165{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1166{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor1167{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1166{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1167{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1168{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor1169{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor1170{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor1171{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1172{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1171{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1172{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor1173{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1174{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1175{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor1176{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1175{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1176{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1177{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor1178{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1179{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1178{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1179{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor1180{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1181{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1182{color:rgb(0,0,255)} 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span#textcolor1195{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1196{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1197{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -1740,197 +1740,197 @@ span#textcolor1217{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1218{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1219{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1220{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1221{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1221{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1222{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1223{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1224{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor1223{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1224{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1225{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1226{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1226{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1227{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1228{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1229{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1229{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1230{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1231{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1232{color:rgb(0,127,0)} 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-span#textcolor2290{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2290{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2291{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2292{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2293{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -2875,63 +2875,63 @@ span#textcolor2295{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2296{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2297{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2298{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2299{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2299{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2300{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2301{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2302{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2303{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2304{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2305{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2306{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2307{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2308{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2309{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2310{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2305{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2306{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2307{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2308{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2309{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor2310{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2311{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2312{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2313{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2314{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2312{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2313{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2314{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2315{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2316{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2317{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2318{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2317{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2318{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2319{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2320{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2321{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2321{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2322{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2323{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2323{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2324{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2325{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2326{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2327{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2328{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2329{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2330{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2331{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2332{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2333{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2334{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2330{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2331{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2332{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2333{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2334{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2335{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2336{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2337{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2338{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2339{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2340{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2341{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2336{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2337{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2338{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2339{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2340{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2341{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2342{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2343{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2344{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2345{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2346{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb73{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb73{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb73{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb73{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb73{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor2345{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2346{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2347{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2348{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2349{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2350{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2350{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2351{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2352{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2353{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -2942,18 +2942,18 @@ span#textcolor2357{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2358{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2359{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2360{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2361{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2362{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2363{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2364{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2361{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor2362{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2363{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2364{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2365{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2366{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor2366{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2367{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2368{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2369{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2368{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor2369{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2370{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2371{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2372{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor2371{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2372{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2373{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2374{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2375{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -2985,21 +2985,21 @@ span#textcolor2400{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2401{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2402{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2403{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2404{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2405{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2404{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor2405{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2406{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2407{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2408{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2409{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2410{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2411{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2412{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2413{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2414{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2415{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2416{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2417{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2418{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2407{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2408{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2409{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2410{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2411{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2412{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2413{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2414{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2415{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2416{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2417{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2418{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2419{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2420{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2421{color:rgb(43,145,175)} @@ -3008,58 +3008,58 @@ span#textcolor2423{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2424{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2425{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2426{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2427{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2428{color:rgb(43,145,175)} pre#fancyvrb74{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb74{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb74{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb74{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb74{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor2427{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2428{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2429{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2429{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2430{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2431{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2432{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2433{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2434{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2435{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor2435{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2436{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2437{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2437{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2438{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2439{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2439{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2440{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2441{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2442{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2443{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2444{color:rgb(43,145,175)} pre#fancyvrb75{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb75{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb75{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb75{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb75{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor2443{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2444{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2445{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2446{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2447{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2448{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2448{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2449{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2450{color:rgb(43,145,175)} pre#fancyvrb76{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb76{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb76{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb76{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb76{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor2449{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2450{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2451{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2451{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2452{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2453{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2454{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor2453{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2454{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2455{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2456{color:rgb(0,127,0)} pre#fancyvrb77{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb77{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb77{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb77{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb77{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor2455{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2456{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2457{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2458{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2458{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2459{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2460{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2461{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -3073,19 +3073,19 @@ span#textcolor2468{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2469{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2470{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2471{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2472{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2473{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2474{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2472{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2473{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor2474{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2475{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2476{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2477{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2478{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2479{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2480{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2481{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2478{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2479{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2480{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2481{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2482{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2483{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2484{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor2483{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2484{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2485{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2486{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2487{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -3095,44 +3095,46 @@ span#textcolor2490{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2491{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2492{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2493{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2494{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2495{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2494{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor2495{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2496{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2497{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2497{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2498{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2499{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2500{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2501{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2502{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2501{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2502{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2503{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2504{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2505{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2504{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2505{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2506{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2507{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2508{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2509{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2510{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2511{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2510{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2511{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2512{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2513{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2514{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2513{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2514{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2515{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2516{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2516{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2517{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2518{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2518{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2519{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2520{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2521{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2522{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2523{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2524{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2525{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2526{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2527{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2528{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2529{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2523{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2524{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2525{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor2526{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2527{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2528{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2529{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2530{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2531{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2532{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2533{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb78{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb78{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb78{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } @@ -3143,10 +3145,8 @@ pre#fancyvrb79{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb79{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb79{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb79{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor2532{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2533{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2534{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2535{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2535{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2536{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2537{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2538{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -3171,121 +3171,123 @@ span#textcolor2556{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2557{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2558{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2559{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2560{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2560{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2561{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2562{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2563{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2563{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2564{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2565{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2566{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2567{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2566{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2567{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2568{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2569{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2570{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2571{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2569{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2570{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2571{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor2572{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2573{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2574{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2575{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2576{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor2575{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor2576{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2577{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor2578{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor2579{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2580{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2581{color:rgb(163,20,20)} 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span#textcolor3599{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor3600{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor3601{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3602{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3603{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb97{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb97{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb97{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb97{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb97{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor3602{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3604{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb98{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb98{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb98{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb98{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb98{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor3603{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3605{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb99{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb99{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb99{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb99{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb99{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor3604{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor3605{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3606{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor3607{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3607{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3608{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3609{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3610{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -4329,84 +4329,84 @@ span#textcolor3614{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3615{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3616{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3617{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3618{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3618{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3619{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3620{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3621{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor3622{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor3623{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3621{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3622{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3623{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor3624{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor3625{color:rgb(0,0,255)} 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-span#textcolor3672{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3669{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3670{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3671{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor3672{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3673{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3674{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3675{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3676{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3677{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor3678{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor3677{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3678{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3679{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor3680{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3681{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3680{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor3681{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor3682{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3683{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor3684{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor3685{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor3686{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3683{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3684{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3685{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor3686{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor3687{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3688{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb100{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb100{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb100{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb100{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb100{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor3687{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor3688{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3689{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor3690{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3690{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3691{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3692{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3693{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -4415,89 +4415,91 @@ span#textcolor3695{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3696{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3697{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3698{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3699{color:rgb(43,145,175)} 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-span#textcolor3745{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3746{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3744{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3745{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3746{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3747{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3748{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3749{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3750{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3751{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3751{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3752{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3753{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor3754{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor3753{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3754{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3755{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor3756{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor3757{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3756{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor3757{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor3758{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor3759{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3759{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor3760{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor3761{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3761{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3762{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor3763{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3764{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3763{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3764{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor3765{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3766{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor3767{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor3768{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor3769{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3766{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3767{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3768{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor3769{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor3770{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor3771{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor3772{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3773{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3774{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb101{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb101{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb101{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb101{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb101{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor3773{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3774{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3775{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3776{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3777{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3778{color:rgb(0,0,255)} pre#fancyvrb102{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb102{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb102{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } @@ -4513,25 +4515,23 @@ pre#fancyvrb104{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb104{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb104{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb104{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor3777{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor3778{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor3779{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor3780{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3780{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor3781{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor3782{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3782{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3783{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor3784{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor3785{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor3786{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3787{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3788{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb105{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb105{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb105{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb105{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb105{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; } -span#textcolor3787{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor3788{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3789{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor3790{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3790{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3791{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3792{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3793{color:rgb(0,127,0)} @@ -4554,74 +4554,74 @@ span#textcolor3809{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3810{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3811{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3812{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3813{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor3813{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3814{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3815{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3815{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor3816{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3817{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor3817{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3818{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3819{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3819{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor3820{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3821{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor3821{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3822{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3823{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor3824{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor3825{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3824{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3825{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor3826{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor3827{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3828{color:rgb(0,0,255)} 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+span#textcolor3873{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor3874{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3875{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3876{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3876{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor3877{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3878{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3879{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor3880{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3879{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3880{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3881{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor3882{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor3883{color:rgb(163,20,20)} @@ -4629,88 +4629,90 @@ span#textcolor3884{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor3885{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor3886{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor3887{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor3888{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3888{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor3889{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor3890{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3890{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3891{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor3892{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor3893{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor3894{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor3895{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3896{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor3897{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor3895{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3896{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor3897{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3898{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor3899{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3900{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor3899{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor3900{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3901{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3902{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3903{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor3904{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor3902{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor3903{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3904{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3905{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3906{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3907{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor3908{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3908{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3909{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor3910{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor3910{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3911{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3912{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor3913{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3914{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor3913{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor3914{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3915{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor3916{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor3917{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor3916{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor3917{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor3918{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor3919{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor3920{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor3921{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor3922{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor3923{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3921{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor3922{color:rgb(0,127,0)} 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+span#textcolor3969{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor3970{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor3971{color:rgb(163,20,20)} pre#fancyvrb106{padding:5.69054pt;} pre#fancyvrb106{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; } pre#fancyvrb106{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; } diff --git a/lkmpg-for-ht.html b/lkmpg-for-ht.html index 8ce1451..d70d860 100644 --- a/lkmpg-for-ht.html +++ b/lkmpg-for-ht.html @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide
-April 8, 2025+April 10, 2025@@ -1499,10 +1499,11 @@ using theregister_chrdev
and check that it changed.
1int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name, struct file_operations *fops);-Where unsigned int major is the major number you want to request, -
const char *name +
.Where
unsigned int major +
is the major number you want to request, +const char *name
is the name of the device as it will appear in /proc/devices and -struct file_operations *fops +
struct file_operations *fops
is a pointer to thefile_operations
table for your driver. A negative return value means the registration failed. Note that we didn’t pass the minor number to @@ -1517,10 +1518,10 @@ assigned later. The answer is that you can ask the kernel to assign you a dynami major number.If you pass a major number of 0 to
register_chrdev
, the return value will be the dynamically allocated major number. The -downside is that you can not make a device file in advance, since you do not +downside is that you can not make a device file in advance, since you do not know what the major number will be. There are a couple of ways to do this. First, the driver itself can print the newly assigned number and we can make the device file by hand. Second, the newly registered device will @@ -1543,8 +1544,8 @@ First, we should register a range of device numbers, which can be completed with-
1int register_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count, const char *name); -2int alloc_chrdev_region(dev_t *dev, unsigned baseminor, unsigned count, const char *name);+1int register_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count, const char *name); +2int alloc_chrdev_region(dev_t *dev, unsigned baseminor, unsigned count, const char *name);The choice between two different functions depends on whether you know the major numbers for your device. Using
register_chrdev_region @@ -1552,31 +1553,31 @@ whether you know the major numbers for your device. Using
alloc_chrdev_region
if you would like to allocate a dynamically-allocated major number.Second, we should initialize the data structure -
struct cdev +
struct cdev
for our char device and associate it with the device numbers. To initialize the -struct cdev +
struct cdev
, we can achieve by the similar sequence of the following codes.-
1struct cdev *my_dev = cdev_alloc(); -2my_cdev->ops = &my_fops;+1struct cdev *my_dev = cdev_alloc(); +2my_cdev->ops = &my_fops;However, the common usage pattern will embed the -
struct cdev +
struct cdev
within a device-specific structure of your own. In this case, we’ll needcdev_init
for the initialization.-
-1void cdev_init(struct cdev *cdev, const struct file_operations *fops);+ +1void cdev_init(struct cdev *cdev, const struct file_operations *fops);Once we finish the initialization, we can add the char device to the system by using the
cdev_add
.-
1int cdev_add(struct cdev *p, dev_t dev, unsigned count);+1int cdev_add(struct cdev *p, dev_t dev, unsigned count);To find an example using the interface, you can see ioctl.c described in section 9.
@@ -1609,6 +1610,9 @@ can see what its value is by looking at the 3rd field with the command there are functions defined in include/linux/module.h which let you increase, decrease and display this counter:
+ + +
try_module_get(THIS_MODULE)
: Increment the reference count of current module. @@ -1632,7 +1636,7 @@ file.1cat /proc/devices(or open the file with a program) and the driver will put the number of times the device file has been read from into the file. We do not support writing to the file (like -
echo "hi" > /dev/hello +
echo "hi" > /dev/hello
), but catch these attempts and tell the user that the operation is not supported. Don’t worry if you don’t see what we do with the data we read into the buffer; we don’t do much with it. We simply read in the data and print a message @@ -1642,160 +1646,160 @@ to the same memory may lead to the race condition, and will not preserve the performance. In the kernel module, this problem may happen due to multiple instances accessing the shared resources. Therefore, a solution is to enforce the exclusive access. We use atomic Compare-And-Swap (CAS) to maintain the states, -CDEV_NOT_USED -
andCDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN +
CDEV_NOT_USED +
andCDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN
, to determine whether the file is currently opened by someone or not. CAS compares the contents of a memory location with the expected value and, only if they are the same, modifies the contents of that memory location to the desired value. See more concurrency details in the 12 section.-
1/* -2 * chardev.c: Creates a read-only char device that says how many times -3 * you have read from the dev file -4 */ +1/* +2 * chardev.c: Creates a read-only char device that says how many times +3 * you have read from the dev file +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/atomic.h> -7#include <linux/cdev.h> -8#include <linux/delay.h> -9#include <linux/device.h> -10#include <linux/fs.h> -11#include <linux/init.h> -12#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ -13#include <linux/module.h> -14#include <linux/printk.h> -15#include <linux/types.h> -16#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -17#include <linux/version.h> +6#include <linux/atomic.h> +7#include <linux/cdev.h> +8#include <linux/delay.h> +9#include <linux/device.h> +10#include <linux/fs.h> +11#include <linux/init.h> +12#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ +13#include <linux/module.h> +14#include <linux/printk.h> +15#include <linux/types.h> +16#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +17#include <linux/version.h> 18 -19#include <asm/errno.h> +19#include <asm/errno.h> 20 -21/* Prototypes - this would normally go in a .h file */ -22static int device_open(struct inode *, struct file *); -23static int device_release(struct inode *, struct file *); -24static ssize_t device_read(struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); -25static ssize_t device_write(struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, +21/* Prototypes - this would normally go in a .h file */ +22static int device_open(struct inode *, struct file *); +23static int device_release(struct inode *, struct file *); +24static ssize_t device_read(struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); +25static ssize_t device_write(struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, 26 loff_t *); 27 -28#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev" /* Dev name as it appears in /proc/devices */ -29#define BUF_LEN 80 /* Max length of the message from the device */ +28#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev" /* Dev name as it appears in /proc/devices */ +29#define BUF_LEN 80 /* Max length of the message from the device */ 30 -31/* Global variables are declared as static, so are global within the file. */ +31/* Global variables are declared as static, so are global within the file. */ 32 -33static int major; /* major number assigned to our device driver */ +33static int major; /* major number assigned to our device driver */ 34 -35enum { +35enum { 36 CDEV_NOT_USED, 37 CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN, 38}; 39 -40/* Is device open? Used to prevent multiple access to device */ -41static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); +40/* Is device open? Used to prevent multiple access to device */ +41static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); 42 -43static char msg[BUF_LEN + 1]; /* The msg the device will give when asked */ +43static char msg[BUF_LEN + 1]; /* The msg the device will give when asked */ 44 -45static struct class *cls; +45static struct class *cls; 46 -47static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { +47static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { 48 .read = device_read, 49 .write = device_write, 50 .open = device_open, 51 .release = device_release, 52}; 53 -54static int __init chardev_init(void) +54static int __init chardev_init(void) 55{ 56 major = register_chrdev(0, DEVICE_NAME, &chardev_fops); 57 -58 if (major < 0) { -59 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); -60 return major; +58 if (major < 0) { +59 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); +60 return major; 61 } 62 -63 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d.\n", major); +63 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d.\n", major); 64 -65#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +65#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 66 cls = class_create(DEVICE_NAME); -67#else +67#else 68 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_NAME); -69#endif +69#endif 70 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, DEVICE_NAME); 71 -72 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); +72 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); 73 -74 return 0; +74 return 0; 75} 76 -77static void __exit chardev_exit(void) +77static void __exit chardev_exit(void) 78{ 79 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 0)); 80 class_destroy(cls); 81 -82 /* Unregister the device */ +82 /* Unregister the device */ 83 unregister_chrdev(major, DEVICE_NAME); 84} 85 -86/* Methods */ +86/* Methods */ 87 -88/* Called when a process tries to open the device file, like -89 * "sudo cat /dev/chardev" -90 */ -91static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +88/* Called when a process tries to open the device file, like +89 * "sudo cat /dev/chardev" +90 */ +91static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 92{ -93 static int counter = 0; +93 static int counter = 0; 94 -95 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) -96 return -EBUSY; +95 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) +96 return -EBUSY; 97 -98 sprintf(msg, "I already told you %d times Hello world!\n", counter++); +98 sprintf(msg, "I already told you %d times Hello world!\n", counter++); 99 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 100 -101 return 0; +101 return 0; 102} 103 -104/* Called when a process closes the device file. */ -105static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +104/* Called when a process closes the device file. */ +105static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 106{ -107 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ +107 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ 108 atomic_set(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED); 109 -110 /* Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will -111 * never get rid of the module. -112 */ +110 /* Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will +111 * never get rid of the module. +112 */ 113 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 114 -115 return 0; +115 return 0; 116} 117 -118/* Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to -119 * read from it. -120 */ -121static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -122 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ -123 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +118/* Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to +119 * read from it. +120 */ +121static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +122 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ +123 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ 124 loff_t *offset) 125{ -126 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ -127 int bytes_read = 0; -128 const char *msg_ptr = msg; +126 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ +127 int bytes_read = 0; +128 const char *msg_ptr = msg; 129 -130 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ -131 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ -132 return 0; /* signify end of file */ +130 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ +131 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ +132 return 0; /* signify end of file */ 133 } 134 135 msg_ptr += *offset; 136 -137 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ -138 while (length && *msg_ptr) { -139 /* The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel -140 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use -141 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to -142 * the user data segment. -143 */ +137 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ +138 while (length && *msg_ptr) { +139 /* The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel +140 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use +141 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to +142 * the user data segment. +143 */ 144 put_user(*(msg_ptr++), buffer++); 145 length--; 146 bytes_read++; @@ -1803,22 +1807,22 @@ concurrency details in the 12
6.6 Writing Modules for Multiple Kernel Versions
@@ -1850,11 +1854,11 @@ including pointers to any handler functions (in our case there is only one, the one called when somebody attempts to read from the /proc file). Then,init_module
registers the structure with the kernel and -cleanup_module -
unregisters it. +cleanup_module +
unregisters it.Normal file systems are located on a disk, rather than just in memory (which is where /proc is), and in that case the index-node (inode for short) number is a pointer to a disk location where the file’s inode is located. The inode @@ -1876,7 +1880,7 @@ function
procfile_read
.The /proc/helloworld is created when the module is loaded with the function
proc_create -
. The return value is a pointer tostruct proc_dir_entry +
. The return value is a pointer tostruct proc_dir_entry
, and it will be used to configure the file /proc/helloworld (for example, the owner of this file). A null return value means that the creation has failed.Every time the file /proc/helloworld is read, the function @@ -1899,74 +1903,74 @@ HelloWorld!
-
1/* -2 * procfs1.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * procfs1.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> -8#include <linux/uaccess.h> -9#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> +8#include <linux/uaccess.h> +9#include <linux/version.h> 10 -11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -13#endif +11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +13#endif 14 -15#define procfs_name "helloworld" +15#define procfs_name "helloworld" 16 -17static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +17static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; 18 -19static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *file_pointer, char __user *buffer, -20 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset) +19static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *file_pointer, char __user *buffer, +20 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset) 21{ -22 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; -23 int len = sizeof(s); -24 ssize_t ret = len; +22 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; +23 int len = sizeof(s); +24 ssize_t ret = len; 25 -26 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { -27 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); +26 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { +27 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); 28 ret = 0; -29 } else { -30 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", file_pointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); +29 } else { +30 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", file_pointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); 31 *offset += len; 32 } 33 -34 return ret; +34 return ret; 35} 36 -37#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -38static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { +37#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +38static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { 39 .proc_read = procfile_read, 40}; -41#else -42static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { +41#else +42static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { 43 .read = procfile_read, 44}; -45#endif +45#endif 46 -47static int __init procfs1_init(void) +47static int __init procfs1_init(void) 48{ 49 our_proc_file = proc_create(procfs_name, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops); -50 if (NULL == our_proc_file) { -51 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", procfs_name); -52 return -ENOMEM; +50 if (NULL == our_proc_file) { +51 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", procfs_name); +52 return -ENOMEM; 53 } 54 -55 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", procfs_name); -56 return 0; +55 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", procfs_name); +56 return 0; 57} 58 -59static void __exit procfs1_exit(void) +59static void __exit procfs1_exit(void) 60{ 61 proc_remove(our_proc_file); -62 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", procfs_name); +62 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", procfs_name); 63} 64 65module_init(procfs1_init); 66module_exit(procfs1_exit); 67 -68MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+68MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
7.1 The proc_ops Structure
@@ -2022,103 +2026,103 @@ need to import data because it comes from user space, but not for the read funct because data is already in kernel space.-
1/* -2 * procfs2.c - create a "file" in /proc -3 */ +1/* +2 * procfs2.c - create a "file" in /proc +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ -6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use the proc fs */ -8#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for copy_from_user */ -9#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */ +6#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use the proc fs */ +8#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for copy_from_user */ +9#include <linux/version.h> 10 -11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -13#endif +11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +12#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +13#endif 14 -15#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 1024 -16#define PROCFS_NAME "buffer1k" +15#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 1024 +16#define PROCFS_NAME "buffer1k" 17 -18/* This structure hold information about the /proc file */ -19static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +18/* This structure hold information about the /proc file */ +19static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; 20 -21/* The buffer used to store character for this module */ -22static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; +21/* The buffer used to store character for this module */ +22static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; 23 -24/* The size of the buffer */ -25static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; +24/* The size of the buffer */ +25static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; 26 -27/* This function is called then the /proc file is read */ -28static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *file_pointer, char __user *buffer, -29 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset) +27/* This function is called then the /proc file is read */ +28static ssize_t procfile_read(struct file *file_pointer, char __user *buffer, +29 size_t buffer_length, loff_t *offset) 30{ -31 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; -32 int len = sizeof(s); -33 ssize_t ret = len; +31 char s[13] = "HelloWorld!\n"; +32 int len = sizeof(s); +33 ssize_t ret = len; 34 -35 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { -36 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); +35 if (*offset >= len || copy_to_user(buffer, s, len)) { +36 pr_info("copy_to_user failed\n"); 37 ret = 0; -38 } else { -39 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", file_pointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); +38 } else { +39 pr_info("procfile read %s\n", file_pointer->f_path.dentry->d_name.name); 40 *offset += len; 41 } 42 -43 return ret; +43 return ret; 44} 45 -46/* This function is called with the /proc file is written. */ -47static ssize_t procfile_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buff, -48 size_t len, loff_t *off) +46/* This function is called with the /proc file is written. */ +47static ssize_t procfile_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buff, +48 size_t len, loff_t *off) 49{ 50 procfs_buffer_size = len; -51 if (procfs_buffer_size >= PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) +51 if (procfs_buffer_size >= PROCFS_MAX_SIZE) 52 procfs_buffer_size = PROCFS_MAX_SIZE - 1; 53 -54 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buff, procfs_buffer_size)) -55 return -EFAULT; +54 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buff, procfs_buffer_size)) +55 return -EFAULT; 56 -57 procfs_buffer[procfs_buffer_size] = '\0'; +57 procfs_buffer[procfs_buffer_size] = '\0'; 58 *off += procfs_buffer_size; -59 pr_info("procfile write %s\n", procfs_buffer); +59 pr_info("procfile write %s\n", procfs_buffer); 60 -61 return procfs_buffer_size; +61 return procfs_buffer_size; 62} 63 -64#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -65static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { +64#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +65static const struct proc_ops proc_file_fops = { 66 .proc_read = procfile_read, 67 .proc_write = procfile_write, 68}; -69#else -70static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { +69#else +70static const struct file_operations proc_file_fops = { 71 .read = procfile_read, 72 .write = procfile_write, 73}; -74#endif +74#endif 75 -76static int __init procfs2_init(void) +76static int __init procfs2_init(void) 77{ 78 our_proc_file = proc_create(PROCFS_NAME, 0644, NULL, &proc_file_fops); -79 if (NULL == our_proc_file) { -80 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROCFS_NAME); -81 return -ENOMEM; +79 if (NULL == our_proc_file) { +80 pr_alert("Error:Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROCFS_NAME); +81 return -ENOMEM; 82 } 83 -84 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_NAME); -85 return 0; +84 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_NAME); +85 return 0; 86} 87 -88static void __exit procfs2_exit(void) +88static void __exit procfs2_exit(void) 89{ 90 proc_remove(our_proc_file); -91 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_NAME); +91 pr_info("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_NAME); 92} 93 94module_init(procfs2_init); 95module_exit(procfs2_exit); 96 -97MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+97MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
7.3 Manage /proc file with standard filesystem
@@ -2128,20 +2132,20 @@ functions, like permissions.In Linux, there is a standard mechanism for file system registration. Since every file system has to have its own functions to handle inode and file operations, there is a special structure to hold pointers to all those functions, -
struct inode_operations -
, which includes a pointer tostruct proc_ops +
struct inode_operations +
, which includes a pointer tostruct proc_ops
.The difference between file and inode operations is that file operations deal with the file itself whereas inode operations deal with ways of referencing the file, such as creating links to it.
In /proc, whenever we register a new file, we’re allowed to specify which -
struct inode_operations +
struct inode_operations
will be used to access to it. This is the mechanism we use, a -struct inode_operations +
struct inode_operations -
which includes a pointer to astruct proc_ops +
which includes a pointer to astruct proc_ops
which includes pointers to ourprocfs_read
andprocfs_write
functions. @@ -2162,111 +2166,111 @@ if a process writes something to the kernel, then the kernel receives it as input.-
1/* -2 * procfs3.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * procfs3.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/kernel.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> -8#include <linux/sched.h> -9#include <linux/uaccess.h> -10#include <linux/version.h> -11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 10, 0) -12#include <linux/minmax.h> -13#endif +5#include <linux/kernel.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/proc_fs.h> +8#include <linux/sched.h> +9#include <linux/uaccess.h> +10#include <linux/version.h> +11#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 10, 0) +12#include <linux/minmax.h> +13#endif 14 -15#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -16#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -17#endif +15#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +16#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +17#endif 18 -19#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 2048UL -20#define PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME "buffer2k" +19#define PROCFS_MAX_SIZE 2048UL +20#define PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME "buffer2k" 21 -22static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; -23static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; -24static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; +22static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +23static char procfs_buffer[PROCFS_MAX_SIZE]; +24static unsigned long procfs_buffer_size = 0; 25 -26static ssize_t procfs_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buffer, -27 size_t length, loff_t *offset) +26static ssize_t procfs_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buffer, +27 size_t length, loff_t *offset) 28{ -29 if (*offset || procfs_buffer_size == 0) { -30 pr_debug("procfs_read: END\n"); +29 if (*offset || procfs_buffer_size == 0) { +30 pr_debug("procfs_read: END\n"); 31 *offset = 0; -32 return 0; +32 return 0; 33 } 34 procfs_buffer_size = min(procfs_buffer_size, length); -35 if (copy_to_user(buffer, procfs_buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) -36 return -EFAULT; +35 if (copy_to_user(buffer, procfs_buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) +36 return -EFAULT; 37 *offset += procfs_buffer_size; 38 -39 pr_debug("procfs_read: read %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); -40 return procfs_buffer_size; +39 pr_debug("procfs_read: read %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); +40 return procfs_buffer_size; 41} -42static ssize_t procfs_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, -43 size_t len, loff_t *off) +42static ssize_t procfs_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, +43 size_t len, loff_t *off) 44{ 45 procfs_buffer_size = min(PROCFS_MAX_SIZE, len); -46 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) -47 return -EFAULT; +46 if (copy_from_user(procfs_buffer, buffer, procfs_buffer_size)) +47 return -EFAULT; 48 *off += procfs_buffer_size; 49 -50 pr_debug("procfs_write: write %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); -51 return procfs_buffer_size; +50 pr_debug("procfs_write: write %lu bytes\n", procfs_buffer_size); +51 return procfs_buffer_size; 52} -53static int procfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +53static int procfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 54{ 55 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -56 return 0; +56 return 0; 57} -58static int procfs_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +58static int procfs_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 59{ 60 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -61 return 0; +61 return 0; 62} 63 -64#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -65static struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +64#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +65static struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { 66 .proc_read = procfs_read, 67 .proc_write = procfs_write, 68 .proc_open = procfs_open, 69 .proc_release = procfs_close, 70}; -71#else -72static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +71#else +72static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { 73 .read = procfs_read, 74 .write = procfs_write, 75 .open = procfs_open, 76 .release = procfs_close, 77}; -78#endif +78#endif 79 -80static int __init procfs3_init(void) +80static int __init procfs3_init(void) 81{ 82 our_proc_file = proc_create(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, 83 &file_ops_4_our_proc_file); -84 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { -85 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", +84 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { +85 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", 86 PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); -87 return -ENOMEM; +87 return -ENOMEM; 88 } 89 proc_set_size(our_proc_file, 80); 90 proc_set_user(our_proc_file, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID); 91 -92 pr_debug("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); -93 return 0; +92 pr_debug("/proc/%s created\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); +93 return 0; 94} 95 -96static void __exit procfs3_exit(void) +96static void __exit procfs3_exit(void) 97{ 98 remove_proc_entry(PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -99 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); +99 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROCFS_ENTRY_FILENAME); 100} 101 102module_init(procfs3_init); 103module_exit(procfs3_exit); 104 -105MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+105MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Still hungry for procfs examples? Well, first of all keep in mind, there are rumors around, claiming that procfs is on its way out, consider using sysfs instead. Consider using this mechanism, in case you want to document something kernel related @@ -2332,123 +2336,123 @@ of function
-stop()
, and some others. But nothing to write in the /proc file. Of course, you can still use the same way as in the previous example.1/* -2 * procfs4.c - create a "file" in /proc -3 * This program uses the seq_file library to manage the /proc file. -4 */ +1/* +2 * procfs4.c - create a "file" in /proc +3 * This program uses the seq_file library to manage the /proc file. +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ -7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ -9#include <linux/seq_file.h> /* for seq_file */ -10#include <linux/version.h> +6#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We are doing kernel work */ +7#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +8#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ +9#include <linux/seq_file.h> /* for seq_file */ +10#include <linux/version.h> 11 -12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -14#endif +12#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +13#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +14#endif 15 -16#define PROC_NAME "iter" +16#define PROC_NAME "iter" 17 -18/* This function is called at the beginning of a sequence. -19 * ie, when: -20 * - the /proc file is read (first time) -21 * - after the function stop (end of sequence) -22 */ -23static void *my_seq_start(struct seq_file *s, loff_t *pos) +18/* This function is called at the beginning of a sequence. +19 * ie, when: +20 * - the /proc file is read (first time) +21 * - after the function stop (end of sequence) +22 */ +23static void *my_seq_start(struct seq_file *s, loff_t *pos) 24{ -25 static unsigned long counter = 0; +25 static unsigned long counter = 0; 26 -27 /* beginning a new sequence? */ -28 if (*pos == 0) { -29 /* yes => return a non null value to begin the sequence */ -30 return &counter; +27 /* beginning a new sequence? */ +28 if (*pos == 0) { +29 /* yes => return a non null value to begin the sequence */ +30 return &counter; 31 } 32 -33 /* no => it is the end of the sequence, return end to stop reading */ +33 /* no => it is the end of the sequence, return end to stop reading */ 34 *pos = 0; -35 return NULL; +35 return NULL; 36} 37 -38/* This function is called after the beginning of a sequence. -39 * It is called until the return is NULL (this ends the sequence). -40 */ -41static void *my_seq_next(struct seq_file *s, void *v, loff_t *pos) +38/* This function is called after the beginning of a sequence. +39 * It is called until the return is NULL (this ends the sequence). +40 */ +41static void *my_seq_next(struct seq_file *s, void *v, loff_t *pos) 42{ -43 unsigned long *tmp_v = (unsigned long *)v; +43 unsigned long *tmp_v = (unsigned long *)v; 44 (*tmp_v)++; 45 (*pos)++; -46 return NULL; +46 return NULL; 47} 48 -49/* This function is called at the end of a sequence. */ -50static void my_seq_stop(struct seq_file *s, void *v) +49/* This function is called at the end of a sequence. */ +50static void my_seq_stop(struct seq_file *s, void *v) 51{ -52 /* nothing to do, we use a static value in start() */ +52 /* nothing to do, we use a static value in start() */ 53} 54 -55/* This function is called for each "step" of a sequence. */ -56static int my_seq_show(struct seq_file *s, void *v) +55/* This function is called for each "step" of a sequence. */ +56static int my_seq_show(struct seq_file *s, void *v) 57{ 58 loff_t *spos = (loff_t *)v; 59 -60 seq_printf(s, "%Ld\n", *spos); -61 return 0; +60 seq_printf(s, "%Ld\n", *spos); +61 return 0; 62} 63 -64/* This structure gather "function" to manage the sequence */ -65static struct seq_operations my_seq_ops = { +64/* This structure gather "function" to manage the sequence */ +65static struct seq_operations my_seq_ops = { 66 .start = my_seq_start, 67 .next = my_seq_next, 68 .stop = my_seq_stop, 69 .show = my_seq_show, 70}; 71 -72/* This function is called when the /proc file is open. */ -73static int my_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +72/* This function is called when the /proc file is open. */ +73static int my_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 74{ -75 return seq_open(file, &my_seq_ops); +75 return seq_open(file, &my_seq_ops); 76}; 77 -78/* This structure gather "function" that manage the /proc file */ -79#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -80static const struct proc_ops my_file_ops = { +78/* This structure gather "function" that manage the /proc file */ +79#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +80static const struct proc_ops my_file_ops = { 81 .proc_open = my_open, 82 .proc_read = seq_read, 83 .proc_lseek = seq_lseek, 84 .proc_release = seq_release, 85}; -86#else -87static const struct file_operations my_file_ops = { +86#else +87static const struct file_operations my_file_ops = { 88 .open = my_open, 89 .read = seq_read, 90 .llseek = seq_lseek, 91 .release = seq_release, 92}; -93#endif +93#endif 94 -95static int __init procfs4_init(void) +95static int __init procfs4_init(void) 96{ -97 struct proc_dir_entry *entry; +97 struct proc_dir_entry *entry; 98 99 entry = proc_create(PROC_NAME, 0, NULL, &my_file_ops); -100 if (entry == NULL) { -101 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_NAME); -102 return -ENOMEM; +100 if (entry == NULL) { +101 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_NAME); +102 return -ENOMEM; 103 } 104 -105 return 0; +105 return 0; 106} 107 -108static void __exit procfs4_exit(void) +108static void __exit procfs4_exit(void) 109{ 110 remove_proc_entry(PROC_NAME, NULL); -111 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_NAME); +111 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_NAME); 112} 113 114module_init(procfs4_init); 115module_exit(procfs4_exit); 116 -117MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+117MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");If you want more information, you can read this web page:
@@ -2471,32 +2475,32 @@ providing a means to read and write kernel attributes.
An attribute definition in simply:
-
1struct attribute { -2 char *name; -3 struct module *owner; +1struct attribute { +2 char *name; +3 struct module *owner; 4 umode_t mode; 5}; 6 -7int sysfs_create_file(struct kobject * kobj, const struct attribute * attr); -8void sysfs_remove_file(struct kobject * kobj, const struct attribute * attr);+7int sysfs_create_file(struct kobject * kobj, const struct attribute * attr); +8void sysfs_remove_file(struct kobject * kobj, const struct attribute * attr);For example, the driver model defines -
struct device_attribute +
struct device_attribute
like:-
1struct device_attribute { -2 struct attribute attr; -3 ssize_t (*show)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, -4 char *buf); -5 ssize_t (*store)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, -6 const char *buf, size_t count); +1struct device_attribute { +2 struct attribute attr; +3 ssize_t (*show)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, +4 char *buf); +5 ssize_t (*store)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, +6 const char *buf, size_t count); 7}; 8 -9int device_create_file(struct device *, const struct device_attribute *); -10void device_remove_file(struct device *, const struct device_attribute *);+9int device_create_file(struct device *, const struct device_attribute *); +10void device_remove_file(struct device *, const struct device_attribute *);To read or write attributes,
show()
orstore()
method must be specified when declaring the attribute. For the @@ -2510,68 +2514,68 @@ readable. accessible via sysfs is given below.-
1/* -2 * hello-sysfs.c sysfs example -3 */ -4#include <linux/fs.h> -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kobject.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/string.h> -9#include <linux/sysfs.h> +1/* +2 * hello-sysfs.c sysfs example +3 */ +4#include <linux/fs.h> +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kobject.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/string.h> +9#include <linux/sysfs.h> 10 -11static struct kobject *mymodule; +11static struct kobject *mymodule; 12 -13/* the variable you want to be able to change */ -14static int myvariable = 0; +13/* the variable you want to be able to change */ +14static int myvariable = 0; 15 -16static ssize_t myvariable_show(struct kobject *kobj, -17 struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf) +16static ssize_t myvariable_show(struct kobject *kobj, +17 struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf) 18{ -19 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", myvariable); +19 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", myvariable); 20} 21 -22static ssize_t myvariable_store(struct kobject *kobj, -23 struct kobj_attribute *attr, const char *buf, -24 size_t count) +22static ssize_t myvariable_store(struct kobject *kobj, +23 struct kobj_attribute *attr, const char *buf, +24 size_t count) 25{ -26 sscanf(buf, "%d", &myvariable); -27 return count; +26 sscanf(buf, "%d", &myvariable); +27 return count; 28} 29 -30static struct kobj_attribute myvariable_attribute = +30static struct kobj_attribute myvariable_attribute = 31 __ATTR(myvariable, 0660, myvariable_show, myvariable_store); 32 -33static int __init mymodule_init(void) +33static int __init mymodule_init(void) 34{ -35 int error = 0; +35 int error = 0; 36 -37 pr_info("mymodule: initialized\n"); +37 pr_info("mymodule: initialized\n"); 38 -39 mymodule = kobject_create_and_add("mymodule", kernel_kobj); -40 if (!mymodule) -41 return -ENOMEM; +39 mymodule = kobject_create_and_add("mymodule", kernel_kobj); +40 if (!mymodule) +41 return -ENOMEM; 42 43 error = sysfs_create_file(mymodule, &myvariable_attribute.attr); -44 if (error) { +44 if (error) { 45 kobject_put(mymodule); -46 pr_info("failed to create the myvariable file " -47 "in /sys/kernel/mymodule\n"); +46 pr_info("failed to create the myvariable file " +47 "in /sys/kernel/mymodule\n"); 48 } 49 -50 return error; +50 return error; 51} 52 -53static void __exit mymodule_exit(void) +53static void __exit mymodule_exit(void) 54{ -55 pr_info("mymodule: Exit success\n"); +55 pr_info("mymodule: Exit success\n"); 56 kobject_put(mymodule); 57} 58 59module_init(mymodule_init); 60module_exit(mymodule_exit); 61 -62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Make and install the module:
@@ -2590,7 +2594,7 @@ accessible via sysfs is given below.
-
1echo "32" | sudo tee /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable +1echo "32" | sudo tee /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariable 2cat /sys/kernel/mymodule/myvariableFinally, remove the test module:
@@ -2647,199 +2651,199 @@ example:
-
1/* -2 * ioctl.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/cdev.h> -5#include <linux/fs.h> -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/ioctl.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/slab.h> -10#include <linux/uaccess.h> -11#include <linux/version.h> +1/* +2 * ioctl.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/cdev.h> +5#include <linux/fs.h> +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/ioctl.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/slab.h> +10#include <linux/uaccess.h> +11#include <linux/version.h> 12 -13struct ioctl_arg { -14 unsigned int val; +13struct ioctl_arg { +14 unsigned int val; 15}; 16 -17/* Documentation/userspace-api/ioctl/ioctl-number.rst */ -18#define IOC_MAGIC '\x66' +17/* Documentation/userspace-api/ioctl/ioctl-number.rst */ +18#define IOC_MAGIC '\x66' 19 -20#define IOCTL_VALSET _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct ioctl_arg) -21#define IOCTL_VALGET _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 1, struct ioctl_arg) -22#define IOCTL_VALGET_NUM _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 2, int) -23#define IOCTL_VALSET_NUM _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 3, int) +20#define IOCTL_VALSET _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct ioctl_arg) +21#define IOCTL_VALGET _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 1, struct ioctl_arg) +22#define IOCTL_VALGET_NUM _IOR(IOC_MAGIC, 2, int) +23#define IOCTL_VALSET_NUM _IOW(IOC_MAGIC, 3, int) 24 -25#define IOCTL_VAL_MAXNR 3 -26#define DRIVER_NAME "ioctltest" +25#define IOCTL_VAL_MAXNR 3 +26#define DRIVER_NAME "ioctltest" 27 -28static unsigned int test_ioctl_major = 0; -29static unsigned int num_of_dev = 1; -30static struct cdev test_ioctl_cdev; -31static int ioctl_num = 0; +28static unsigned int test_ioctl_major = 0; +29static unsigned int num_of_dev = 1; +30static struct cdev test_ioctl_cdev; +31static int ioctl_num = 0; 32 -33struct test_ioctl_data { -34 unsigned char val; +33struct test_ioctl_data { +34 unsigned char val; 35 rwlock_t lock; 36}; 37 -38static long test_ioctl_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, -39 unsigned long arg) +38static long test_ioctl_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, +39 unsigned long arg) 40{ -41 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; -42 int retval = 0; -43 unsigned char val; -44 struct ioctl_arg data; -45 memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data)); +41 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; +42 int retval = 0; +43 unsigned char val; +44 struct ioctl_arg data; +45 memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data)); 46 -47 switch (cmd) { -48 case IOCTL_VALSET: -49 if (copy_from_user(&data, (int __user *)arg, sizeof(data))) { +47 switch (cmd) { +48 case IOCTL_VALSET: +49 if (copy_from_user(&data, (int __user *)arg, sizeof(data))) { 50 retval = -EFAULT; -51 goto done; +51 goto done; 52 } 53 -54 pr_alert("IOCTL set val:%x .\n", data.val); +54 pr_alert("IOCTL set val:%x .\n", data.val); 55 write_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); 56 ioctl_data->val = data.val; 57 write_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); -58 break; +58 break; 59 -60 case IOCTL_VALGET: +60 case IOCTL_VALGET: 61 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); 62 val = ioctl_data->val; 63 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); 64 data.val = val; 65 -66 if (copy_to_user((int __user *)arg, &data, sizeof(data))) { +66 if (copy_to_user((int __user *)arg, &data, sizeof(data))) { 67 retval = -EFAULT; -68 goto done; +68 goto done; 69 } 70 -71 break; +71 break; 72 -73 case IOCTL_VALGET_NUM: -74 retval = __put_user(ioctl_num, (int __user *)arg); -75 break; +73 case IOCTL_VALGET_NUM: +74 retval = __put_user(ioctl_num, (int __user *)arg); +75 break; 76 -77 case IOCTL_VALSET_NUM: +77 case IOCTL_VALSET_NUM: 78 ioctl_num = arg; -79 break; +79 break; 80 -81 default: +81 default: 82 retval = -ENOTTY; 83 } 84 85done: -86 return retval; +86 return retval; 87} 88 -89static ssize_t test_ioctl_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, -90 size_t count, loff_t *f_pos) +89static ssize_t test_ioctl_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, +90 size_t count, loff_t *f_pos) 91{ -92 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; -93 unsigned char val; -94 int retval; -95 int i = 0; +92 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data = filp->private_data; +93 unsigned char val; +94 int retval; +95 int i = 0; 96 97 read_lock(&ioctl_data->lock); 98 val = ioctl_data->val; 99 read_unlock(&ioctl_data->lock); 100 -101 for (; i < count; i++) { -102 if (copy_to_user(&buf[i], &val, 1)) { +101 for (; i < count; i++) { +102 if (copy_to_user(&buf[i], &val, 1)) { 103 retval = -EFAULT; -104 goto out; +104 goto out; 105 } 106 } 107 108 retval = count; 109out: -110 return retval; +110 return retval; 111} 112 -113static int test_ioctl_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) +113static int test_ioctl_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) 114{ -115 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); +115 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); 116 -117 if (filp->private_data) { +117 if (filp->private_data) { 118 kfree(filp->private_data); 119 filp->private_data = NULL; 120 } 121 -122 return 0; +122 return 0; 123} 124 -125static int test_ioctl_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) +125static int test_ioctl_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) 126{ -127 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data; +127 struct test_ioctl_data *ioctl_data; 128 -129 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); -130 ioctl_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct test_ioctl_data), GFP_KERNEL); +129 pr_alert("%s call.\n", __func__); +130 ioctl_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct test_ioctl_data), GFP_KERNEL); 131 -132 if (ioctl_data == NULL) -133 return -ENOMEM; +132 if (ioctl_data == NULL) +133 return -ENOMEM; 134 135 rwlock_init(&ioctl_data->lock); 136 ioctl_data->val = 0xFF; 137 filp->private_data = ioctl_data; 138 -139 return 0; +139 return 0; 140} 141 -142static struct file_operations fops = { -143#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +142static struct file_operations fops = { +143#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 144 .owner = THIS_MODULE, -145#endif +145#endif 146 .open = test_ioctl_open, 147 .release = test_ioctl_close, 148 .read = test_ioctl_read, 149 .unlocked_ioctl = test_ioctl_ioctl, 150}; 151 -152static int __init ioctl_init(void) +152static int __init ioctl_init(void) 153{ -154 dev_t dev; -155 int alloc_ret = -1; -156 int cdev_ret = -1; +154 dev_t dev; +155 int alloc_ret = -1; +156 int cdev_ret = -1; 157 alloc_ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, num_of_dev, DRIVER_NAME); 158 -159 if (alloc_ret) -160 goto error; +159 if (alloc_ret) +160 goto error; 161 162 test_ioctl_major = MAJOR(dev); 163 cdev_init(&test_ioctl_cdev, &fops); 164 cdev_ret = cdev_add(&test_ioctl_cdev, dev, num_of_dev); 165 -166 if (cdev_ret) -167 goto error; +166 if (cdev_ret) +167 goto error; 168 -169 pr_alert("%s driver(major: %d) installed.\n", DRIVER_NAME, +169 pr_alert("%s driver(major: %d) installed.\n", DRIVER_NAME, 170 test_ioctl_major); -171 return 0; +171 return 0; 172error: -173 if (cdev_ret == 0) +173 if (cdev_ret == 0) 174 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev); -175 if (alloc_ret == 0) +175 if (alloc_ret == 0) 176 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev); -177 return -1; +177 return -1; 178} 179 -180static void __exit ioctl_exit(void) +180static void __exit ioctl_exit(void) 181{ -182 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0); +182 dev_t dev = MKDEV(test_ioctl_major, 0); 183 184 cdev_del(&test_ioctl_cdev); 185 unregister_chrdev_region(dev, num_of_dev); -186 pr_alert("%s driver removed.\n", DRIVER_NAME); +186 pr_alert("%s driver removed.\n", DRIVER_NAME); 187} 188 189module_init(ioctl_init); 190module_exit(ioctl_exit); 191 -192MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -193MODULE_DESCRIPTION("This is test_ioctl module");+192MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +193MODULE_DESCRIPTION("This is test_ioctl module");You can see there is an argument called
cmd
intest_ioctl_ioctl() @@ -2864,394 +2868,394 @@ lead to the race condition. The solution is using atomic Compare-And-Swap (CAS), which we mentioned at 6.5 section, to enforce the exclusive access.
-
1/* -2 * chardev2.c - Create an input/output character device -3 */ +1/* +2 * chardev2.c - Create an input/output character device +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/atomic.h> -6#include <linux/cdev.h> -7#include <linux/delay.h> -8#include <linux/device.h> -9#include <linux/fs.h> -10#include <linux/init.h> -11#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -12#include <linux/printk.h> -13#include <linux/types.h> -14#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -15#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/atomic.h> +6#include <linux/cdev.h> +7#include <linux/delay.h> +8#include <linux/device.h> +9#include <linux/fs.h> +10#include <linux/init.h> +11#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +12#include <linux/printk.h> +13#include <linux/types.h> +14#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +15#include <linux/version.h> 16 -17#include <asm/errno.h> +17#include <asm/errno.h> 18 -19#include "chardev.h" -20#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev" -21#define BUF_LEN 80 +19#include "chardev.h" +20#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev" +21#define BUF_LEN 80 22 -23enum { +23enum { 24 CDEV_NOT_USED, 25 CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN, 26}; 27 -28/* Is the device open right now? Used to prevent concurrent access into -29 * the same device -30 */ -31static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); +28/* Is the device open right now? Used to prevent concurrent access into +29 * the same device +30 */ +31static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); 32 -33/* The message the device will give when asked */ -34static char message[BUF_LEN + 1]; +33/* The message the device will give when asked */ +34static char message[BUF_LEN + 1]; 35 -36static struct class *cls; +36static struct class *cls; 37 -38/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */ -39static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +38/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */ +39static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 40{ -41 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file); +41 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file); 42 43 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -44 return 0; +44 return 0; 45} 46 -47static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +47static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 48{ -49 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file); +49 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file); 50 51 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -52 return 0; +52 return 0; 53} 54 -55/* This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the -56 * device file attempts to read from it. -57 */ -58static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -59 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be filled */ -60 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +55/* This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the +56 * device file attempts to read from it. +57 */ +58static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +59 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be filled */ +60 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ 61 loff_t *offset) 62{ -63 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ -64 int bytes_read = 0; -65 /* How far did the process reading the message get? Useful if the message -66 * is larger than the size of the buffer we get to fill in device_read. -67 */ -68 const char *message_ptr = message; +63 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ +64 int bytes_read = 0; +65 /* How far did the process reading the message get? Useful if the message +66 * is larger than the size of the buffer we get to fill in device_read. +67 */ +68 const char *message_ptr = message; 69 -70 if (!*(message_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ -71 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ -72 return 0; /* signify end of file */ +70 if (!*(message_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ +71 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ +72 return 0; /* signify end of file */ 73 } 74 75 message_ptr += *offset; 76 -77 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ -78 while (length && *message_ptr) { -79 /* Because the buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel -80 * data segment, assignment would not work. Instead, we have to -81 * use put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to -82 * the user data segment. -83 */ +77 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ +78 while (length && *message_ptr) { +79 /* Because the buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel +80 * data segment, assignment would not work. Instead, we have to +81 * use put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to +82 * the user data segment. +83 */ 84 put_user(*(message_ptr++), buffer++); 85 length--; 86 bytes_read++; 87 } 88 -89 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length); +89 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length); 90 91 *offset += bytes_read; 92 -93 /* Read functions are supposed to return the number of bytes actually -94 * inserted into the buffer. -95 */ -96 return bytes_read; +93 /* Read functions are supposed to return the number of bytes actually +94 * inserted into the buffer. +95 */ +96 return bytes_read; 97} 98 -99/* called when somebody tries to write into our device file. */ -100static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, -101 size_t length, loff_t *offset) +99/* called when somebody tries to write into our device file. */ +100static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, +101 size_t length, loff_t *offset) 102{ -103 int i; +103 int i; 104 -105 pr_info("device_write(%p,%p,%ld)", file, buffer, length); +105 pr_info("device_write(%p,%p,%ld)", file, buffer, length); 106 -107 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++) +107 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++) 108 get_user(message[i], buffer + i); 109 -110 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ -111 return i; +110 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ +111 return i; 112} 113 -114/* This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our -115 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file -116 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called -117 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function. -118 * -119 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the -120 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function. -121 */ -122static long -123device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */ -124 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */ -125 unsigned long ioctl_param) +114/* This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our +115 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file +116 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called +117 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function. +118 * +119 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the +120 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function. +121 */ +122static long +123device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */ +124 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */ +125 unsigned long ioctl_param) 126{ -127 int i; -128 long ret = 0; +127 int i; +128 long ret = 0; 129 -130 /* We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time. */ -131 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) -132 return -EBUSY; +130 /* We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time. */ +131 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) +132 return -EBUSY; 133 -134 /* Switch according to the ioctl called */ -135 switch (ioctl_num) { -136 case IOCTL_SET_MSG: { -137 /* Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that to -138 * be the device's message. Get the parameter given to ioctl by -139 * the process. -140 */ -141 char __user *tmp = (char __user *)ioctl_param; -142 char ch; +134 /* Switch according to the ioctl called */ +135 switch (ioctl_num) { +136 case IOCTL_SET_MSG: { +137 /* Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that to +138 * be the device's message. Get the parameter given to ioctl by +139 * the process. +140 */ +141 char __user *tmp = (char __user *)ioctl_param; +142 char ch; 143 -144 /* Find the length of the message */ +144 /* Find the length of the message */ 145 get_user(ch, tmp); -146 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, tmp++) +146 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, tmp++) 147 get_user(ch, tmp); 148 -149 device_write(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, i, NULL); -150 break; +149 device_write(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, i, NULL); +150 break; 151 } -152 case IOCTL_GET_MSG: { +152 case IOCTL_GET_MSG: { 153 loff_t offset = 0; 154 -155 /* Give the current message to the calling process - the parameter -156 * we got is a pointer, fill it. -157 */ -158 i = device_read(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, 99, &offset); +155 /* Give the current message to the calling process - the parameter +156 * we got is a pointer, fill it. +157 */ +158 i = device_read(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, 99, &offset); 159 -160 /* Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be properly -161 * terminated. -162 */ -163 put_user('\0', (char __user *)ioctl_param + i); -164 break; +160 /* Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be properly +161 * terminated. +162 */ +163 put_user('\0', (char __user *)ioctl_param + i); +164 break; 165 } -166 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE: -167 /* This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and output (the return -168 * value of this function). -169 */ -170 ret = (long)message[ioctl_param]; -171 break; +166 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE: +167 /* This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and output (the return +168 * value of this function). +169 */ +170 ret = (long)message[ioctl_param]; +171 break; 172 } 173 -174 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ +174 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ 175 atomic_set(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED); 176 -177 return ret; +177 return ret; 178} 179 -180/* Module Declarations */ +180/* Module Declarations */ 181 -182/* This structure will hold the functions to be called when a process does -183 * something to the device we created. Since a pointer to this structure -184 * is kept in the devices table, it can't be local to init_module. NULL is -185 * for unimplemented functions. -186 */ -187static struct file_operations fops = { +182/* This structure will hold the functions to be called when a process does +183 * something to the device we created. Since a pointer to this structure +184 * is kept in the devices table, it can't be local to init_module. NULL is +185 * for unimplemented functions. +186 */ +187static struct file_operations fops = { 188 .read = device_read, 189 .write = device_write, 190 .unlocked_ioctl = device_ioctl, 191 .open = device_open, -192 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */ +192 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */ 193}; 194 -195/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */ -196static int __init chardev2_init(void) +195/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */ +196static int __init chardev2_init(void) 197{ -198 /* Register the character device (at least try) */ -199 int ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &fops); +198 /* Register the character device (at least try) */ +199 int ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &fops); 200 -201 /* Negative values signify an error */ -202 if (ret_val < 0) { -203 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n", -204 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val); -205 return ret_val; +201 /* Negative values signify an error */ +202 if (ret_val < 0) { +203 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n", +204 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val); +205 return ret_val; 206 } 207 -208#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +208#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 209 cls = class_create(DEVICE_FILE_NAME); -210#else +210#else 211 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); -212#endif +212#endif 213 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0), NULL, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); 214 -215 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME); +215 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME); 216 -217 return 0; +217 return 0; 218} 219 -220/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */ -221static void __exit chardev2_exit(void) +220/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */ +221static void __exit chardev2_exit(void) 222{ 223 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0)); 224 class_destroy(cls); 225 -226 /* Unregister the device */ +226 /* Unregister the device */ 227 unregister_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME); 228} 229 230module_init(chardev2_init); 231module_exit(chardev2_exit); 232 -233MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+233MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions. -3 * -4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because they need -5 * to be known both to the kernel module (in chardev2.c) and the process -6 * calling ioctl() (in userspace_ioctl.c). -7 */ +1/* +2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions. +3 * +4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because they need +5 * to be known both to the kernel module (in chardev2.c) and the process +6 * calling ioctl() (in userspace_ioctl.c). +7 */ 8 -9#ifndef CHARDEV_H -10#define CHARDEV_H +9#ifndef CHARDEV_H +10#define CHARDEV_H 11 -12#include <linux/ioctl.h> +12#include <linux/ioctl.h> 13 -14/* The major device number. We can not rely on dynamic registration -15 * any more, because ioctls need to know it. -16 */ -17#define MAJOR_NUM 100 +14/* The major device number. We can not rely on dynamic registration +15 * any more, because ioctls need to know it. +16 */ +17#define MAJOR_NUM 100 18 -19/* Set the message of the device driver */ -20#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *) -21/* _IOW means that we are creating an ioctl command number for passing -22 * information from a user process to the kernel module. -23 * -24 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device number we are using. -25 * -26 * The second argument is the number of the command (there could be several -27 * with different meanings). -28 * -29 * The third argument is the type we want to get from the process to the -30 * kernel. -31 */ +19/* Set the message of the device driver */ +20#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *) +21/* _IOW means that we are creating an ioctl command number for passing +22 * information from a user process to the kernel module. +23 * +24 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device number we are using. +25 * +26 * The second argument is the number of the command (there could be several +27 * with different meanings). +28 * +29 * The third argument is the type we want to get from the process to the +30 * kernel. +31 */ 32 -33/* Get the message of the device driver */ -34#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *) -35/* This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message of the device driver. -36 * However, we still need the buffer to place the message in to be input, -37 * as it is allocated by the process. -38 */ +33/* Get the message of the device driver */ +34#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *) +35/* This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message of the device driver. +36 * However, we still need the buffer to place the message in to be input, +37 * as it is allocated by the process. +38 */ 39 -40/* Get the n'th byte of the message */ -41#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int) -42/* The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It receives from the user -43 * a number, n, and returns message[n]. -44 */ +40/* Get the n'th byte of the message */ +41#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int) +42/* The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It receives from the user +43 * a number, n, and returns message[n]. +44 */ 45 -46/* The name of the device file */ -47#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev" -48#define DEVICE_PATH "/dev/char_dev" +46/* The name of the device file */ +47#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev" +48#define DEVICE_PATH "/dev/char_dev" 49 -50#endif+50#endif-
1/* userspace_ioctl.c - the process to use ioctl's to control the kernel module -2 * -3 * Until now we could have used cat for input and output. But now -4 * we need to do ioctl's, which require writing our own process. -5 */ +1/* userspace_ioctl.c - the process to use ioctl's to control the kernel module +2 * +3 * Until now we could have used cat for input and output. But now +4 * we need to do ioctl's, which require writing our own process. +5 */ 6 -7/* device specifics, such as ioctl numbers and the -8 * major device file. */ -9#include "../chardev.h" +7/* device specifics, such as ioctl numbers and the +8 * major device file. */ +9#include "../chardev.h" 10 -11#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ -12#include <fcntl.h> /* open */ -13#include <unistd.h> /* close */ -14#include <stdlib.h> /* exit */ -15#include <sys/ioctl.h> /* ioctl */ +11#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ +12#include <fcntl.h> /* open */ +13#include <unistd.h> /* close */ +14#include <stdlib.h> /* exit */ +15#include <sys/ioctl.h> /* ioctl */ 16 -17/* Functions for the ioctl calls */ +17/* Functions for the ioctl calls */ 18 -19int ioctl_set_msg(int file_desc, char *message) +19int ioctl_set_msg(int file_desc, char *message) 20{ -21 int ret_val; +21 int ret_val; 22 23 ret_val = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_SET_MSG, message); 24 -25 if (ret_val < 0) { -26 printf("ioctl_set_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); +25 if (ret_val < 0) { +26 printf("ioctl_set_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); 27 } 28 -29 return ret_val; +29 return ret_val; 30} 31 -32int ioctl_get_msg(int file_desc) +32int ioctl_get_msg(int file_desc) 33{ -34 int ret_val; -35 char message[100] = { 0 }; +34 int ret_val; +35 char message[100] = { 0 }; 36 -37 /* Warning - this is dangerous because we don't tell -38 * the kernel how far it's allowed to write, so it -39 * might overflow the buffer. In a real production -40 * program, we would have used two ioctls - one to tell -41 * the kernel the buffer length and another to give -42 * it the buffer to fill -43 */ +37 /* Warning - this is dangerous because we don't tell +38 * the kernel how far it's allowed to write, so it +39 * might overflow the buffer. In a real production +40 * program, we would have used two ioctls - one to tell +41 * the kernel the buffer length and another to give +42 * it the buffer to fill +43 */ 44 ret_val = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_GET_MSG, message); 45 -46 if (ret_val < 0) { -47 printf("ioctl_get_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); +46 if (ret_val < 0) { +47 printf("ioctl_get_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); 48 } -49 printf("get_msg message:%s", message); +49 printf("get_msg message:%s", message); 50 -51 return ret_val; +51 return ret_val; 52} 53 -54int ioctl_get_nth_byte(int file_desc) +54int ioctl_get_nth_byte(int file_desc) 55{ -56 int i, c; +56 int i, c; 57 -58 printf("get_nth_byte message:"); +58 printf("get_nth_byte message:"); 59 60 i = 0; -61 do { +61 do { 62 c = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE, i++); 63 -64 if (c < 0) { -65 printf("\nioctl_get_nth_byte failed at the %d'th byte:\n", i); -66 return c; +64 if (c < 0) { +65 printf("\nioctl_get_nth_byte failed at the %d'th byte:\n", i); +66 return c; 67 } 68 69 putchar(c); -70 } while (c != 0); +70 } while (c != 0); 71 -72 return 0; +72 return 0; 73} 74 -75/* Main - Call the ioctl functions */ -76int main(void) +75/* Main - Call the ioctl functions */ +76int main(void) 77{ -78 int file_desc, ret_val; -79 char *msg = "Message passed by ioctl\n"; +78 int file_desc, ret_val; +79 char *msg = "Message passed by ioctl\n"; 80 81 file_desc = open(DEVICE_PATH, O_RDWR); -82 if (file_desc < 0) { -83 printf("Can't open device file: %s, error:%d\n", DEVICE_PATH, +82 if (file_desc < 0) { +83 printf("Can't open device file: %s, error:%d\n", DEVICE_PATH, 84 file_desc); 85 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); 86 } 87 88 ret_val = ioctl_set_msg(file_desc, msg); -89 if (ret_val) -90 goto error; +89 if (ret_val) +90 goto error; 91 ret_val = ioctl_get_nth_byte(file_desc); -92 if (ret_val) -93 goto error; +92 if (ret_val) +93 goto error; 94 ret_val = ioctl_get_msg(file_desc); -95 if (ret_val) -96 goto error; +95 if (ret_val) +96 goto error; 97 98 close(file_desc); -99 return 0; +99 return 0; 100error: 101 close(file_desc); 102 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); @@ -3522,297 +3526,297 @@ dry run of this example, you will have to patch your current kernel in order to-
1/* -2 * syscall-steal.c -3 * -4 * System call "stealing" sample. -5 * -6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by changing the 16th bit -7 * in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific). -8 */ +1/* +2 * syscall-steal.c +3 * +4 * System call "stealing" sample. +5 * +6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by changing the 16th bit +7 * in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific). +8 */ 9 -10#include <linux/delay.h> -11#include <linux/kernel.h> -12#include <linux/module.h> -13#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */ -14#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */ -15#include <linux/cred.h> /* For current_uid() */ -16#include <linux/uidgid.h> /* For __kuid_val() */ -17#include <linux/version.h> +10#include <linux/delay.h> +11#include <linux/kernel.h> +12#include <linux/module.h> +13#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */ +14#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */ +15#include <linux/cred.h> /* For current_uid() */ +16#include <linux/uidgid.h> /* For __kuid_val() */ +17#include <linux/version.h> 18 -19/* For the current (process) structure, we need this to know who the -20 * current user is. -21 */ -22#include <linux/sched.h> -23#include <linux/uaccess.h> +19/* For the current (process) structure, we need this to know who the +20 * current user is. +21 */ +22#include <linux/sched.h> +23#include <linux/uaccess.h> 24 -25/* The way we access "sys_call_table" varies as kernel internal changes. -26 * - Prior to v5.4 : manual symbol lookup -27 * - v5.5 to v5.6 : use kallsyms_lookup_name() -28 * - v5.7+ : Kprobes or specific kernel module parameter -29 */ +25/* The way we access "sys_call_table" varies as kernel internal changes. +26 * - Prior to v5.4 : manual symbol lookup +27 * - v5.5 to v5.6 : use kallsyms_lookup_name() +28 * - v5.7+ : Kprobes or specific kernel module parameter +29 */ 30 -31/* The in-kernel calls to the ksys_close() syscall were removed in Linux v5.11+. -32 */ -33#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 7, 0)) +31/* The in-kernel calls to the ksys_close() syscall were removed in Linux v5.11+. +32 */ +33#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 7, 0)) 34 -35#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE <= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 4, 0) -36#define HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE 1 -37#include <linux/syscalls.h> /* For ksys_close() */ -38#else -39#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For kallsyms_lookup_name */ -40#endif +35#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE <= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 4, 0) +36#define HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE 1 +37#include <linux/syscalls.h> /* For ksys_close() */ +38#else +39#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For kallsyms_lookup_name */ +40#endif 41 -42#else +42#else 43 -44#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBES) -45#define HAVE_KPROBES 1 -46#if defined(CONFIG_X86_64) -47/* If you have tried to use the syscall table to intercept syscalls and it -48 * doesn't work, you can try to use Kprobes to intercept syscalls. -49 * Set USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL to 1 to register a pre-handler -50 * before the syscall. -51 */ -52#define USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL 0 -53#endif -54#include <linux/kprobes.h> -55#else -56#define HAVE_PARAM 1 -57#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For sprint_symbol */ -58/* The address of the sys_call_table, which can be obtained with looking up -59 * "/boot/System.map" or "/proc/kallsyms". When the kernel version is v5.7+, -60 * without CONFIG_KPROBES, you can input the parameter or the module will look -61 * up all the memory. -62 */ -63static unsigned long sym = 0; +44#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBES) +45#define HAVE_KPROBES 1 +46#if defined(CONFIG_X86_64) +47/* If you have tried to use the syscall table to intercept syscalls and it +48 * doesn't work, you can try to use Kprobes to intercept syscalls. +49 * Set USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL to 1 to register a pre-handler +50 * before the syscall. +51 */ +52#define USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL 0 +53#endif +54#include <linux/kprobes.h> +55#else +56#define HAVE_PARAM 1 +57#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For sprint_symbol */ +58/* The address of the sys_call_table, which can be obtained with looking up +59 * "/boot/System.map" or "/proc/kallsyms". When the kernel version is v5.7+, +60 * without CONFIG_KPROBES, you can input the parameter or the module will look +61 * up all the memory. +62 */ +63static unsigned long sym = 0; 64module_param(sym, ulong, 0644); -65#endif /* CONFIG_KPROBES */ +65#endif /* CONFIG_KPROBES */ 66 -67#endif /* Version < v5.7 */ +67#endif /* Version < v5.7 */ 68 -69/* UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the command line. */ -70static uid_t uid = -1; -71module_param(uid, int, 0644); +69/* UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the command line. */ +70static uid_t uid = -1; +71module_param(uid, int, 0644); 72 -73#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL +73#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL 74 -75/* syscall_sym is the symbol name of the syscall to spy on. The default is -76 * "__x64_sys_openat", which can be changed by the module parameter. You can -77 * look up the symbol name of a syscall in /proc/kallsyms. -78 */ -79static char *syscall_sym = "__x64_sys_openat"; +75/* syscall_sym is the symbol name of the syscall to spy on. The default is +76 * "__x64_sys_openat", which can be changed by the module parameter. You can +77 * look up the symbol name of a syscall in /proc/kallsyms. +78 */ +79static char *syscall_sym = "__x64_sys_openat"; 80module_param(syscall_sym, charp, 0644); 81 -82static int sys_call_kprobe_pre_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs) +82static int sys_call_kprobe_pre_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs) 83{ -84 if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid) { -85 return 0; +84 if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid) { +85 return 0; 86 } 87 -88 pr_info("%s called by %d\n", syscall_sym, uid); -89 return 0; +88 pr_info("%s called by %d\n", syscall_sym, uid); +89 return 0; 90} 91 -92static struct kprobe syscall_kprobe = { -93 .symbol_name = "__x64_sys_openat", +92static struct kprobe syscall_kprobe = { +93 .symbol_name = "__x64_sys_openat", 94 .pre_handler = sys_call_kprobe_pre_handler, 95}; 96 -97#else +97#else 98 -99static unsigned long **sys_call_table_stolen; +99static unsigned long **sys_call_table_stolen; 100 -101/* A pointer to the original system call. The reason we keep this, rather -102 * than call the original function (sys_openat), is because somebody else -103 * might have replaced the system call before us. Note that this is not -104 * 100% safe, because if another module replaced sys_openat before us, -105 * then when we are inserted, we will call the function in that module - -106 * and it might be removed before we are. -107 * -108 * Another reason for this is that we can not get sys_openat. -109 * It is a static variable, so it is not exported. -110 */ -111#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -112static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(const struct pt_regs *); -113#else -114static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(int, const char __user *, int, umode_t); -115#endif +101/* A pointer to the original system call. The reason we keep this, rather +102 * than call the original function (sys_openat), is because somebody else +103 * might have replaced the system call before us. Note that this is not +104 * 100% safe, because if another module replaced sys_openat before us, +105 * then when we are inserted, we will call the function in that module - +106 * and it might be removed before we are. +107 * +108 * Another reason for this is that we can not get sys_openat. +109 * It is a static variable, so it is not exported. +110 */ +111#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +112static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(const struct pt_regs *); +113#else +114static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(int, const char __user *, int, umode_t); +115#endif 116 -117/* The function we will replace sys_openat (the function called when you -118 * call the open system call) with. To find the exact prototype, with -119 * the number and type of arguments, we find the original function first -120 * (it is at fs/open.c). -121 * -122 * In theory, this means that we are tied to the current version of the -123 * kernel. In practice, the system calls almost never change (it would -124 * wreck havoc and require programs to be recompiled, since the system -125 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the processes). -126 */ -127#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -128static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(const struct pt_regs *regs) -129#else -130static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(int dfd, const char __user *filename, -131 int flags, umode_t mode) -132#endif +117/* The function we will replace sys_openat (the function called when you +118 * call the open system call) with. To find the exact prototype, with +119 * the number and type of arguments, we find the original function first +120 * (it is at fs/open.c). +121 * +122 * In theory, this means that we are tied to the current version of the +123 * kernel. In practice, the system calls almost never change (it would +124 * wreck havoc and require programs to be recompiled, since the system +125 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the processes). +126 */ +127#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +128static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(const struct pt_regs *regs) +129#else +130static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(int dfd, const char __user *filename, +131 int flags, umode_t mode) +132#endif 133{ -134 int i = 0; -135 char ch; +134 int i = 0; +135 char ch; 136 -137 if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid) -138 goto orig_call; +137 if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid) +138 goto orig_call; 139 -140 /* Report the file, if relevant */ -141 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid); -142 do { -143#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -144 get_user(ch, (char __user *)regs->si + i); -145#else -146 get_user(ch, (char __user *)filename + i); -147#endif +140 /* Report the file, if relevant */ +141 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid); +142 do { +143#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +144 get_user(ch, (char __user *)regs->si + i); +145#else +146 get_user(ch, (char __user *)filename + i); +147#endif 148 i++; -149 pr_info("%c", ch); -150 } while (ch != 0); -151 pr_info("\n"); +149 pr_info("%c", ch); +150 } while (ch != 0); +151 pr_info("\n"); 152 153orig_call: -154 /* Call the original sys_openat - otherwise, we lose the ability to -155 * open files. -156 */ -157#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -158 return original_call(regs); -159#else -160 return original_call(dfd, filename, flags, mode); -161#endif +154 /* Call the original sys_openat - otherwise, we lose the ability to +155 * open files. +156 */ +157#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +158 return original_call(regs); +159#else +160 return original_call(dfd, filename, flags, mode); +161#endif 162} 163 -164static unsigned long **acquire_sys_call_table(void) +164static unsigned long **acquire_sys_call_table(void) 165{ -166#ifdef HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE -167 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET; -168 unsigned long **sct; +166#ifdef HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE +167 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET; +168 unsigned long **sct; 169 -170 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) { -171 sct = (unsigned long **)offset; +170 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) { +171 sct = (unsigned long **)offset; 172 -173 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *)ksys_close) -174 return sct; +173 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *)ksys_close) +174 return sct; 175 -176 offset += sizeof(void *); +176 offset += sizeof(void *); 177 } 178 -179 return NULL; -180#endif +179 return NULL; +180#endif 181 -182#ifdef HAVE_PARAM -183 const char sct_name[15] = "sys_call_table"; -184 char symbol[40] = { 0 }; +182#ifdef HAVE_PARAM +183 const char sct_name[15] = "sys_call_table"; +184 char symbol[40] = { 0 }; 185 -186 if (sym == 0) { -187 pr_alert("For Linux v5.7+, Kprobes is the preferable way to get " -188 "symbol.\n"); -189 pr_info("If Kprobes is absent, you have to specify the address of " -190 "sys_call_table symbol\n"); -191 pr_info("by /boot/System.map or /proc/kallsyms, which contains all the " -192 "symbol addresses, into sym parameter.\n"); -193 return NULL; +186 if (sym == 0) { +187 pr_alert("For Linux v5.7+, Kprobes is the preferable way to get " +188 "symbol.\n"); +189 pr_info("If Kprobes is absent, you have to specify the address of " +190 "sys_call_table symbol\n"); +191 pr_info("by /boot/System.map or /proc/kallsyms, which contains all the " +192 "symbol addresses, into sym parameter.\n"); +193 return NULL; 194 } 195 sprint_symbol(symbol, sym); -196 if (!strncmp(sct_name, symbol, sizeof(sct_name) - 1)) -197 return (unsigned long **)sym; +196 if (!strncmp(sct_name, symbol, sizeof(sct_name) - 1)) +197 return (unsigned long **)sym; 198 -199 return NULL; -200#endif +199 return NULL; +200#endif 201 -202#ifdef HAVE_KPROBES -203 unsigned long (*kallsyms_lookup_name)(const char *name); -204 struct kprobe kp = { -205 .symbol_name = "kallsyms_lookup_name", +202#ifdef HAVE_KPROBES +203 unsigned long (*kallsyms_lookup_name)(const char *name); +204 struct kprobe kp = { +205 .symbol_name = "kallsyms_lookup_name", 206 }; 207 -208 if (register_kprobe(&kp) < 0) -209 return NULL; -210 kallsyms_lookup_name = (unsigned long (*)(const char *name))kp.addr; +208 if (register_kprobe(&kp) < 0) +209 return NULL; +210 kallsyms_lookup_name = (unsigned long (*)(const char *name))kp.addr; 211 unregister_kprobe(&kp); -212#endif +212#endif 213 -214 return (unsigned long **)kallsyms_lookup_name("sys_call_table"); +214 return (unsigned long **)kallsyms_lookup_name("sys_call_table"); 215} 216 -217#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 3, 0) -218static inline void __write_cr0(unsigned long cr0) +217#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 3, 0) +218static inline void __write_cr0(unsigned long cr0) 219{ -220 asm volatile("mov %0,%%cr0" : "+r"(cr0) : : "memory"); +220 asm volatile("mov %0,%%cr0" : "+r"(cr0) : : "memory"); 221} -222#else -223#define __write_cr0 write_cr0 -224#endif +222#else +223#define __write_cr0 write_cr0 +224#endif 225 -226static void enable_write_protection(void) +226static void enable_write_protection(void) 227{ -228 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); +228 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); 229 set_bit(16, &cr0); 230 __write_cr0(cr0); 231} 232 -233static void disable_write_protection(void) +233static void disable_write_protection(void) 234{ -235 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); +235 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); 236 clear_bit(16, &cr0); 237 __write_cr0(cr0); 238} -239#endif +239#endif 240 -241static int __init syscall_steal_start(void) +241static int __init syscall_steal_start(void) 242{ -243#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL -244 int err; -245 /* use symbol name from the module parameter */ +243#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL +244 int err; +245 /* use symbol name from the module parameter */ 246 syscall_kprobe.symbol_name = syscall_sym; 247 err = register_kprobe(&syscall_kprobe); -248 if (err) { -249 pr_err("register_kprobe() on %s failed: %d\n", syscall_sym, err); -250 pr_err("Please check the symbol name from 'syscall_sym' parameter.\n"); -251 return err; +248 if (err) { +249 pr_err("register_kprobe() on %s failed: %d\n", syscall_sym, err); +250 pr_err("Please check the symbol name from 'syscall_sym' parameter.\n"); +251 return err; 252 } -253#else -254 if (!(sys_call_table_stolen = acquire_sys_call_table())) -255 return -1; +253#else +254 if (!(sys_call_table_stolen = acquire_sys_call_table())) +255 return -1; 256 257 disable_write_protection(); 258 -259 /* keep track of the original open function */ -260 original_call = (void *)sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat]; +259 /* keep track of the original open function */ +260 original_call = (void *)sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat]; 261 -262 /* use our openat function instead */ -263 sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat; +262 /* use our openat function instead */ +263 sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat; 264 265 enable_write_protection(); -266#endif +266#endif 267 -268 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid); -269 return 0; +268 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid); +269 return 0; 270} 271 -272static void __exit syscall_steal_end(void) +272static void __exit syscall_steal_end(void) 273{ -274#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL +274#if USE_KPROBES_PRE_HANDLER_BEFORE_SYSCALL 275 unregister_kprobe(&syscall_kprobe); -276#else -277 if (!sys_call_table_stolen) -278 return; +276#else +277 if (!sys_call_table_stolen) +278 return; 279 -280 /* Return the system call back to normal */ -281 if (sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] != (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat) { -282 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the "); -283 pr_alert("open system call\n"); -284 pr_alert("The system may be left in "); -285 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n"); +280 /* Return the system call back to normal */ +281 if (sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] != (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat) { +282 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the "); +283 pr_alert("open system call\n"); +284 pr_alert("The system may be left in "); +285 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n"); 286 } 287 288 disable_write_protection(); -289 sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)original_call; +289 sys_call_table_stolen[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)original_call; 290 enable_write_protection(); -291#endif +291#endif 292 293 msleep(2000); 294} @@ -3820,7 +3824,7 @@ dry run of this example, you will have to patch your current kernel in order to 296module_init(syscall_steal_start); 297module_exit(syscall_steal_end); 298 -299MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+299MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
11 Blocking Processes and threads
@@ -3925,296 +3929,296 @@ $
-
1/* -2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it -3 * at the same time, put all but one to sleep. -4 */ +1/* +2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it +3 * at the same time, put all but one to sleep. +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/atomic.h> -7#include <linux/fs.h> -8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ -9#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -10#include <linux/printk.h> -11#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ -12#include <linux/types.h> -13#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -14#include <linux/version.h> -15#include <linux/wait.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and -16 waking them up */ +6#include <linux/atomic.h> +7#include <linux/fs.h> +8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ +9#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +10#include <linux/printk.h> +11#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ +12#include <linux/types.h> +13#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +14#include <linux/version.h> +15#include <linux/wait.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and +16 waking them up */ 17 -18#include <asm/current.h> -19#include <asm/errno.h> +18#include <asm/current.h> +19#include <asm/errno.h> 20 -21#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -22#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -23#endif +21#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +22#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +23#endif 24 -25/* Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our -26 * input. -27 */ -28#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80 -29static char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH]; +25/* Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our +26 * input. +27 */ +28#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80 +29static char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH]; 30 -31static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; -32#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep" +31static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +32#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep" 33 -34/* Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc -35 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this -36 * function. -37 */ -38static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -39 char __user *buf, /* The buffer to put data to -40 (in the user segment) */ -41 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */ +34/* Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc +35 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this +36 * function. +37 */ +38static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +39 char __user *buf, /* The buffer to put data to +40 (in the user segment) */ +41 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */ 42 loff_t *offset) 43{ -44 static int finished = 0; -45 int i; -46 char output_msg[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30]; +44 static int finished = 0; +45 int i; +46 char output_msg[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30]; 47 -48 /* Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing more to say -49 * at this point. -50 */ -51 if (finished) { +48 /* Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing more to say +49 * at this point. +50 */ +51 if (finished) { 52 finished = 0; -53 return 0; +53 return 0; 54 } 55 -56 sprintf(output_msg, "Last input:%s\n", message); -57 for (i = 0; i < len && output_msg[i]; i++) +56 sprintf(output_msg, "Last input:%s\n", message); +57 for (i = 0; i < len && output_msg[i]; i++) 58 put_user(output_msg[i], buf + i); 59 60 finished = 1; -61 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */ +61 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */ 62} 63 -64/* This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the -65 * /proc file. -66 */ -67static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */ -68 const char __user *buf, /* The buffer with input */ -69 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */ -70 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */ +64/* This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the +65 * /proc file. +66 */ +67static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */ +68 const char __user *buf, /* The buffer with input */ +69 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */ +70 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */ 71{ -72 int i; +72 int i; 73 -74 /* Put the input into message, where module_output will later be able -75 * to use it. -76 */ -77 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++) +74 /* Put the input into message, where module_output will later be able +75 * to use it. +76 */ +77 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++) 78 get_user(message[i], buf + i); -79 /* we want a standard, zero terminated string */ -80 message[i] = '\0'; +79 /* we want a standard, zero terminated string */ +80 message[i] = '\0'; 81 -82 /* We need to return the number of input characters used */ -83 return i; +82 /* We need to return the number of input characters used */ +83 return i; 84} 85 -86/* 1 if the file is currently open by somebody */ -87static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(0); +86/* 1 if the file is currently open by somebody */ +87static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(0); 88 -89/* Queue of processes who want our file */ -90static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(waitq); +89/* Queue of processes who want our file */ +90static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(waitq); 91 -92/* Called when the /proc file is opened */ -93static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +92/* Called when the /proc file is opened */ +93static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 94{ -95 /* Try to get without blocking */ -96 if (!atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { -97 /* Success without blocking, allow the access */ +95 /* Try to get without blocking */ +96 if (!atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { +97 /* Success without blocking, allow the access */ 98 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -99 return 0; +99 return 0; 100 } -101 /* If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process does not -102 * want to wait for the file. In this case, because the file is already open, -103 * we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you will have to try again", -104 * instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake. -105 */ -106 if (file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) -107 return -EAGAIN; +101 /* If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process does not +102 * want to wait for the file. In this case, because the file is already open, +103 * we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you will have to try again", +104 * instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake. +105 */ +106 if (file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) +107 return -EAGAIN; 108 -109 /* This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because if -110 * a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module, -111 * the kernel module must not be removed. -112 */ +109 /* This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because if +110 * a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module, +111 * the kernel module must not be removed. +112 */ 113 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 114 -115 while (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { -116 int i, is_sig = 0; +115 while (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { +116 int i, is_sig = 0; 117 -118 /* This function puts the current process, including any system -119 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right -120 * after the function call, either because somebody called -121 * wake_up(&waitq) (only module_close does that, when the file -122 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent -123 * to the process -124 */ +118 /* This function puts the current process, including any system +119 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right +120 * after the function call, either because somebody called +121 * wake_up(&waitq) (only module_close does that, when the file +122 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent +123 * to the process +124 */ 125 wait_event_interruptible(waitq, !atomic_read(&already_open)); 126 -127 /* If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking, -128 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes -129 * to be killed or stopped. -130 */ -131 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++) +127 /* If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking, +128 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes +129 * to be killed or stopped. +130 */ +131 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++) 132 is_sig = current->pending.signal.sig[i] & ~current->blocked.sig[i]; 133 -134 if (is_sig) { -135 /* It is important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, because -136 * for processes where the open is interrupted there will never -137 * be a corresponding close. If we do not decrement the usage -138 * count here, we will be left with a positive usage count -139 * which we will have no way to bring down to zero, giving us -140 * an immortal module, which can only be killed by rebooting -141 * the machine. -142 */ +134 if (is_sig) { +135 /* It is important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, because +136 * for processes where the open is interrupted there will never +137 * be a corresponding close. If we do not decrement the usage +138 * count here, we will be left with a positive usage count +139 * which we will have no way to bring down to zero, giving us +140 * an immortal module, which can only be killed by rebooting +141 * the machine. +142 */ 143 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -144 return -EINTR; +144 return -EINTR; 145 } 146 } 147 -148 return 0; /* Allow the access */ +148 return 0; /* Allow the access */ 149} 150 -151/* Called when the /proc file is closed */ -152static int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +151/* Called when the /proc file is closed */ +152static int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 153{ -154 /* Set already_open to zero, so one of the processes in the waitq will -155 * be able to set already_open back to one and to open the file. All -156 * the other processes will be called when already_open is back to one, -157 * so they'll go back to sleep. -158 */ +154 /* Set already_open to zero, so one of the processes in the waitq will +155 * be able to set already_open back to one and to open the file. All +156 * the other processes will be called when already_open is back to one, +157 * so they'll go back to sleep. +158 */ 159 atomic_set(&already_open, 0); 160 -161 /* Wake up all the processes in waitq, so if anybody is waiting for the -162 * file, they can have it. -163 */ +161 /* Wake up all the processes in waitq, so if anybody is waiting for the +162 * file, they can have it. +163 */ 164 wake_up(&waitq); 165 166 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 167 -168 return 0; /* success */ +168 return 0; /* success */ 169} 170 -171/* Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant -172 * functions. -173 */ +171/* Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant +172 * functions. +173 */ 174 -175/* File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all -176 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL -177 * means we don't want to deal with something. -178 */ -179#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -180static const struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { -181 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */ -182 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */ -183 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */ -184 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */ -185 .proc_lseek = noop_llseek, /* return file->f_pos */ +175/* File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all +176 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL +177 * means we don't want to deal with something. +178 */ +179#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +180static const struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +181 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */ +182 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */ +183 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */ +184 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */ +185 .proc_lseek = noop_llseek, /* return file->f_pos */ 186}; -187#else -188static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +187#else +188static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { 189 .read = module_output, 190 .write = module_input, 191 .open = module_open, 192 .release = module_close, 193 .llseek = noop_llseek, 194}; -195#endif +195#endif 196 -197/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */ -198static int __init sleep_init(void) +197/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */ +198static int __init sleep_init(void) 199{ 200 our_proc_file = 201 proc_create(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, &file_ops_4_our_proc_file); -202 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { -203 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); -204 return -ENOMEM; +202 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { +203 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +204 return -ENOMEM; 205 } 206 proc_set_size(our_proc_file, 80); 207 proc_set_user(our_proc_file, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID); 208 -209 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +209 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); 210 -211 return 0; +211 return 0; 212} 213 -214/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if -215 * there are still processes waiting in waitq, because they are inside our -216 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal -217 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10. -218 */ -219static void __exit sleep_exit(void) +214/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if +215 * there are still processes waiting in waitq, because they are inside our +216 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal +217 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10. +218 */ +219static void __exit sleep_exit(void) 220{ 221 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -222 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +222 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); 223} 224 225module_init(sleep_init); 226module_exit(sleep_exit); 227 -228MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+228MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than -3 * wait for input. -4 */ -5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */ -6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */ -7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ -8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ -9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */ +1/* +2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than +3 * wait for input. +4 */ +5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */ +6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */ +7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ +8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ +9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */ 10 -11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4 +11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4 12 -13int main(int argc, char *argv[]) +13int main(int argc, char *argv[]) 14{ -15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */ -16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */ -17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */ +15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */ +16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */ +17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */ 18 -19 /* Usage */ -20 if (argc != 2) { -21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]); -22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input"); +19 /* Usage */ +20 if (argc != 2) { +21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]); +22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input"); 23 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); 24 } 25 -26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */ +26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */ 27 fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK); 28 -29 /* If open failed */ -30 if (fd == -1) { -31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed"); +29 /* If open failed */ +30 if (fd == -1) { +31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed"); 32 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); 33 } 34 -35 /* Read the file and output its contents */ -36 do { -37 /* Read characters from the file */ +35 /* Read the file and output its contents */ +36 do { +37 /* Read characters from the file */ 38 bytes = read(fd, buffer, MAX_BYTES); 39 -40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */ -41 if (bytes == -1) { -42 if (errno == EAGAIN) -43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to"); -44 else -45 puts("Another read error"); +40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */ +41 if (bytes == -1) { +42 if (errno == EAGAIN) +43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to"); +44 else +45 puts("Another read error"); 46 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); 47 } 48 -49 /* Print the characters */ -50 if (bytes > 0) { -51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++) +49 /* Print the characters */ +50 if (bytes > 0) { +51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++) 52 putchar(buffer[i]); 53 } 54 -55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */ -56 } while (bytes > 0); +55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */ +56 } while (bytes > 0); 57 58 close(fd); -59 return 0; +59 return 0; 60}@@ -4251,90 +4255,90 @@ the crank thread to complete. enough for many common situations without adding a lot of complexity.
-
1/* -2 * completions.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/completion.h> -5#include <linux/err.h> /* for IS_ERR() */ -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/kthread.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/printk.h> -10#include <linux/version.h> +1/* +2 * completions.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/completion.h> +5#include <linux/err.h> /* for IS_ERR() */ +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/kthread.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/printk.h> +10#include <linux/version.h> 11 -12static struct completion crank_comp; -13static struct completion flywheel_comp; +12static struct completion crank_comp; +13static struct completion flywheel_comp; 14 -15static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg) +15static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg) 16{ -17 pr_info("Turn the crank\n"); +17 pr_info("Turn the crank\n"); 18 19 complete_all(&crank_comp); -20#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) +20#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) 21 kthread_complete_and_exit(&crank_comp, 0); -22#else +22#else 23 complete_and_exit(&crank_comp, 0); -24#endif +24#endif 25} 26 -27static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg) +27static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg) 28{ 29 wait_for_completion(&crank_comp); 30 -31 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n"); +31 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n"); 32 33 complete_all(&flywheel_comp); -34#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) +34#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) 35 kthread_complete_and_exit(&flywheel_comp, 0); -36#else +36#else 37 complete_and_exit(&flywheel_comp, 0); -38#endif +38#endif 39} 40 -41static int __init completions_init(void) +41static int __init completions_init(void) 42{ -43 struct task_struct *crank_thread; -44 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread; +43 struct task_struct *crank_thread; +44 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread; 45 -46 pr_info("completions example\n"); +46 pr_info("completions example\n"); 47 48 init_completion(&crank_comp); 49 init_completion(&flywheel_comp); 50 -51 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank"); -52 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread)) -53 goto ERROR_THREAD_1; +51 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank"); +52 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread)) +53 goto ERROR_THREAD_1; 54 55 flywheel_thread = kthread_create(machine_flywheel_spinup_thread, NULL, -56 "KThread Flywheel"); -57 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread)) -58 goto ERROR_THREAD_2; +56 "KThread Flywheel"); +57 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread)) +58 goto ERROR_THREAD_2; 59 60 wake_up_process(flywheel_thread); 61 wake_up_process(crank_thread); 62 -63 return 0; +63 return 0; 64 65ERROR_THREAD_2: 66 kthread_stop(crank_thread); 67ERROR_THREAD_1: 68 -69 return -1; +69 return -1; 70} 71 -72static void __exit completions_exit(void) +72static void __exit completions_exit(void) 73{ 74 wait_for_completion(&crank_comp); 75 wait_for_completion(&flywheel_comp); 76 -77 pr_info("completions exit\n"); +77 pr_info("completions exit\n"); 78} 79 80module_init(completions_init); 81module_exit(completions_exit); 82 -83MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example"); -84MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+83MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example"); +84MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
12 Avoiding Collisions and Deadlocks
@@ -4350,46 +4354,46 @@ might deploy them in userland. This may be all that is needed to avoid collision most cases.-
1/* -2 * example_mutex.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/module.h> -5#include <linux/mutex.h> -6#include <linux/printk.h> +@@ -4407,68 +4411,68 @@ they will not be forgotten and will activate when the unlock happens, using the1/* +2 * example_mutex.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/module.h> +5#include <linux/mutex.h> +6#include <linux/printk.h> 7 -8static DEFINE_MUTEX(mymutex); +8static DEFINE_MUTEX(mymutex); 9 -10static int __init example_mutex_init(void) +10static int __init example_mutex_init(void) 11{ -12 int ret; +12 int ret; 13 -14 pr_info("example_mutex init\n"); +14 pr_info("example_mutex init\n"); 15 16 ret = mutex_trylock(&mymutex); -17 if (ret != 0) { -18 pr_info("mutex is locked\n"); +17 if (ret != 0) { +18 pr_info("mutex is locked\n"); 19 -20 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0) -21 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n"); +20 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0) +21 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n"); 22 23 mutex_unlock(&mymutex); -24 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n"); -25 } else -26 pr_info("Failed to lock\n"); +24 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n"); +25 } else +26 pr_info("Failed to lock\n"); 27 -28 return 0; +28 return 0; 29} 30 -31static void __exit example_mutex_exit(void) +31static void __exit example_mutex_exit(void) 32{ -33 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n"); +33 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n"); 34} 35 36module_init(example_mutex_init); 37module_exit(example_mutex_exit); 38 -39MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example"); -40MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+39MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example"); +40MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * example_spinlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/printk.h> -7#include <linux/spinlock.h> +1/* +2 * example_spinlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/printk.h> +7#include <linux/spinlock.h> 8 -9static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sl_static); -10static spinlock_t sl_dynamic; +9static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sl_static); +10static spinlock_t sl_dynamic; 11 -12static void example_spinlock_static(void) +12static void example_spinlock_static(void) 13{ -14 unsigned long flags; +14 unsigned long flags; 15 16 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_static, flags); -17 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); +17 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); 18 -19 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this -20 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. -21 */ +19 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this +20 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. +21 */ 22 23 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_static, flags); -24 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); +24 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); 25} 26 -27static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) +27static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) 28{ -29 unsigned long flags; +29 unsigned long flags; 30 31 spin_lock_init(&sl_dynamic); 32 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_dynamic, flags); -33 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); +33 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); 34 -35 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this -36 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. -37 */ +35 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this +36 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. +37 */ 38 39 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_dynamic, flags); -40 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); +40 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); 41} 42 -43static int __init example_spinlock_init(void) +43static int __init example_spinlock_init(void) 44{ -45 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); +45 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); 46 47 example_spinlock_static(); 48 example_spinlock_dynamic(); 49 -50 return 0; +50 return 0; 51} 52 -53static void __exit example_spinlock_exit(void) +53static void __exit example_spinlock_exit(void) 54{ -55 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); +55 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); 56} 57 58module_init(example_spinlock_init); 59module_exit(example_spinlock_exit); 60 -61MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); -62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+61MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); +62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Taking 100% of a CPU’s resources comes with greater responsibility. Situations where the kernel code monopolizes a CPU are called atomic contexts. Holding a spinlock is one of those situations. Sleeping in atomic contexts may leave the system @@ -4537,61 +4541,61 @@ the system and cause users to start revolting against the tyranny of your module.
-
1/* -2 * example_rwlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/module.h> -5#include <linux/printk.h> -6#include <linux/rwlock.h> +1/* +2 * example_rwlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/module.h> +5#include <linux/printk.h> +6#include <linux/rwlock.h> 7 -8static DEFINE_RWLOCK(myrwlock); +8static DEFINE_RWLOCK(myrwlock); 9 -10static void example_read_lock(void) +10static void example_read_lock(void) 11{ -12 unsigned long flags; +12 unsigned long flags; 13 14 read_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); +15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); 16 -17 /* Read from something */ +17 /* Read from something */ 18 19 read_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); +20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); 21} 22 -23static void example_write_lock(void) +23static void example_write_lock(void) 24{ -25 unsigned long flags; +25 unsigned long flags; 26 27 write_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); +28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); 29 -30 /* Write to something */ +30 /* Write to something */ 31 32 write_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); +33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); 34} 35 -36static int __init example_rwlock_init(void) +36static int __init example_rwlock_init(void) 37{ -38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); +38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); 39 40 example_read_lock(); 41 example_write_lock(); 42 -43 return 0; +43 return 0; 44} 45 -46static void __exit example_rwlock_exit(void) +46static void __exit example_rwlock_exit(void) 47{ -48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); +48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); 49} 50 51module_init(example_rwlock_init); 52module_exit(example_rwlock_exit); 53 -54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); -55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); +55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Of course, if you know for sure that there are no functions triggered by irqs which could possibly interfere with your logic then you can use the simpler @@ -4610,81 +4614,81 @@ and was not overwritten by some other shenanigans. An example is shown below.
-
1/* -2 * example_atomic.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/atomic.h> -5#include <linux/bitops.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/printk.h> +1/* +2 * example_atomic.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/atomic.h> +5#include <linux/bitops.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/printk.h> 8 -9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" -10#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ -11 ((byte & 0x80) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x40) ? '1' : '0'), \ -12 ((byte & 0x20) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x10) ? '1' : '0'), \ -13 ((byte & 0x08) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x04) ? '1' : '0'), \ -14 ((byte & 0x02) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x01) ? '1' : '0') +9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" +10#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ +11 ((byte & 0x80) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x40) ? '1' : '0'), \ +12 ((byte & 0x20) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x10) ? '1' : '0'), \ +13 ((byte & 0x08) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x04) ? '1' : '0'), \ +14 ((byte & 0x02) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x01) ? '1' : '0') 15 -16static void atomic_add_subtract(void) +16static void atomic_add_subtract(void) 17{ 18 atomic_t debbie; 19 atomic_t chris = ATOMIC_INIT(50); 20 21 atomic_set(&debbie, 45); 22 -23 /* subtract one */ +23 /* subtract one */ 24 atomic_dec(&debbie); 25 26 atomic_add(7, &debbie); 27 -28 /* add one */ +28 /* add one */ 29 atomic_inc(&debbie); 30 -31 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), +31 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), 32 atomic_read(&debbie)); 33} 34 -35static void atomic_bitwise(void) +35static void atomic_bitwise(void) 36{ -37 unsigned long word = 0; +37 unsigned long word = 0; 38 -39 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +39 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 40 set_bit(3, &word); 41 set_bit(5, &word); -42 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +42 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 43 clear_bit(5, &word); -44 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +44 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 45 change_bit(3, &word); 46 -47 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); -48 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) -49 pr_info("wrong\n"); -50 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +47 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +48 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) +49 pr_info("wrong\n"); +50 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 51 52 word = 255; -53 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "\n", BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +53 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "\n", BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 54} 55 -56static int __init example_atomic_init(void) +56static int __init example_atomic_init(void) 57{ -58 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); +58 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); 59 60 atomic_add_subtract(); 61 atomic_bitwise(); 62 -63 return 0; +63 return 0; 64} 65 -66static void __exit example_atomic_exit(void) +66static void __exit example_atomic_exit(void) 67{ -68 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); +68 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); 69} 70 71module_init(example_atomic_init); 72module_exit(example_atomic_exit); 73 -74MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); -75MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+74MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); +75MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Before the C11 standard adopts the built-in atomic types, the kernel already provided a small set of atomic types by using a bunch of tricky architecture-specific codes. Implementing the atomic types by C11 atomics may allow the kernel to throw @@ -4721,80 +4725,80 @@ structure. Within this structure lies a pointer to a string write function, faci the string’s transmission to the tty.
-
1/* -2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if -3 * it is through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the -4 * tty associated with the current task. -5 */ -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/kernel.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ -10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ +1/* +2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if +3 * it is through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the +4 * tty associated with the current task. +5 */ +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/kernel.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ +10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ 11 -12static void print_string(char *str) +12static void print_string(char *str) 13{ -14 /* The tty for the current task */ -15 struct tty_struct *my_tty = get_current_tty(); +14 /* The tty for the current task */ +15 struct tty_struct *my_tty = get_current_tty(); 16 -17 /* If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to (i.e., -18 * if it is a daemon). If so, there is nothing we can do. -19 */ -20 if (my_tty) { -21 const struct tty_operations *ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; -22 /* my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, -23 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. -24 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or -25 * kernel's memory segment. -26 * -27 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, because the -28 * same function would normally be used for all tty's of a certain -29 * type. -30 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. -31 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. -32 * -33 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use -34 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different -35 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here does not -36 * scale well. The right way to deal with this is described in -37 * section 2 of -38 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches -39 */ -40 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ -41 str, /* String */ -42 strlen(str)); /* Length */ +17 /* If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to (i.e., +18 * if it is a daemon). If so, there is nothing we can do. +19 */ +20 if (my_tty) { +21 const struct tty_operations *ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; +22 /* my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, +23 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. +24 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or +25 * kernel's memory segment. +26 * +27 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, because the +28 * same function would normally be used for all tty's of a certain +29 * type. +30 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. +31 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. +32 * +33 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use +34 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different +35 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here does not +36 * scale well. The right way to deal with this is described in +37 * section 2 of +38 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +39 */ +40 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ +41 str, /* String */ +42 strlen(str)); /* Length */ 43 -44 /* ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) strictly -45 * followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to a new line you -46 * need two characters, a carriage return and a line feed. On Unix, -47 * the ASCII line feed is used for both purposes - so we can not -48 * just use \n, because it would not have a carriage return and the -49 * next line will start at the column right after the line feed. -50 * -51 * This is why text files are different between Unix and MS Windows. -52 * In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and MS Windows, the ASCII -53 * standard was strictly adhered to, and therefore a newline requires -54 * both a LF and a CR. -55 */ -56 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); +44 /* ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) strictly +45 * followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to a new line you +46 * need two characters, a carriage return and a line feed. On Unix, +47 * the ASCII line feed is used for both purposes - so we can not +48 * just use \n, because it would not have a carriage return and the +49 * next line will start at the column right after the line feed. +50 * +51 * This is why text files are different between Unix and MS Windows. +52 * In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and MS Windows, the ASCII +53 * standard was strictly adhered to, and therefore a newline requires +54 * both a LF and a CR. +55 */ +56 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); 57 } 58} 59 -60static int __init print_string_init(void) +60static int __init print_string_init(void) 61{ -62 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); -63 return 0; +62 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); +63 return 0; 64} 65 -66static void __exit print_string_exit(void) +66static void __exit print_string_exit(void) 67{ -68 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); +68 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); 69} 70 71module_init(print_string_init); 72module_exit(print_string_exit); 73 -74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
13.2 Flashing keyboard LEDs
@@ -4812,39 +4816,39 @@ to improve memory safety. A buffer overflow in the area of adata
fields, providing the attacker with a way to use return-oriented programming (ROP) to call arbitrary functions within the kernel. Also, the function prototype of the callback, -containing aunsigned long +containing a
unsigned long
argument, will prevent work from any type checking. Furthermore, the function prototype -withunsigned long +with
unsigned long
argument may be an obstacle to the forward-edge protection of control-flow integrity. Thus, it is better to use a unique prototype to separate from the cluster that takes an -unsigned long +
unsigned long
argument. The timer callback should be passed a pointer to thetimer_list -
structure rather than anunsigned long +
structure rather than anunsigned long
argument. Then, it wraps all the information the callback needs, including thetimer_list
structure, into a larger structure, and it can use thecontainer_of -
macro instead of theunsigned long +
macro instead of theunsigned long
value. For more information see: Improving the kernel timers API.Before Linux v4.14,
-setup_timer
was used to initialize the timer and thetimer_list
structure looked like:1struct timer_list { -2 unsigned long expires; -3 void (*function)(unsigned long); -4 unsigned long data; +1struct timer_list { +2 unsigned long expires; +3 void (*function)(unsigned long); +4 unsigned long data; 5 u32 flags; -6 /* ... */ +6 /* ... */ 7}; 8 -9void setup_timer(struct timer_list *timer, void (*callback)(unsigned long), -10 unsigned long data);+9void setup_timer(struct timer_list *timer, void (*callback)(unsigned long), +10 unsigned long data);Since Linux v4.14,
-timer_setup
is adopted and the kernel step by step converting totimer_setup @@ -4854,63 +4858,63 @@ Moreover, the
timer_setup
was implemented bysetup_timer
at first.1void timer_setup(struct timer_list *timer, -2 void (*callback)(struct timer_list *), unsigned int flags);+1void timer_setup(struct timer_list *timer, +2 void (*callback)(struct timer_list *), unsigned int flags);The
-setup_timer
was then removed since v4.15. As a result, thetimer_list
structure had changed to the following.1struct timer_list { -2 unsigned long expires; -3 void (*function)(struct timer_list *); +1struct timer_list { +2 unsigned long expires; +3 void (*function)(struct timer_list *); 4 u32 flags; -5 /* ... */ +5 /* ... */ 6};The following source code illustrates a minimal kernel module which, when loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded.
-
1/* -2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. -3 */ +1/* +2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For tty_struct */ -9#include <linux/vt.h> /* For MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ -10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ -11#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For tty_struct */ +9#include <linux/vt.h> /* For MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ +10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ +11#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ 12 -13MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); +13MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); 14 -15static struct timer_list my_timer; -16static struct tty_driver *my_driver; -17static unsigned long kbledstatus = 0; +15static struct timer_list my_timer; +16static struct tty_driver *my_driver; +17static unsigned long kbledstatus = 0; 18 -19#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 -20#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 -21#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF +19#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 +20#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 +21#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF 22 -23/* Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking -24 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual -25 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: -26 * drivers/tty/vt/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). -27 * -28 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led -29 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF -30 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus -31 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, -32 * please see file: drivers/tty/vt/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). -33 */ -34static void my_timer_func(struct timer_list *unused) +23/* Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking +24 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual +25 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: +26 * drivers/tty/vt/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). +27 * +28 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led +29 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF +30 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus +31 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, +32 * please see file: drivers/tty/vt/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). +33 */ +34static void my_timer_func(struct timer_list *unused) 35{ -36 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; +36 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; 37 -38 if (kbledstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) +38 if (kbledstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) 39 kbledstatus = RESTORE_LEDS; -40 else +40 else 41 kbledstatus = ALL_LEDS_ON; 42 43 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(t, KDSETLED, kbledstatus); @@ -4919,34 +4923,34 @@ loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded. 46 add_timer(&my_timer); 47} 48 -49static int __init kbleds_init(void) +49static int __init kbleds_init(void) 50{ -51 int i; +51 int i; 52 -53 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); -54 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); -55 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { -56 if (!vc_cons[i].d) -57 break; -58 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %p\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, -59 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (void *)vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); +53 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); +54 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); +55 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { +56 if (!vc_cons[i].d) +57 break; +58 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %p\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, +59 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (void *)vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); 60 } -61 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); +61 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); 62 63 my_driver = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty->driver; -64 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver name %s\n", my_driver->driver_name); +64 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver name %s\n", my_driver->driver_name); 65 -66 /* Set up the LED blink timer the first time. */ +66 /* Set up the LED blink timer the first time. */ 67 timer_setup(&my_timer, my_timer_func, 0); 68 my_timer.expires = jiffies + BLINK_DELAY; 69 add_timer(&my_timer); 70 -71 return 0; +71 return 0; 72} 73 -74static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) +74static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) 75{ -76 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); +76 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); 77 del_timer(&my_timer); 78 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty, KDSETLED, 79 RESTORE_LEDS); @@ -4955,7 +4959,7 @@ loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded. 82module_init(kbleds_init); 83module_exit(kbleds_cleanup); 84 -85MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+85MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");If none of the examples in this chapter fit your debugging needs, there might yet be some other tricks to try. Ever wondered what
CONFIG_LL_DEBUG @@ -5026,165 +5030,165 @@ materials used include a Raspberry Pi 5, an LED, jumper wires, and a 220
-
1/* -2 * led.c - Using GPIO to control the LED on/off -3 */ +1/* +2 * led.c - Using GPIO to control the LED on/off +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/cdev.h> -6#include <linux/delay.h> -7#include <linux/device.h> -8#include <linux/fs.h> -9#include <linux/gpio.h> -10#include <linux/init.h> -11#include <linux/module.h> -12#include <linux/printk.h> -13#include <linux/types.h> -14#include <linux/uaccess.h> -15#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/cdev.h> +6#include <linux/delay.h> +7#include <linux/device.h> +8#include <linux/fs.h> +9#include <linux/gpio.h> +10#include <linux/init.h> +11#include <linux/module.h> +12#include <linux/printk.h> +13#include <linux/types.h> +14#include <linux/uaccess.h> +15#include <linux/version.h> 16 -17#include <asm/errno.h> +17#include <asm/errno.h> 18 -19#define DEVICE_NAME "gpio_led" -20#define DEVICE_CNT 1 -21#define BUF_LEN 2 +19#define DEVICE_NAME "gpio_led" +20#define DEVICE_CNT 1 +21#define BUF_LEN 2 22 -23static char control_signal[BUF_LEN]; -24static unsigned long device_buffer_size = 0; +23static char control_signal[BUF_LEN]; +24static unsigned long device_buffer_size = 0; 25 -26struct LED_dev { -27 dev_t dev_num; -28 int major_num, minor_num; -29 struct cdev cdev; -30 struct class *cls; -31 struct device *dev; +26struct LED_dev { +27 dev_t dev_num; +28 int major_num, minor_num; +29 struct cdev cdev; +30 struct class *cls; +31 struct device *dev; 32}; 33 -34static struct LED_dev led_device; +34static struct LED_dev led_device; 35 -36/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -37 * TODO: According to the requirements, search /sys/kernel/debug/gpio to -38 * find the corresponding GPIO location. -39 */ -40static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +36/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +37 * TODO: According to the requirements, search /sys/kernel/debug/gpio to +38 * find the corresponding GPIO location. +39 */ +40static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 41 -42/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */ -43static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +42/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */ +43static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 44{ -45 return 0; +45 return 0; 46} 47 -48static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +48static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 49{ -50 return 0; +50 return 0; 51} 52 -53static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, -54 size_t length, loff_t *offset) +53static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, +54 size_t length, loff_t *offset) 55{ 56 device_buffer_size = min(BUF_LEN, length); 57 -58 if (copy_from_user(control_signal, buffer, device_buffer_size)) { -59 return -EFAULT; +58 if (copy_from_user(control_signal, buffer, device_buffer_size)) { +59 return -EFAULT; 60 } 61 -62 /* Determine the received signal to decide the LED on/off state. */ -63 switch (control_signal[0]) { -64 case '0': +62 /* Determine the received signal to decide the LED on/off state. */ +63 switch (control_signal[0]) { +64 case '0': 65 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); -66 pr_info("LED OFF"); -67 break; -68 case '1': +66 pr_info("LED OFF"); +67 break; +68 case '1': 69 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -70 pr_info("LED ON"); -71 break; -72 default: -73 pr_warn("Invalid value!\n"); -74 break; +70 pr_info("LED ON"); +71 break; +72 default: +73 pr_warn("Invalid value!\n"); +74 break; 75 } 76 77 *offset += device_buffer_size; 78 -79 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ -80 return device_buffer_size; +79 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ +80 return device_buffer_size; 81} 82 -83static struct file_operations fops = { +83static struct file_operations fops = { 84 .owner = THIS_MODULE, 85 .write = device_write, 86 .open = device_open, 87 .release = device_release, 88}; 89 -90/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */ -91static int __init led_init(void) +90/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */ +91static int __init led_init(void) 92{ -93 int ret = 0; +93 int ret = 0; 94 -95 /* Determine whether dynamic allocation of the device number is needed. */ -96 if (led_device.major_num) { +95 /* Determine whether dynamic allocation of the device number is needed. */ +96 if (led_device.major_num) { 97 led_device.dev_num = MKDEV(led_device.major_num, led_device.minor_num); 98 ret = 99 register_chrdev_region(led_device.dev_num, DEVICE_CNT, DEVICE_NAME); -100 } else { +100 } else { 101 ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&led_device.dev_num, 0, DEVICE_CNT, 102 DEVICE_NAME); 103 } 104 -105 /* Negative values signify an error */ -106 if (ret < 0) { -107 pr_alert("Failed to register character device, error: %d\n", ret); -108 return ret; +105 /* Negative values signify an error */ +106 if (ret < 0) { +107 pr_alert("Failed to register character device, error: %d\n", ret); +108 return ret; 109 } 110 -111 pr_info("Major = %d, Minor = %d\n", MAJOR(led_device.dev_num), +111 pr_info("Major = %d, Minor = %d\n", MAJOR(led_device.dev_num), 112 MINOR(led_device.dev_num)); 113 -114 /* Prevents module unloading while operations are in use */ +114 /* Prevents module unloading while operations are in use */ 115 led_device.cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE; 116 117 cdev_init(&led_device.cdev, &fops); 118 ret = cdev_add(&led_device.cdev, led_device.dev_num, 1); -119 if (ret) { -120 pr_err("Failed to add the device to the system\n"); -121 goto fail1; +119 if (ret) { +120 pr_err("Failed to add the device to the system\n"); +121 goto fail1; 122 } 123 -124#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +124#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 125 led_device.cls = class_create(DEVICE_NAME); -126#else +126#else 127 led_device.cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_NAME); -128#endif -129 if (IS_ERR(led_device.cls)) { -130 pr_err("Failed to create class for device\n"); +128#endif +129 if (IS_ERR(led_device.cls)) { +130 pr_err("Failed to create class for device\n"); 131 ret = PTR_ERR(led_device.cls); -132 goto fail2; +132 goto fail2; 133 } 134 135 led_device.dev = device_create(led_device.cls, NULL, led_device.dev_num, 136 NULL, DEVICE_NAME); -137 if (IS_ERR(led_device.dev)) { -138 pr_err("Failed to create the device file\n"); +137 if (IS_ERR(led_device.dev)) { +138 pr_err("Failed to create the device file\n"); 139 ret = PTR_ERR(led_device.dev); -140 goto fail3; +140 goto fail3; 141 } 142 -143 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); +143 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); 144 145 ret = gpio_request(leds[0].gpio, leds[0].label); 146 -147 if (ret) { -148 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -149 goto fail4; +147 if (ret) { +148 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +149 goto fail4; 150 } 151 152 ret = gpio_direction_output(leds[0].gpio, leds[0].flags); 153 -154 if (ret) { -155 pr_err("Failed to set GPIO %d direction\n", leds[0].gpio); -156 goto fail5; +154 if (ret) { +155 pr_err("Failed to set GPIO %d direction\n", leds[0].gpio); +156 goto fail5; 157 } 158 -159 return 0; +159 return 0; 160 161fail5: 162 gpio_free(leds[0].gpio); @@ -5201,10 +5205,10 @@ resistor. 173fail1: 174 unregister_chrdev_region(led_device.dev_num, DEVICE_CNT); 175 -176 return ret; +176 return ret; 177} 178 -179static void __exit led_exit(void) +179static void __exit led_exit(void) 180{ 181 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 182 gpio_free(leds[0].gpio); @@ -5218,20 +5222,20 @@ resistor. 190module_init(led_init); 191module_exit(led_exit); 192 -193MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+193MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Make and install the module:
1make 2sudo insmod led.koSwitch on the LED:
-1echo "1" | sudo tee /dev/gpio_led+1echo "1" | sudo tee /dev/gpio_ledSwitch off the LED:
-1echo "0" | sudo tee /dev/gpio_led+1echo "0" | sudo tee /dev/gpio_ledFinally, remove the module:
1sudo rmmod led@@ -5257,50 +5261,50 @@ debate. softirq.-
1/* -2 * example_tasklet.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/delay.h> -5#include <linux/interrupt.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/printk.h> +1/* +2 * example_tasklet.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/delay.h> +5#include <linux/interrupt.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/printk.h> 8 -9/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibility. -10 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ -11 */ -12#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD -13#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) -14#endif +9/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibility. +10 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ +11 */ +12#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD +13#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) +14#endif 15 -16static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +16static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) 17{ -18 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); +18 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); 19 mdelay(5000); -20 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); +20 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); 21} 22 -23static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(mytask, tasklet_fn); +23static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(mytask, tasklet_fn); 24 -25static int __init example_tasklet_init(void) +25static int __init example_tasklet_init(void) 26{ -27 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); +27 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); 28 tasklet_schedule(&mytask); 29 mdelay(200); -30 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); -31 return 0; +30 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); +31 return 0; 32} 33 -34static void __exit example_tasklet_exit(void) +34static void __exit example_tasklet_exit(void) 35{ -36 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); +36 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); 37 tasklet_kill(&mytask); 38} 39 40module_init(example_tasklet_init); 41module_exit(example_tasklet_exit); 42 -43MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); -44MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+43MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); +44MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");So with this example loaded
dmesg
should show: @@ -5333,30 +5337,30 @@ the macroDECLARE_TASKLET_OLD Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) to execute work within the queue.
-
1/* -2 * sched.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/workqueue.h> +1/* +2 * sched.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/workqueue.h> 7 -8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; -9static struct work_struct work; +8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; +9static struct work_struct work; 10 -11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) +11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) 12{ -13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); +13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); 14} 15 -16static int __init sched_init(void) +16static int __init sched_init(void) 17{ -18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); +18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); 19 INIT_WORK(&work, work_handler); 20 queue_work(queue, &work); -21 return 0; +21 return 0; 22} 23 -24static void __exit sched_exit(void) +24static void __exit sched_exit(void) 25{ 26 destroy_workqueue(queue); 27} @@ -5364,8 +5368,8 @@ Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) to execute work within the queue. 29module_init(sched_init); 30module_exit(sched_exit); 31 -32MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -33MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");+32MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +33MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");
16 Interrupt Handlers
@@ -5459,157 +5463,157 @@ an LED is connected to GPIO 4. You can change those numbers to whatever is appropriate for your board.-
1/* -2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off. -9 */ +1/* +2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off. +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/gpio.h> -12#include <linux/interrupt.h> -13#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for ARRAY_SIZE() */ -14#include <linux/module.h> -15#include <linux/printk.h> -16#include <linux/version.h> +11#include <linux/gpio.h> +12#include <linux/interrupt.h> +13#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for ARRAY_SIZE() */ +14#include <linux/module.h> +15#include <linux/printk.h> +16#include <linux/version.h> 17 -18#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 10, 0) -19#define NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -20#endif +18#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 10, 0) +19#define NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +20#endif 21 -22static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; +22static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 23 -24/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -25 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -26 */ -27static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +24/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +25 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +26 */ +27static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 28 -29/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -30 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -31 */ -32static struct gpio buttons[] = { { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, -33 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" } }; +29/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +30 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +31 */ +32static struct gpio buttons[] = { { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +33 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" } }; 34 -35/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed. */ -36static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +35/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed. */ +36static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 37{ -38 /* first button */ -39 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +38 /* first button */ +39 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 40 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -41 /* second button */ -42 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +41 /* second button */ +42 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 43 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 44 -45 return IRQ_HANDLED; +45 return IRQ_HANDLED; 46} 47 -48static int __init intrpt_init(void) +48static int __init intrpt_init(void) 49{ -50 int ret = 0; +50 int ret = 0; 51 -52 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +52 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 53 -54 /* register LED gpios */ -55#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +54 /* register LED gpios */ +55#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 56 ret = gpio_request(leds[0].gpio, leds[0].label); -57#else +57#else 58 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -59#endif +59#endif 60 -61 if (ret) { -62 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -63 return ret; +61 if (ret) { +62 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +63 return ret; 64 } 65 -66 /* register BUTTON gpios */ -67#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +66 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +67#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 68 ret = gpio_request(buttons[0].gpio, buttons[0].label); 69 -70 if (ret) { -71 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -72 goto fail1; +70 if (ret) { +71 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +72 goto fail1; 73 } 74 75 ret = gpio_request(buttons[1].gpio, buttons[1].label); 76 -77 if (ret) { -78 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -79 goto fail2; +77 if (ret) { +78 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +79 goto fail2; 80 } -81#else +81#else 82 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 83 -84 if (ret) { -85 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -86 goto fail1; +84 if (ret) { +85 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +86 goto fail1; 87 } -88#endif +88#endif 89 -90 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +90 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 91 92 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 93 -94 if (ret < 0) { -95 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -96#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -97 goto fail3; -98#else -99 goto fail2; -100#endif +94 if (ret < 0) { +95 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +96#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +97 goto fail3; +98#else +99 goto fail2; +100#endif 101 } 102 103 button_irqs[0] = ret; 104 -105 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +105 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 106 107 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, 108 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -109 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +109 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); 110 -111 if (ret) { -112 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -113#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -114 goto fail3; -115#else -116 goto fail2; -117#endif +111 if (ret) { +112 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +113#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +114 goto fail3; +115#else +116 goto fail2; +117#endif 118 } 119 120 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); 121 -122 if (ret < 0) { -123 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -124#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -125 goto fail3; -126#else -127 goto fail2; -128#endif +122 if (ret < 0) { +123 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +124#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +125 goto fail3; +126#else +127 goto fail2; +128#endif 129 } 130 131 button_irqs[1] = ret; 132 -133 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +133 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); 134 135 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, 136 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -137 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +137 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); 138 -139 if (ret) { -140 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -141#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -142 goto fail4; -143#else -144 goto fail3; -145#endif +139 if (ret) { +140 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +141#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +142 goto fail4; +143#else +144 goto fail3; +145#endif 146 } 147 -148 return 0; +148 return 0; 149 -150/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ -151#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +150/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +151#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 152fail4: 153 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 154 @@ -5621,7 +5625,7 @@ appropriate for your board. 160 161fail1: 162 gpio_free(leds[0].gpio); -163#else +163#else 164fail3: 165 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 166 @@ -5630,44 +5634,44 @@ appropriate for your board. 169 170fail1: 171 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -172#endif +172#endif 173 -174 return ret; +174 return ret; 175} 176 -177static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) +177static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) 178{ -179 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +179 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 180 -181 /* free irqs */ +181 /* free irqs */ 182 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 183 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 184 -185 /* turn all LEDs off */ -186#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +185 /* turn all LEDs off */ +186#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 187 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); -188#else -189 int i; -190 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +188#else +189 int i; +190 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 191 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); -192#endif +192#endif 193 -194 /* unregister */ -195#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +194 /* unregister */ +195#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 196 gpio_free(leds[0].gpio); 197 gpio_free(buttons[0].gpio); 198 gpio_free(buttons[1].gpio); -199#else +199#else 200 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 201 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); -202#endif +202#endif 203} 204 205module_init(intrpt_init); 206module_exit(intrpt_exit); 207 -208MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -209MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");+208MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +209MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");@@ -5682,181 +5686,181 @@ scheduler. when an interrupt is triggered.
-
1/* -2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on an LED and another to turn it off -9 */ +1/* +2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on an LED and another to turn it off +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/delay.h> -12#include <linux/gpio.h> -13#include <linux/interrupt.h> -14#include <linux/module.h> -15#include <linux/printk.h> -16#include <linux/init.h> -17#include <linux/version.h> -18#include <linux/workqueue.h> +11#include <linux/delay.h> +12#include <linux/gpio.h> +13#include <linux/interrupt.h> +14#include <linux/module.h> +15#include <linux/printk.h> +16#include <linux/init.h> +17#include <linux/version.h> +18#include <linux/workqueue.h> 19 -20#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 10, 0) -21#define NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -22#endif +20#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 10, 0) +21#define NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +22#endif 23 -24/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibility. -25 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ -26 */ -27#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD -28#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) -29#endif +24/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibility. +25 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ +26 */ +27#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD +28#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) +29#endif 30 -31static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; +31static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 32 -33/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -34 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -35 */ -36static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +33/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +34 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +35 */ +36static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 37 -38/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -39 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -40 */ -41static struct gpio buttons[] = { -42 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, -43 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, +38/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +39 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +40 */ +41static struct gpio buttons[] = { +42 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +43 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, 44}; 45 -46/* Workqueue function containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ -47static void bottomhalf_work_fn(struct work_struct *work) +46/* Workqueue function containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ +47static void bottomhalf_work_fn(struct work_struct *work) 48{ -49 pr_info("Bottom half workqueue starts\n"); -50 /* do something which takes a while */ +49 pr_info("Bottom half workqueue starts\n"); +50 /* do something which takes a while */ 51 msleep(500); 52 -53 pr_info("Bottom half workqueue ends\n"); +53 pr_info("Bottom half workqueue ends\n"); 54} 55 -56static DECLARE_WORK(bottomhalf_work, bottomhalf_work_fn); +56static DECLARE_WORK(bottomhalf_work, bottomhalf_work_fn); 57 -58/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed */ -59static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +58/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed */ +59static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 60{ -61 /* Do something quickly right now */ -62 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +61 /* Do something quickly right now */ +62 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 63 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -64 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +64 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 65 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 66 -67 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ +67 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ 68 schedule_work(&bottomhalf_work); -69 return IRQ_HANDLED; +69 return IRQ_HANDLED; 70} 71 -72static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) +72static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) 73{ -74 int ret = 0; +74 int ret = 0; 75 -76 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +76 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 77 -78 /* register LED gpios */ -79#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +78 /* register LED gpios */ +79#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 80 ret = gpio_request(leds[0].gpio, leds[0].label); -81#else +81#else 82 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -83#endif +83#endif 84 -85 if (ret) { -86 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -87 return ret; +85 if (ret) { +86 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +87 return ret; 88 } 89 -90 /* register BUTTON gpios */ -91#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +90 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +91#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 92 ret = gpio_request(buttons[0].gpio, buttons[0].label); 93 -94 if (ret) { -95 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -96 goto fail1; +94 if (ret) { +95 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +96 goto fail1; 97 } 98 99 ret = gpio_request(buttons[1].gpio, buttons[1].label); 100 -101 if (ret) { -102 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -103 goto fail2; +101 if (ret) { +102 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +103 goto fail2; 104 } -105#else +105#else 106 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 107 -108 if (ret) { -109 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -110 goto fail1; +108 if (ret) { +109 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +110 goto fail1; 111 } -112#endif +112#endif 113 -114 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +114 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 115 116 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 117 -118 if (ret < 0) { -119 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -120#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -121 goto fail3; -122#else -123 goto fail2; -124#endif +118 if (ret < 0) { +119 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +120#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +121 goto fail3; +122#else +123 goto fail2; +124#endif 125 } 126 127 button_irqs[0] = ret; 128 -129 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +129 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 130 131 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, 132 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -133 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +133 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); 134 -135 if (ret) { -136 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -137#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -138 goto fail3; -139#else -140 goto fail2; -141#endif +135 if (ret) { +136 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +137#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +138 goto fail3; +139#else +140 goto fail2; +141#endif 142 } 143 144 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); 145 -146 if (ret < 0) { -147 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -148#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -149 goto fail3; -150#else -151 goto fail2; -152#endif +146 if (ret < 0) { +147 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +148#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +149 goto fail3; +150#else +151 goto fail2; +152#endif 153 } 154 155 button_irqs[1] = ret; 156 -157 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +157 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); 158 159 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, 160 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -161 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +161 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); 162 -163 if (ret) { -164 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -165#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -166 goto fail4; -167#else -168 goto fail3; -169#endif +163 if (ret) { +164 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +165#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +166 goto fail4; +167#else +168 goto fail3; +169#endif 170 } 171 -172 return 0; +172 return 0; 173 -174/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ -175#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +174/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +175#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 176fail4: 177 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 178 @@ -5868,7 +5872,7 @@ when an interrupt is triggered. 184 185fail1: 186 gpio_free(leds[0].gpio); -187#else +187#else 188fail3: 189 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 190 @@ -5877,44 +5881,44 @@ when an interrupt is triggered. 193 194fail1: 195 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -196#endif +196#endif 197 -198 return ret; +198 return ret; 199} 200 -201static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) +201static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) 202{ -203 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +203 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 204 -205 /* free irqs */ +205 /* free irqs */ 206 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 207 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 208 -209 /* turn all LEDs off */ -210#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +209 /* turn all LEDs off */ +210#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 211 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); -212#else -213 int i; -214 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +212#else +213 int i; +214 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 215 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); -216#endif +216#endif 217 -218 /* unregister */ -219#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +218 /* unregister */ +219#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 220 gpio_free(leds[0].gpio); 221 gpio_free(buttons[0].gpio); 222 gpio_free(buttons[1].gpio); -223#else +223#else 224 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 225 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); -226#endif +226#endif 227} 228 229module_init(bottomhalf_init); 230module_exit(bottomhalf_exit); 231 -232MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -233MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");+232MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +233MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");
16.4 Threaded IRQ
@@ -5939,163 +5943,163 @@ The thread then runs the bottom-half handler. halves, but using threads.-
1/* -2 * bh_thread.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off -9 */ +1/* +2 * bh_thread.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/module.h> -12#include <linux/kernel.h> -13#include <linux/gpio.h> -14#include <linux/delay.h> -15#include <linux/interrupt.h> -16#include <linux/version.h> +11#include <linux/module.h> +12#include <linux/kernel.h> +13#include <linux/gpio.h> +14#include <linux/delay.h> +15#include <linux/interrupt.h> +16#include <linux/version.h> 17 -18#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 10, 0) -19#define NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -20#endif +18#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 10, 0) +19#define NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +20#endif 21 -22static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; +22static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 23 -24/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -25 * FIXME: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -26 */ -27static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +24/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +25 * FIXME: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +26 */ +27static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 28 -29/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -30 * FIXME: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -31 */ -32static struct gpio buttons[] = { -33 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, -34 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, +29/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +30 * FIXME: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +31 */ +32static struct gpio buttons[] = { +33 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +34 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, 35}; 36 -37/* This happens immediately, when the IRQ is triggered */ -38static irqreturn_t button_top_half(int irq, void *ident) +37/* This happens immediately, when the IRQ is triggered */ +38static irqreturn_t button_top_half(int irq, void *ident) 39{ -40 return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD; +40 return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD; 41} 42 -43/* This can happen at leisure, freeing up IRQs for other high priority task */ -44static irqreturn_t button_bottom_half(int irq, void *ident) +43/* This can happen at leisure, freeing up IRQs for other high priority task */ +44static irqreturn_t button_bottom_half(int irq, void *ident) 45{ -46 pr_info("Bottom half task starts\n"); -47 mdelay(500); /* do something which takes a while */ -48 pr_info("Bottom half task ends\n"); -49 return IRQ_HANDLED; +46 pr_info("Bottom half task starts\n"); +47 mdelay(500); /* do something which takes a while */ +48 pr_info("Bottom half task ends\n"); +49 return IRQ_HANDLED; 50} 51 -52static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) +52static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) 53{ -54 int ret = 0; +54 int ret = 0; 55 -56 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +56 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 57 -58/* register LED gpios */ -59#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +58/* register LED gpios */ +59#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 60 ret = gpio_request(leds[0].gpio, leds[0].label); -61#else +61#else 62 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -63#endif +63#endif 64 -65 if (ret) { -66 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -67 return ret; +65 if (ret) { +66 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +67 return ret; 68 } 69 -70/* register BUTTON gpios */ -71#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +70/* register BUTTON gpios */ +71#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 72 ret = gpio_request(buttons[0].gpio, buttons[0].label); 73 -74 if (ret) { -75 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -76 goto fail1; +74 if (ret) { +75 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +76 goto fail1; 77 } 78 79 ret = gpio_request(buttons[1].gpio, buttons[1].label); 80 -81 if (ret) { -82 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -83 goto fail2; +81 if (ret) { +82 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +83 goto fail2; 84 } -85#else +85#else 86 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 87 -88 if (ret) { -89 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -90 goto fail1; +88 if (ret) { +89 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +90 goto fail1; 91 } -92#endif +92#endif 93 -94 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +94 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 95 96 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 97 -98 if (ret < 0) { -99 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -100#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -101 goto fail3; -102#else -103 goto fail2; -104#endif +98 if (ret < 0) { +99 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +100#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +101 goto fail3; +102#else +103 goto fail2; +104#endif 105 } 106 107 button_irqs[0] = ret; 108 -109 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +109 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 110 111 ret = request_threaded_irq(button_irqs[0], button_top_half, 112 button_bottom_half, 113 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -114 "gpiomod#button1", &buttons[0]); +114 "gpiomod#button1", &buttons[0]); 115 -116 if (ret) { -117 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -118#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -119 goto fail3; -120#else -121 goto fail2; -122#endif +116 if (ret) { +117 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +118#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +119 goto fail3; +120#else +121 goto fail2; +122#endif 123 } 124 125 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); 126 -127 if (ret < 0) { -128 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -129#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -130 goto fail3; -131#else -132 goto fail2; -133#endif +127 if (ret < 0) { +128 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +129#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +130 goto fail3; +131#else +132 goto fail2; +133#endif 134 } 135 136 button_irqs[1] = ret; 137 -138 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +138 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); 139 140 ret = request_threaded_irq(button_irqs[1], button_top_half, 141 button_bottom_half, 142 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -143 "gpiomod#button2", &buttons[1]); +143 "gpiomod#button2", &buttons[1]); 144 -145 if (ret) { -146 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -147#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY -148 goto fail4; -149#else -150 goto fail3; -151#endif +145 if (ret) { +146 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +147#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +148 goto fail4; +149#else +150 goto fail3; +151#endif 152 } 153 -154 return 0; +154 return 0; 155 -156/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ -157#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +156/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +157#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 158fail4: 159 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 160 @@ -6107,7 +6111,7 @@ halves, but using threads. 166 167fail1: 168 gpio_free(leds[0].gpio); -169#else +169#else 170fail3: 171 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 172 @@ -6116,44 +6120,44 @@ halves, but using threads. 175 176fail1: 177 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); -178#endif +178#endif 179 -180 return ret; +180 return ret; 181} 182 -183static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) +183static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) 184{ -185 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +185 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 186 -187 /* free irqs */ +187 /* free irqs */ 188 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 189 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 190 -191/* turn all LEDs off */ -192#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +191/* turn all LEDs off */ +192#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 193 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); -194#else -195 int i; -196 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +194#else +195 int i; +196 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 197 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); -198#endif +198#endif 199 -200/* unregister */ -201#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY +200/* unregister */ +201#ifdef NO_GPIO_REQUEST_ARRAY 202 gpio_free(leds[0].gpio); 203 gpio_free(buttons[0].gpio); 204 gpio_free(buttons[1].gpio); -205#else +205#else 206 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 207 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); -208#endif +208#endif 209} 210 211module_init(bottomhalf_init); 212module_exit(bottomhalf_exit); 213 -214MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -215MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");+214MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +215MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");A threaded IRQ is registered using
request_threaded_irq()
. This function only takes one additional parameter than therequest_irq() @@ -6212,22 +6216,22 @@ development of virtual input drivers. The drivers needs to export a
will add a new device to the list of support virtual input devices.-
1int init(struct vinput *);-This function is passed a
struct vinput -
already initialized with an allocatedstruct input_dev +
structure is similar to other attribute types we talked about in section 8:1int init(struct vinput *);+This function is passed a
struct vinput +
already initialized with an allocatedstruct input_dev
. Theinit()
function is responsible for initializing the capabilities of the input device and register it.-
1int send(struct vinput *, char *, int);+1int send(struct vinput *, char *, int);This function will receive a user string to interpret and inject the event using the
input_report_XXXX
orinput_event
call. The string is already copied from user.-
1int read(struct vinput *, char *, int);+1int read(struct vinput *, char *, int);This function is used for debugging and should fill the buffer parameter with the last event sent in the virtual input device format. The buffer will then be copied to user. @@ -6238,12 +6242,12 @@ virtual input device.
-
1struct class_attribute { -2 struct attribute attr; -3 ssize_t (*show)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -4 char *buf); -5 ssize_t (*store)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -6 const char *buf, size_t count); +1struct class_attribute { +2 struct attribute attr; +3 ssize_t (*show)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +4 char *buf); +5 ssize_t (*store)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +6 const char *buf, size_t count); 7};@@ -6254,227 +6258,227 @@ will generate theclass_attribute
structures which are named class_attr_export/unexport. Then, put them intovinput_class_attrs
array and the macroATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(vinput_class) -
will generate thestruct attribute_group vinput_class_group +
will generate thestruct attribute_group vinput_class_group
that should be assigned invinput_class
. Finally, callclass_register(&vinput_class)
to create attributes in sysfs.To create a vinputX sysfs entry and /dev node.
-
1echo "vkbd" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/export+1echo "vkbd" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/exportTo unexport the device, just echo its id in unexport:
-
1echo "0" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/unexport+1echo "0" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/unexport-
1/* -2 * vinput.h -3 */ +1/* +2 * vinput.h +3 */ 4 -5#ifndef VINPUT_H -6#define VINPUT_H +5#ifndef VINPUT_H +6#define VINPUT_H 7 -8#include <linux/input.h> -9#include <linux/spinlock.h> +8#include <linux/input.h> +9#include <linux/spinlock.h> 10 -11#define VINPUT_MAX_LEN 128 -12#define MAX_VINPUT 32 -13#define VINPUT_MINORS MAX_VINPUT +11#define VINPUT_MAX_LEN 128 +12#define MAX_VINPUT 32 +13#define VINPUT_MINORS MAX_VINPUT 14 -15#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) +15#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) 16 -17struct vinput_device; +17struct vinput_device; 18 -19struct vinput { -20 long id; -21 long devno; -22 long last_entry; +19struct vinput { +20 long id; +21 long devno; +22 long last_entry; 23 spinlock_t lock; 24 -25 void *priv_data; +25 void *priv_data; 26 -27 struct device dev; -28 struct list_head list; -29 struct input_dev *input; -30 struct vinput_device *type; +27 struct device dev; +28 struct list_head list; +29 struct input_dev *input; +30 struct vinput_device *type; 31}; 32 -33struct vinput_ops { -34 int (*init)(struct vinput *); -35 int (*kill)(struct vinput *); -36 int (*send)(struct vinput *, char *, int); -37 int (*read)(struct vinput *, char *, int); +33struct vinput_ops { +34 int (*init)(struct vinput *); +35 int (*kill)(struct vinput *); +36 int (*send)(struct vinput *, char *, int); +37 int (*read)(struct vinput *, char *, int); 38}; 39 -40struct vinput_device { -41 char name[16]; -42 struct list_head list; -43 struct vinput_ops *ops; +40struct vinput_device { +41 char name[16]; +42 struct list_head list; +43 struct vinput_ops *ops; 44}; 45 -46int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev); -47void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev); +46int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev); +47void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev); 48 -49#endif+49#endif-
1/* -2 * vinput.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * vinput.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/cdev.h> -6#include <linux/input.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/slab.h> -9#include <linux/spinlock.h> -10#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/cdev.h> +6#include <linux/input.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/slab.h> +9#include <linux/spinlock.h> +10#include <linux/version.h> 11 -12#include <asm/uaccess.h> +12#include <asm/uaccess.h> 13 -14#include "vinput.h" +14#include "vinput.h" 15 -16#define DRIVER_NAME "vinput" +16#define DRIVER_NAME "vinput" 17 -18#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) +18#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) 19 -20static DECLARE_BITMAP(vinput_ids, VINPUT_MINORS); +20static DECLARE_BITMAP(vinput_ids, VINPUT_MINORS); 21 -22static LIST_HEAD(vinput_devices); -23static LIST_HEAD(vinput_vdevices); +22static LIST_HEAD(vinput_devices); +23static LIST_HEAD(vinput_vdevices); 24 -25static int vinput_dev; -26static struct spinlock vinput_lock; -27static struct class vinput_class; +25static int vinput_dev; +26static struct spinlock vinput_lock; +27static struct class vinput_class; 28 -29/* Search the name of vinput device in the vinput_devices linked list, -30 * which added at vinput_register(). -31 */ -32static struct vinput_device *vinput_get_device_by_type(const char *type) +29/* Search the name of vinput device in the vinput_devices linked list, +30 * which added at vinput_register(). +31 */ +32static struct vinput_device *vinput_get_device_by_type(const char *type) 33{ -34 int found = 0; -35 struct vinput_device *vinput; -36 struct list_head *curr; +34 int found = 0; +35 struct vinput_device *vinput; +36 struct list_head *curr; 37 38 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 39 list_for_each (curr, &vinput_devices) { -40 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput_device, list); -41 if (vinput && strncmp(type, vinput->name, strlen(vinput->name)) == 0) { +40 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput_device, list); +41 if (vinput && strncmp(type, vinput->name, strlen(vinput->name)) == 0) { 42 found = 1; -43 break; +43 break; 44 } 45 } 46 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 47 -48 if (found) -49 return vinput; -50 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); +48 if (found) +49 return vinput; +50 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); 51} 52 -53/* Search the id of virtual device in the vinput_vdevices linked list, -54 * which added at vinput_alloc_vdevice(). -55 */ -56static struct vinput *vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(long id) +53/* Search the id of virtual device in the vinput_vdevices linked list, +54 * which added at vinput_alloc_vdevice(). +55 */ +56static struct vinput *vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(long id) 57{ -58 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; -59 struct list_head *curr; +58 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; +59 struct list_head *curr; 60 61 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 62 list_for_each (curr, &vinput_vdevices) { -63 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); -64 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) -65 break; +63 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); +64 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) +65 break; 66 } 67 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 68 -69 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) -70 return vinput; -71 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); +69 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) +70 return vinput; +71 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); 72} 73 -74static int vinput_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +74static int vinput_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 75{ -76 int err = 0; -77 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; +76 int err = 0; +77 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; 78 79 vinput = vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(iminor(inode)); 80 -81 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) +81 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) 82 err = PTR_ERR(vinput); -83 else +83 else 84 file->private_data = vinput; 85 -86 return err; +86 return err; 87} 88 -89static int vinput_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +89static int vinput_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 90{ -91 return 0; +91 return 0; 92} 93 -94static ssize_t vinput_read(struct file *file, char __user *buffer, size_t count, +94static ssize_t vinput_read(struct file *file, char __user *buffer, size_t count, 95 loff_t *offset) 96{ -97 int len; -98 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; -99 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; +97 int len; +98 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; +99 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; 100 101 len = vinput->type->ops->read(vinput, buff, count); 102 -103 if (*offset > len) +103 if (*offset > len) 104 count = 0; -105 else if (count + *offset > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) +105 else if (count + *offset > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) 106 count = len - *offset; 107 -108 if (raw_copy_to_user(buffer, buff + *offset, count)) -109 return -EFAULT; +108 if (raw_copy_to_user(buffer, buff + *offset, count)) +109 return -EFAULT; 110 111 *offset += count; 112 -113 return count; +113 return count; 114} 115 -116static ssize_t vinput_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, -117 size_t count, loff_t *offset) +116static ssize_t vinput_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, +117 size_t count, loff_t *offset) 118{ -119 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; -120 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; +119 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; +120 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; 121 -122 memset(buff, 0, sizeof(char) * (VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1)); +122 memset(buff, 0, sizeof(char) * (VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1)); 123 -124 if (count > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) { -125 dev_warn(&vinput->dev, "Too long. %d bytes allowed\n", VINPUT_MAX_LEN); -126 return -EINVAL; +124 if (count > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) { +125 dev_warn(&vinput->dev, "Too long. %d bytes allowed\n", VINPUT_MAX_LEN); +126 return -EINVAL; 127 } 128 -129 if (raw_copy_from_user(buff, buffer, count)) -130 return -EFAULT; +129 if (raw_copy_from_user(buff, buffer, count)) +130 return -EFAULT; 131 -132 return vinput->type->ops->send(vinput, buff, count); +132 return vinput->type->ops->send(vinput, buff, count); 133} 134 -135static const struct file_operations vinput_fops = { -136#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +135static const struct file_operations vinput_fops = { +136#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 137 .owner = THIS_MODULE, -138#endif +138#endif 139 .open = vinput_open, 140 .release = vinput_release, 141 .read = vinput_read, 142 .write = vinput_write, 143}; 144 -145static void vinput_unregister_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) +145static void vinput_unregister_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) 146{ 147 input_unregister_device(vinput->input); -148 if (vinput->type->ops->kill) +148 if (vinput->type->ops->kill) 149 vinput->type->ops->kill(vinput); 150} 151 -152static void vinput_destroy_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) +152static void vinput_destroy_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) 153{ -154 /* Remove from the list first */ +154 /* Remove from the list first */ 155 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 156 list_del(&vinput->list); 157 clear_bit(vinput->id, vinput_ids); @@ -6485,24 +6489,24 @@ will generate the+424MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +425MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate input events");class_attribute 162 kfree(vinput); 163} 164 -165static void vinput_release_dev(struct device *dev) +165static void vinput_release_dev(struct device *dev) 166{ -167 struct vinput *vinput = dev_to_vinput(dev); -168 int id = vinput->id; +167 struct vinput *vinput = dev_to_vinput(dev); +168 int id = vinput->id; 169 170 vinput_destroy_vdevice(vinput); 171 -172 pr_debug("released vinput%d.\n", id); +172 pr_debug("released vinput%d.\n", id); 173} 174 -175static struct vinput *vinput_alloc_vdevice(void) +175static struct vinput *vinput_alloc_vdevice(void) 176{ -177 int err; -178 struct vinput *vinput = kzalloc(sizeof(struct vinput), GFP_KERNEL); +177 int err; +178 struct vinput *vinput = kzalloc(sizeof(struct vinput), GFP_KERNEL); 179 -180 if (!vinput) { -181 pr_err("vinput: Cannot allocate vinput input device\n"); -182 return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM); +180 if (!vinput) { +181 pr_err("vinput: Cannot allocate vinput input device\n"); +182 return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM); 183 } 184 185 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); @@ -6511,29 +6515,29 @@ will generate the
class_attribute 188 189 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 190 vinput->id = find_first_zero_bit(vinput_ids, VINPUT_MINORS); -191 if (vinput->id >= VINPUT_MINORS) { +191 if (vinput->id >= VINPUT_MINORS) { 192 err = -ENOBUFS; -193 goto fail_id; +193 goto fail_id; 194 } 195 set_bit(vinput->id, vinput_ids); 196 list_add(&vinput->list, &vinput_vdevices); 197 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 198 -199 /* allocate the input device */ +199 /* allocate the input device */ 200 vinput->input = input_allocate_device(); -201 if (vinput->input == NULL) { -202 pr_err("vinput: Cannot allocate vinput input device\n"); +201 if (vinput->input == NULL) { +202 pr_err("vinput: Cannot allocate vinput input device\n"); 203 err = -ENOMEM; -204 goto fail_input_dev; +204 goto fail_input_dev; 205 } 206 -207 /* initialize device */ +207 /* initialize device */ 208 vinput->dev.class = &vinput_class; 209 vinput->dev.release = vinput_release_dev; 210 vinput->dev.devt = MKDEV(vinput_dev, vinput->id); -211 dev_set_name(&vinput->dev, DRIVER_NAME "%lu", vinput->id); +211 dev_set_name(&vinput->dev, DRIVER_NAME "%lu", vinput->id); 212 -213 return vinput; +213 return vinput; 214 215fail_input_dev: 216 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); @@ -6543,16 +6547,16 @@ will generate the
class_attribute 220 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 221 kfree(vinput); 222 -223 return ERR_PTR(err); +223 return ERR_PTR(err); 224} 225 -226static int vinput_register_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) +226static int vinput_register_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) 227{ -228 int err = 0; +228 int err = 0; 229 -230 /* register the input device */ +230 /* register the input device */ 231 vinput->input->name = vinput->type->name; -232 vinput->input->phys = "vinput"; +232 vinput->input->phys = "vinput"; 233 vinput->input->dev.parent = &vinput->dev; 234 235 vinput->input->id.bustype = BUS_VIRTUAL; @@ -6562,180 +6566,180 @@ will generate the
class_attribute 239 240 err = vinput->type->ops->init(vinput); 241 -242 if (err == 0) -243 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Registered virtual input %s %ld\n", +242 if (err == 0) +243 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Registered virtual input %s %ld\n", 244 vinput->type->name, vinput->id); 245 -246 return err; +246 return err; 247} 248 -249#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) -250static ssize_t export_store(const struct class *class, -251 const struct class_attribute *attr, -252#else -253static ssize_t export_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -254#endif -255 const char *buf, size_t len) +249#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +250static ssize_t export_store(const struct class *class, +251 const struct class_attribute *attr, +252#else +253static ssize_t export_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +254#endif +255 const char *buf, size_t len) 256{ -257 int err; -258 struct vinput *vinput; -259 struct vinput_device *device; +257 int err; +258 struct vinput *vinput; +259 struct vinput_device *device; 260 261 device = vinput_get_device_by_type(buf); -262 if (IS_ERR(device)) { -263 pr_info("vinput: This virtual device isn't registered\n"); +262 if (IS_ERR(device)) { +263 pr_info("vinput: This virtual device isn't registered\n"); 264 err = PTR_ERR(device); -265 goto fail; +265 goto fail; 266 } 267 268 vinput = vinput_alloc_vdevice(); -269 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { +269 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { 270 err = PTR_ERR(vinput); -271 goto fail; +271 goto fail; 272 } 273 274 vinput->type = device; 275 err = device_register(&vinput->dev); -276 if (err < 0) -277 goto fail_register; +276 if (err < 0) +277 goto fail_register; 278 279 err = vinput_register_vdevice(vinput); -280 if (err < 0) -281 goto fail_register_vinput; +280 if (err < 0) +281 goto fail_register_vinput; 282 -283 return len; +283 return len; 284 285fail_register_vinput: 286 input_free_device(vinput->input); 287 device_unregister(&vinput->dev); -288 /* avoid calling vinput_destroy_vdevice() twice */ -289 return err; +288 /* avoid calling vinput_destroy_vdevice() twice */ +289 return err; 290fail_register: 291 input_free_device(vinput->input); 292 vinput_destroy_vdevice(vinput); 293fail: -294 return err; +294 return err; 295} -296/* This macro generates class_attr_export structure and export_store() */ -297static CLASS_ATTR_WO(export); +296/* This macro generates class_attr_export structure and export_store() */ +297static CLASS_ATTR_WO(export); 298 -299#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) -300static ssize_t unexport_store(const struct class *class, -301 const struct class_attribute *attr, -302#else -303static ssize_t unexport_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -304#endif -305 const char *buf, size_t len) +299#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +300static ssize_t unexport_store(const struct class *class, +301 const struct class_attribute *attr, +302#else +303static ssize_t unexport_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +304#endif +305 const char *buf, size_t len) 306{ -307 int err; -308 unsigned long id; -309 struct vinput *vinput; +307 int err; +308 unsigned long id; +309 struct vinput *vinput; 310 311 err = kstrtol(buf, 10, &id); -312 if (err) { +312 if (err) { 313 err = -EINVAL; -314 goto failed; +314 goto failed; 315 } 316 317 vinput = vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(id); -318 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { -319 pr_err("vinput: No such vinput device %ld\n", id); +318 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { +319 pr_err("vinput: No such vinput device %ld\n", id); 320 err = PTR_ERR(vinput); -321 goto failed; +321 goto failed; 322 } 323 324 vinput_unregister_vdevice(vinput); 325 device_unregister(&vinput->dev); 326 -327 return len; +327 return len; 328failed: -329 return err; +329 return err; 330} -331/* This macro generates class_attr_unexport structure and unexport_store() */ -332static CLASS_ATTR_WO(unexport); +331/* This macro generates class_attr_unexport structure and unexport_store() */ +332static CLASS_ATTR_WO(unexport); 333 -334static struct attribute *vinput_class_attrs[] = { +334static struct attribute *vinput_class_attrs[] = { 335 &class_attr_export.attr, 336 &class_attr_unexport.attr, 337 NULL, 338}; 339 -340/* This macro generates vinput_class_groups structure */ +340/* This macro generates vinput_class_groups structure */ 341ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(vinput_class); 342 -343static struct class vinput_class = { -344 .name = "vinput", -345#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +343static struct class vinput_class = { +344 .name = "vinput", +345#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 346 .owner = THIS_MODULE, -347#endif +347#endif 348 .class_groups = vinput_class_groups, 349}; 350 -351int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev) +351int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev) 352{ 353 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 354 list_add(&dev->list, &vinput_devices); 355 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 356 -357 pr_info("vinput: registered new virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); +357 pr_info("vinput: registered new virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); 358 -359 return 0; +359 return 0; 360} 361EXPORT_SYMBOL(vinput_register); 362 -363void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev) +363void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev) 364{ -365 struct list_head *curr, *next; +365 struct list_head *curr, *next; 366 -367 /* Remove from the list first */ +367 /* Remove from the list first */ 368 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 369 list_del(&dev->list); 370 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 371 -372 /* unregister all devices of this type */ +372 /* unregister all devices of this type */ 373 list_for_each_safe (curr, next, &vinput_vdevices) { -374 struct vinput *vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); -375 if (vinput && vinput->type == dev) { +374 struct vinput *vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); +375 if (vinput && vinput->type == dev) { 376 vinput_unregister_vdevice(vinput); 377 device_unregister(&vinput->dev); 378 } 379 } 380 -381 pr_info("vinput: unregistered virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); +381 pr_info("vinput: unregistered virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); 382} 383EXPORT_SYMBOL(vinput_unregister); 384 -385static int __init vinput_init(void) +385static int __init vinput_init(void) 386{ -387 int err = 0; +387 int err = 0; 388 -389 pr_info("vinput: Loading virtual input driver\n"); +389 pr_info("vinput: Loading virtual input driver\n"); 390 391 vinput_dev = register_chrdev(0, DRIVER_NAME, &vinput_fops); -392 if (vinput_dev < 0) { -393 pr_err("vinput: Unable to allocate char dev region\n"); +392 if (vinput_dev < 0) { +393 pr_err("vinput: Unable to allocate char dev region\n"); 394 err = vinput_dev; -395 goto failed_alloc; +395 goto failed_alloc; 396 } 397 398 spin_lock_init(&vinput_lock); 399 400 err = class_register(&vinput_class); -401 if (err < 0) { -402 pr_err("vinput: Unable to register vinput class\n"); -403 goto failed_class; +401 if (err < 0) { +402 pr_err("vinput: Unable to register vinput class\n"); +403 goto failed_class; 404 } 405 -406 return 0; +406 return 0; 407failed_class: 408 unregister_chrdev(vinput_dev, DRIVER_NAME); 409failed_alloc: -410 return err; +410 return err; 411} 412 -413static void __exit vinput_end(void) +413static void __exit vinput_end(void) 414{ -415 pr_info("vinput: Unloading virtual input driver\n"); +415 pr_info("vinput: Unloading virtual input driver\n"); 416 417 unregister_chrdev(vinput_dev, DRIVER_NAME); 418 class_unregister(&vinput_class); @@ -6744,8 +6748,8 @@ will generate the
class_attribute 421module_init(vinput_init); 422module_exit(vinput_end); 423 -424MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -425MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate input events");
Here the virtual keyboard is one of example to use vinput. It supports all
KEY_MAX
keycodes. The injection format is theKEY_CODE @@ -6758,7 +6762,7 @@ following demonstrates how simulation work.
= 34):-
1echo "+34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0+1echo "+34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0Simulate a key release on "g" (
KEY_G
= 34):@@ -6766,111 +6770,111 @@ following demonstrates how simulation work.
-1echo "-34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0+1echo "-34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0-
1/* -2 * vkbd.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * vkbd.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/input.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/spinlock.h> +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/input.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/spinlock.h> 9 -10#include "vinput.h" +10#include "vinput.h" 11 -12#define VINPUT_KBD "vkbd" -13#define VINPUT_RELEASE 0 -14#define VINPUT_PRESS 1 +12#define VINPUT_KBD "vkbd" +13#define VINPUT_RELEASE 0 +14#define VINPUT_PRESS 1 15 -16static unsigned short vkeymap[KEY_MAX]; +16static unsigned short vkeymap[KEY_MAX]; 17 -18static int vinput_vkbd_init(struct vinput *vinput) +18static int vinput_vkbd_init(struct vinput *vinput) 19{ -20 int i; +20 int i; 21 -22 /* Set up the input bitfield */ +22 /* Set up the input bitfield */ 23 vinput->input->evbit[0] = BIT_MASK(EV_KEY) | BIT_MASK(EV_REP); -24 vinput->input->keycodesize = sizeof(unsigned short); +24 vinput->input->keycodesize = sizeof(unsigned short); 25 vinput->input->keycodemax = KEY_MAX; 26 vinput->input->keycode = vkeymap; 27 -28 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) +28 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) 29 set_bit(vkeymap[i], vinput->input->keybit); 30 -31 /* vinput will help us allocate new input device structure via -32 * input_allocate_device(). So, we can register it straightforwardly. -33 */ -34 return input_register_device(vinput->input); +31 /* vinput will help us allocate new input device structure via +32 * input_allocate_device(). So, we can register it straightforwardly. +33 */ +34 return input_register_device(vinput->input); 35} 36 -37static int vinput_vkbd_read(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) +37static int vinput_vkbd_read(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) 38{ 39 spin_lock(&vinput->lock); -40 len = snprintf(buff, len, "%+ld\n", vinput->last_entry); +40 len = snprintf(buff, len, "%+ld\n", vinput->last_entry); 41 spin_unlock(&vinput->lock); 42 -43 return len; +43 return len; 44} 45 -46static int vinput_vkbd_send(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) +46static int vinput_vkbd_send(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) 47{ -48 int ret; -49 long key = 0; -50 short type = VINPUT_PRESS; +48 int ret; +49 long key = 0; +50 short type = VINPUT_PRESS; 51 -52 /* Determine which event was received (press or release) -53 * and store the state. -54 */ -55 if (buff[0] == '+') +52 /* Determine which event was received (press or release) +53 * and store the state. +54 */ +55 if (buff[0] == '+') 56 ret = kstrtol(buff + 1, 10, &key); -57 else +57 else 58 ret = kstrtol(buff, 10, &key); -59 if (ret) -60 dev_err(&vinput->dev, "error during kstrtol: -%d\n", ret); +59 if (ret) +60 dev_err(&vinput->dev, "error during kstrtol: -%d\n", ret); 61 spin_lock(&vinput->lock); 62 vinput->last_entry = key; 63 spin_unlock(&vinput->lock); 64 -65 if (key < 0) { +65 if (key < 0) { 66 type = VINPUT_RELEASE; 67 key = -key; 68 } 69 -70 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Event %s code %ld\n", -71 (type == VINPUT_RELEASE) ? "VINPUT_RELEASE" : "VINPUT_PRESS", key); +70 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Event %s code %ld\n", +71 (type == VINPUT_RELEASE) ? "VINPUT_RELEASE" : "VINPUT_PRESS", key); 72 -73 /* Report the state received to input subsystem. */ +73 /* Report the state received to input subsystem. */ 74 input_report_key(vinput->input, key, type); -75 /* Tell input subsystem that it finished the report. */ +75 /* Tell input subsystem that it finished the report. */ 76 input_sync(vinput->input); 77 -78 return len; +78 return len; 79} 80 -81static struct vinput_ops vkbd_ops = { +81static struct vinput_ops vkbd_ops = { 82 .init = vinput_vkbd_init, 83 .send = vinput_vkbd_send, 84 .read = vinput_vkbd_read, 85}; 86 -87static struct vinput_device vkbd_dev = { +87static struct vinput_device vkbd_dev = { 88 .name = VINPUT_KBD, 89 .ops = &vkbd_ops, 90}; 91 -92static int __init vkbd_init(void) +92static int __init vkbd_init(void) 93{ -94 int i; +94 int i; 95 -96 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) +96 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) 97 vkeymap[i] = i; -98 return vinput_register(&vkbd_dev); +98 return vinput_register(&vkbd_dev); 99} 100 -101static void __exit vkbd_end(void) +101static void __exit vkbd_end(void) 102{ 103 vinput_unregister(&vkbd_dev); 104} @@ -6878,8 +6882,8 @@ following demonstrates how simulation work. 106module_init(vkbd_init); 107module_exit(vkbd_end); 108 -109MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -110MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate keyboard input events through /dev/vinput");+109MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +110MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate keyboard input events through /dev/vinput");
18 Standardizing the interfaces: The Device Model
@@ -6891,64 +6895,64 @@ use this as a template to add your own suspend, resume or other interface functions.-
1/* -2 * devicemodel.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/kernel.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/platform_device.h> -7#include <linux/version.h> +1/* +2 * devicemodel.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/kernel.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/platform_device.h> +7#include <linux/version.h> 8 -9struct devicemodel_data { -10 char *greeting; -11 int number; +9struct devicemodel_data { +10 char *greeting; +11 int number; 12}; 13 -14static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) +14static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) 15{ -16 struct devicemodel_data *pd = -17 (struct devicemodel_data *)(dev->dev.platform_data); +16 struct devicemodel_data *pd = +17 (struct devicemodel_data *)(dev->dev.platform_data); 18 -19 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); -20 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); +19 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); +20 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); 21 -22 /* Your device initialization code */ +22 /* Your device initialization code */ 23 -24 return 0; +24 return 0; 25} -26#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 11, 0) -27static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) -28#else -29static void devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) -30#endif +26#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 11, 0) +27static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) +28#else +29static void devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) +30#endif 31{ -32 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); +32 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); 33 -34 /* Your device removal code */ -35#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 11, 0) -36 return 0; -37#endif +34 /* Your device removal code */ +35#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 11, 0) +36 return 0; +37#endif 38} 39 -40static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) +40static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) 41{ -42 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); +42 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); 43 -44 /* Your device suspend code */ +44 /* Your device suspend code */ 45 -46 return 0; +46 return 0; 47} 48 -49static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) +49static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) 50{ -51 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); +51 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); 52 -53 /* Your device resume code */ +53 /* Your device resume code */ 54 -55 return 0; +55 return 0; 56} 57 -58static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { +58static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { 59 .suspend = devicemodel_suspend, 60 .resume = devicemodel_resume, 61 .poweroff = devicemodel_suspend, @@ -6957,43 +6961,43 @@ functions. 64 .restore = devicemodel_resume, 65}; 66 -67static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { +67static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { 68 .driver = 69 { -70 .name = "devicemodel_example", +70 .name = "devicemodel_example", 71 .pm = &devicemodel_pm_ops, 72 }, 73 .probe = devicemodel_probe, 74 .remove = devicemodel_remove, 75}; 76 -77static int __init devicemodel_init(void) +77static int __init devicemodel_init(void) 78{ -79 int ret; +79 int ret; 80 -81 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); +81 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); 82 83 ret = platform_driver_register(&devicemodel_driver); 84 -85 if (ret) { -86 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); -87 return ret; +85 if (ret) { +86 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); +87 return ret; 88 } 89 -90 return 0; +90 return 0; 91} 92 -93static void __exit devicemodel_exit(void) +93static void __exit devicemodel_exit(void) 94{ -95 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); +95 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); 96 platform_driver_unregister(&devicemodel_driver); 97} 98 99module_init(devicemodel_init); 100module_exit(devicemodel_exit); 101 -102MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -103MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");+102MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +103MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");
19 Optimizations
@@ -7017,10 +7021,10 @@ to succeed.1bvl = bvec_alloc(gfp_mask, nr_iovecs, &idx); -2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { +2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { 3 mempool_free(bio, bio_pool); 4 bio = NULL; -5 goto out; +5 goto out; 6}When the
unlikely
macro is used, the compiler alters its machine instruction output, so that it @@ -7038,7 +7042,7 @@ prediction. The most typical use case of static keys is for performance-sensitiv code, such as tracepoints, context switching, networking, etc. These hot paths of the kernel often contain branches and can be optimized easily using this technique. Before we can use static keys in the kernel, we need to make sure that gcc supports -asm goto +
asm goto
inline assembly, and the following kernel configurations are set:@@ -7061,10 +7065,10 @@ no-op instruction will be generated at compile time as the key is initialized to and the branch is unlikely to be taken.
-
1pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); -2if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) -3 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); -4pr_info("fastpath 2\n");+1pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); +2if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) +3 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); +4pr_info("fastpath 2\n");@@ -7077,158 +7081,158 @@ codepr_alert static key works.
-
1/* -2 * static_key.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * static_key.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/atomic.h> -6#include <linux/device.h> -7#include <linux/fs.h> -8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ -9#include <linux/module.h> -10#include <linux/printk.h> -11#include <linux/types.h> -12#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -13#include <linux/jump_label.h> /* for static key macros */ -14#include <linux/version.h> +5#include <linux/atomic.h> +6#include <linux/device.h> +7#include <linux/fs.h> +8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ +9#include <linux/module.h> +10#include <linux/printk.h> +11#include <linux/types.h> +12#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +13#include <linux/jump_label.h> /* for static key macros */ +14#include <linux/version.h> 15 -16#include <asm/errno.h> +16#include <asm/errno.h> 17 -18static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); -19static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); -20static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t count, +18static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); +19static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); +20static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t count, 21 loff_t *ppos); -22static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, -23 size_t count, loff_t *ppos); +22static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, +23 size_t count, loff_t *ppos); 24 -25#define DEVICE_NAME "key_state" -26#define BUF_LEN 10 +25#define DEVICE_NAME "key_state" +26#define BUF_LEN 10 27 -28static int major; +28static int major; 29 -30enum { +30enum { 31 CDEV_NOT_USED, 32 CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN, 33}; 34 -35static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); +35static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); 36 -37static char msg[BUF_LEN + 1]; +37static char msg[BUF_LEN + 1]; 38 -39static struct class *cls; +39static struct class *cls; 40 -41static DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(fkey); +41static DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(fkey); 42 -43static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { -44#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +43static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { +44#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 45 .owner = THIS_MODULE, -46#endif +46#endif 47 .open = device_open, 48 .release = device_release, 49 .read = device_read, 50 .write = device_write, 51}; 52 -53static int __init chardev_init(void) +53static int __init chardev_init(void) 54{ 55 major = register_chrdev(0, DEVICE_NAME, &chardev_fops); -56 if (major < 0) { -57 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); -58 return major; +56 if (major < 0) { +57 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); +58 return major; 59 } 60 -61 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d\n", major); +61 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d\n", major); 62 -63#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +63#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) 64 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_NAME); -65#else +65#else 66 cls = class_create(DEVICE_NAME); -67#endif +67#endif 68 69 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, DEVICE_NAME); 70 -71 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); +71 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); 72 -73 return 0; +73 return 0; 74} 75 -76static void __exit chardev_exit(void) +76static void __exit chardev_exit(void) 77{ 78 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 0)); 79 class_destroy(cls); 80 -81 /* Unregister the device */ +81 /* Unregister the device */ 82 unregister_chrdev(major, DEVICE_NAME); 83} 84 -85/* Methods */ +85/* Methods */ 86 -87/** -88 * Called when a process tried to open the device file, like -89 * cat /dev/key_state -90 */ -91static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +87/** +88 * Called when a process tried to open the device file, like +89 * cat /dev/key_state +90 */ +91static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 92{ -93 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) -94 return -EBUSY; +93 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) +94 return -EBUSY; 95 -96 sprintf(msg, static_key_enabled(&fkey) ? "enabled\n" : "disabled\n"); +96 sprintf(msg, static_key_enabled(&fkey) ? "enabled\n" : "disabled\n"); 97 -98 pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); -99 if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) -100 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); -101 pr_info("fastpath 2\n"); +98 pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); +99 if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) +100 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); +101 pr_info("fastpath 2\n"); 102 103 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 104 -105 return 0; +105 return 0; 106} 107 -108/** -109 * Called when a process closes the device file -110 */ -111static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +108/** +109 * Called when a process closes the device file +110 */ +111static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 112{ -113 /* We are now ready for our next caller. */ +113 /* We are now ready for our next caller. */ 114 atomic_set(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED); 115 -116 /** -117 * Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will -118 * never get rid of the module. -119 */ +116 /** +117 * Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will +118 * never get rid of the module. +119 */ 120 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 121 -122 return 0; +122 return 0; 123} 124 -125/** -126 * Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to -127 * read from it. -128 */ -129static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -130 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ -131 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +125/** +126 * Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to +127 * read from it. +128 */ +129static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +130 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ +131 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ 132 loff_t *offset) 133{ -134 /* Number of the bytes actually written to the buffer */ -135 int bytes_read = 0; -136 const char *msg_ptr = msg; +134 /* Number of the bytes actually written to the buffer */ +135 int bytes_read = 0; +136 const char *msg_ptr = msg; 137 -138 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* We are at the end of the message */ -139 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ -140 return 0; /* signify end of file */ +138 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* We are at the end of the message */ +139 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ +140 return 0; /* signify end of file */ 141 } 142 143 msg_ptr += *offset; 144 -145 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ -146 while (length && *msg_ptr) { -147 /** -148 * The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel -149 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use -150 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to -151 * the user data segment. -152 */ +145 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ +146 while (length && *msg_ptr) { +147 /** +148 * The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel +149 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use +150 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to +151 * the user data segment. +152 */ 153 put_user(*(msg_ptr++), buffer++); 154 length--; 155 bytes_read++; @@ -7236,41 +7240,41 @@ static key works. 157 158 *offset += bytes_read; 159 -160 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */ -161 return bytes_read; +160 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */ +161 return bytes_read; 162} 163 -164/* Called when a process writes to dev file; echo "enable" > /dev/key_state */ -165static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buffer, -166 size_t length, loff_t *offset) +164/* Called when a process writes to dev file; echo "enable" > /dev/key_state */ +165static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buffer, +166 size_t length, loff_t *offset) 167{ -168 char command[10]; +168 char command[10]; 169 -170 if (length > 10) { -171 pr_err("command exceeded 10 char\n"); -172 return -EINVAL; +170 if (length > 10) { +171 pr_err("command exceeded 10 char\n"); +172 return -EINVAL; 173 } 174 -175 if (copy_from_user(command, buffer, length)) -176 return -EFAULT; +175 if (copy_from_user(command, buffer, length)) +176 return -EFAULT; 177 -178 if (strncmp(command, "enable", strlen("enable")) == 0) +178 if (strncmp(command, "enable", strlen("enable")) == 0) 179 static_branch_enable(&fkey); -180 else if (strncmp(command, "disable", strlen("disable")) == 0) +180 else if (strncmp(command, "disable", strlen("disable")) == 0) 181 static_branch_disable(&fkey); -182 else { -183 pr_err("Invalid command: %s\n", command); -184 return -EINVAL; +182 else { +183 pr_err("Invalid command: %s\n", command); +184 return -EINVAL; 185 } 186 -187 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ -188 return length; +187 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ +188 return length; 189} 190 191module_init(chardev_init); 192module_exit(chardev_exit); 193 -194MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+194MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");To check the state of the static key, we can use the /dev/key_state interface.
diff --git a/lkmpg-for-ht0x.svg b/lkmpg-for-ht0x.svg index a907431..9d8faec 100644 --- a/lkmpg-for-ht0x.svg +++ b/lkmpg-for-ht0x.svg @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -