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1/* -2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions. -3 * -4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because they need -5 * to be known both to the kernel module (in chardev2.c) and the process -6 * calling ioctl() (in userspace_ioctl.c). -7 */ -8 -9#ifndef CHARDEV_H -10#define CHARDEV_H -11 -12#include <linux/ioctl.h> -13 -14/* The major device number. We can not rely on dynamic registration -15 * any more, because ioctls need to know it. -16 */ -17#define MAJOR_NUM 100 -18 -19/* Set the message of the device driver */ -20#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *) -21/* _IOW means that we are creating an ioctl command number for passing -22 * information from a user process to the kernel module. -23 * -24 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device number we are using. -25 * -26 * The second argument is the number of the command (there could be several -27 * with different meanings). -28 * -29 * The third argument is the type we want to get from the process to the -30 * kernel. -31 */ -32 -33/* Get the message of the device driver */ -34#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *) -35/* This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message of the device driver. -36 * However, we still need the buffer to place the message in to be input, -37 * as it is allocated by the process. -38 */ -39 -40/* Get the n'th byte of the message */ -41#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int) -42/* The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It receives from the user -43 * a number, n, and returns message[n]. -44 */ -45 -46/* The name of the device file */ -47#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev" -48#define DEVICE_PATH "/dev/char_dev" -49 -50#endif+
1/* +2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions. +3 * +4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because they need +5 * to be known both to the kernel module (in chardev2.c) and the process +6 * calling ioctl() (in userspace_ioctl.c). +7 */ +8 +9#ifndef CHARDEV_H +10#define CHARDEV_H +11 +12#include <linux/ioctl.h> +13 +14/* The major device number. We can not rely on dynamic registration +15 * any more, because ioctls need to know it. +16 */ +17#define MAJOR_NUM 100 +18 +19/* Set the message of the device driver */ +20#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *) +21/* _IOW means that we are creating an ioctl command number for passing +22 * information from a user process to the kernel module. +23 * +24 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device number we are using. +25 * +26 * The second argument is the number of the command (there could be several +27 * with different meanings). +28 * +29 * The third argument is the type we want to get from the process to the +30 * kernel. +31 */ +32 +33/* Get the message of the device driver */ +34#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *) +35/* This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message of the device driver. +36 * However, we still need the buffer to place the message in to be input, +37 * as it is allocated by the process. +38 */ +39 +40/* Get the n'th byte of the message */ +41#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int) +42/* The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It receives from the user +43 * a number, n, and returns message[n]. +44 */ +45 +46/* The name of the device file */ +47#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev" +48#define DEVICE_PATH "/dev/char_dev" +49 +50#endif
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1/* userspace_ioctl.c - the process to use ioctl's to control the kernel module -2 * -3 * Until now we could have used cat for input and output. But now -4 * we need to do ioctl's, which require writing our own process. -5 */ -6 -7/* device specifics, such as ioctl numbers and the -8 * major device file. */ -9#include "../chardev.h" -10 -11#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ -12#include <fcntl.h> /* open */ -13#include <unistd.h> /* close */ -14#include <stdlib.h> /* exit */ -15#include <sys/ioctl.h> /* ioctl */ -16 -17/* Functions for the ioctl calls */ -18 -19int ioctl_set_msg(int file_desc, char *message) -20{ -21 int ret_val; -22 -23 ret_val = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_SET_MSG, message); -24 -25 if (ret_val < 0) { -26 printf("ioctl_set_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); -27 } -28 -29 return ret_val; -30} -31 -32int ioctl_get_msg(int file_desc) -33{ -34 int ret_val; -35 char message[100] = { 0 }; -36 -37 /* Warning - this is dangerous because we don't tell -38 * the kernel how far it's allowed to write, so it -39 * might overflow the buffer. In a real production -40 * program, we would have used two ioctls - one to tell -41 * the kernel the buffer length and another to give -42 * it the buffer to fill -43 */ -44 ret_val = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_GET_MSG, message); -45 -46 if (ret_val < 0) { -47 printf("ioctl_get_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); -48 } -49 printf("get_msg message:%s", message); -50 -51 return ret_val; -52} -53 -54int ioctl_get_nth_byte(int file_desc) -55{ -56 int i, c; -57 -58 printf("get_nth_byte message:"); -59 -60 i = 0; -61 do { -62 c = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE, i++); -63 -64 if (c < 0) { -65 printf("\nioctl_get_nth_byte failed at the %d'th byte:\n", i); -66 return c; -67 } -68 -69 putchar(c); -70 } while (c != 0); -71 -72 return 0; -73} -74 -75/* Main - Call the ioctl functions */ -76int main(void) -77{ -78 int file_desc, ret_val; -79 char *msg = "Message passed by ioctl\n"; -80 -81 file_desc = open(DEVICE_PATH, O_RDWR); -82 if (file_desc < 0) { -83 printf("Can't open device file: %s, error:%d\n", DEVICE_PATH, -84 file_desc); -85 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); -86 } -87 -88 ret_val = ioctl_set_msg(file_desc, msg); -89 if (ret_val) -90 goto error; -91 ret_val = ioctl_get_nth_byte(file_desc); -92 if (ret_val) -93 goto error; -94 ret_val = ioctl_get_msg(file_desc); -95 if (ret_val) -96 goto error; -97 -98 close(file_desc); -99 return 0; -100error: -101 close(file_desc); -102 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); -103}+
1/* userspace_ioctl.c - the process to use ioctl's to control the kernel module +2 * +3 * Until now we could have used cat for input and output. But now +4 * we need to do ioctl's, which require writing our own process. +5 */ +6 +7/* device specifics, such as ioctl numbers and the +8 * major device file. */ +9#include "../chardev.h" +10 +11#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ +12#include <fcntl.h> /* open */ +13#include <unistd.h> /* close */ +14#include <stdlib.h> /* exit */ +15#include <sys/ioctl.h> /* ioctl */ +16 +17/* Functions for the ioctl calls */ +18 +19int ioctl_set_msg(int file_desc, char *message) +20{ +21 int ret_val; +22 +23 ret_val = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_SET_MSG, message); +24 +25 if (ret_val < 0) { +26 printf("ioctl_set_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); +27 } +28 +29 return ret_val; +30} +31 +32int ioctl_get_msg(int file_desc) +33{ +34 int ret_val; +35 char message[100] = { 0 }; +36 +37 /* Warning - this is dangerous because we don't tell +38 * the kernel how far it's allowed to write, so it +39 * might overflow the buffer. In a real production +40 * program, we would have used two ioctls - one to tell +41 * the kernel the buffer length and another to give +42 * it the buffer to fill +43 */ +44 ret_val = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_GET_MSG, message); +45 +46 if (ret_val < 0) { +47 printf("ioctl_get_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); +48 } +49 printf("get_msg message:%s", message); +50 +51 return ret_val; +52} +53 +54int ioctl_get_nth_byte(int file_desc) +55{ +56 int i, c; +57 +58 printf("get_nth_byte message:"); +59 +60 i = 0; +61 do { +62 c = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE, i++); +63 +64 if (c < 0) { +65 printf("\nioctl_get_nth_byte failed at the %d'th byte:\n", i); +66 return c; +67 } +68 +69 putchar(c); +70 } while (c != 0); +71 +72 return 0; +73} +74 +75/* Main - Call the ioctl functions */ +76int main(void) +77{ +78 int file_desc, ret_val; +79 char *msg = "Message passed by ioctl\n"; +80 +81 file_desc = open(DEVICE_PATH, O_RDWR); +82 if (file_desc < 0) { +83 printf("Can't open device file: %s, error:%d\n", DEVICE_PATH, +84 file_desc); +85 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); +86 } +87 +88 ret_val = ioctl_set_msg(file_desc, msg); +89 if (ret_val) +90 goto error; +91 ret_val = ioctl_get_nth_byte(file_desc); +92 if (ret_val) +93 goto error; +94 ret_val = ioctl_get_msg(file_desc); +95 if (ret_val) +96 goto error; +97 +98 close(file_desc); +99 return 0; +100error: +101 close(file_desc); +102 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); +103}
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1/* -2 * syscall.c -3 * -4 * System call "stealing" sample. -5 * -6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by changing the 16th bit -7 * in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific). -8 * -9 * Based on example by Peter Jay Salzman and -10 * https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=139406 -11 */ +1/* +2 * syscall.c +3 * +4 * System call "stealing" sample. +5 * +6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by changing the 16th bit +7 * in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific). +8 * +9 * Based on example by Peter Jay Salzman and +10 * https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=139406 +11 */ 12 -13#include <linux/delay.h> -14#include <linux/kernel.h> -15#include <linux/module.h> -16#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */ -17#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */ -18#include <linux/cred.h> /* For current_uid() */ -19#include <linux/uidgid.h> /* For __kuid_val() */ -20#include <linux/version.h> +13#include <linux/delay.h> +14#include <linux/kernel.h> +15#include <linux/module.h> +16#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */ +17#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */ +18#include <linux/cred.h> /* For current_uid() */ +19#include <linux/uidgid.h> /* For __kuid_val() */ +20#include <linux/version.h> 21 -22/* For the current (process) structure, we need this to know who the -23 * current user is. -24 */ -25#include <linux/sched.h> -26#include <linux/uaccess.h> +22/* For the current (process) structure, we need this to know who the +23 * current user is. +24 */ +25#include <linux/sched.h> +26#include <linux/uaccess.h> 27 -28/* The way we access "sys_call_table" varies as kernel internal changes. -29 * - Prior to v5.4 : manual symbol lookup -30 * - v5.5 to v5.6 : use kallsyms_lookup_name() -31 * - v5.7+ : Kprobes or specific kernel module parameter -32 */ +28/* The way we access "sys_call_table" varies as kernel internal changes. +29 * - Prior to v5.4 : manual symbol lookup +30 * - v5.5 to v5.6 : use kallsyms_lookup_name() +31 * - v5.7+ : Kprobes or specific kernel module parameter +32 */ 33 -34/* The in-kernel calls to the ksys_close() syscall were removed in Linux v5.11+. -35 */ -36#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 7, 0)) +34/* The in-kernel calls to the ksys_close() syscall were removed in Linux v5.11+. +35 */ +36#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 7, 0)) 37 -38#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE <= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 4, 0) -39#define HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE 1 -40#include <linux/syscalls.h> /* For ksys_close() */ -41#else -42#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For kallsyms_lookup_name */ -43#endif +38#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE <= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 4, 0) +39#define HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE 1 +40#include <linux/syscalls.h> /* For ksys_close() */ +41#else +42#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For kallsyms_lookup_name */ +43#endif 44 -45#else +45#else 46 -47#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBES) -48#define HAVE_KPROBES 1 -49#include <linux/kprobes.h> -50#else -51#define HAVE_PARAM 1 -52#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For sprint_symbol */ -53/* The address of the sys_call_table, which can be obtained with looking up -54 * "/boot/System.map" or "/proc/kallsyms". When the kernel version is v5.7+, -55 * without CONFIG_KPROBES, you can input the parameter or the module will look -56 * up all the memory. -57 */ -58static unsigned long sym = 0; +47#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBES) +48#define HAVE_KPROBES 1 +49#include <linux/kprobes.h> +50#else +51#define HAVE_PARAM 1 +52#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For sprint_symbol */ +53/* The address of the sys_call_table, which can be obtained with looking up +54 * "/boot/System.map" or "/proc/kallsyms". When the kernel version is v5.7+, +55 * without CONFIG_KPROBES, you can input the parameter or the module will look +56 * up all the memory. +57 */ +58static unsigned long sym = 0; 59module_param(sym, ulong, 0644); -60#endif /* CONFIG_KPROBES */ +60#endif /* CONFIG_KPROBES */ 61 -62#endif /* Version < v5.7 */ +62#endif /* Version < v5.7 */ 63 -64static unsigned long **sys_call_table; +64static unsigned long **sys_call_table; 65 -66/* UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the command line. */ -67static uid_t uid = -1; -68module_param(uid, int, 0644); +66/* UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the command line. */ +67static uid_t uid = -1; +68module_param(uid, int, 0644); 69 -70/* A pointer to the original system call. The reason we keep this, rather -71 * than call the original function (sys_openat), is because somebody else -72 * might have replaced the system call before us. Note that this is not -73 * 100% safe, because if another module replaced sys_openat before us, -74 * then when we are inserted, we will call the function in that module - -75 * and it might be removed before we are. -76 * -77 * Another reason for this is that we can not get sys_openat. -78 * It is a static variable, so it is not exported. -79 */ -80#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -81static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(const struct pt_regs *); -82#else -83static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(int, const char __user *, int, umode_t); -84#endif +70/* A pointer to the original system call. The reason we keep this, rather +71 * than call the original function (sys_openat), is because somebody else +72 * might have replaced the system call before us. Note that this is not +73 * 100% safe, because if another module replaced sys_openat before us, +74 * then when we are inserted, we will call the function in that module - +75 * and it might be removed before we are. +76 * +77 * Another reason for this is that we can not get sys_openat. +78 * It is a static variable, so it is not exported. +79 */ +80#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +81static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(const struct pt_regs *); +82#else +83static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(int, const char __user *, int, umode_t); +84#endif 85 -86/* The function we will replace sys_openat (the function called when you -87 * call the open system call) with. To find the exact prototype, with -88 * the number and type of arguments, we find the original function first -89 * (it is at fs/open.c). -90 * -91 * In theory, this means that we are tied to the current version of the -92 * kernel. In practice, the system calls almost never change (it would -93 * wreck havoc and require programs to be recompiled, since the system -94 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the processes). -95 */ -96#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -97static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(const struct pt_regs *regs) -98#else -99static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(int dfd, const char __user *filename, -100 int flags, umode_t mode) -101#endif +86/* The function we will replace sys_openat (the function called when you +87 * call the open system call) with. To find the exact prototype, with +88 * the number and type of arguments, we find the original function first +89 * (it is at fs/open.c). +90 * +91 * In theory, this means that we are tied to the current version of the +92 * kernel. In practice, the system calls almost never change (it would +93 * wreck havoc and require programs to be recompiled, since the system +94 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the processes). +95 */ +96#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +97static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(const struct pt_regs *regs) +98#else +99static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(int dfd, const char __user *filename, +100 int flags, umode_t mode) +101#endif 102{ -103 int i = 0; -104 char ch; +103 int i = 0; +104 char ch; 105 -106 if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid) -107 goto orig_call; +106 if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid) +107 goto orig_call; 108 -109 /* Report the file, if relevant */ -110 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid); -111 do { -112#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -113 get_user(ch, (char __user *)regs->si + i); -114#else -115 get_user(ch, (char __user *)filename + i); -116#endif +109 /* Report the file, if relevant */ +110 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid); +111 do { +112#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +113 get_user(ch, (char __user *)regs->si + i); +114#else +115 get_user(ch, (char __user *)filename + i); +116#endif 117 i++; -118 pr_info("%c", ch); -119 } while (ch != 0); -120 pr_info("\n"); +118 pr_info("%c", ch); +119 } while (ch != 0); +120 pr_info("\n"); 121 122orig_call: -123 /* Call the original sys_openat - otherwise, we lose the ability to -124 * open files. -125 */ -126#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -127 return original_call(regs); -128#else -129 return original_call(dfd, filename, flags, mode); -130#endif +123 /* Call the original sys_openat - otherwise, we lose the ability to +124 * open files. +125 */ +126#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +127 return original_call(regs); +128#else +129 return original_call(dfd, filename, flags, mode); +130#endif 131} 132 -133static unsigned long **acquire_sys_call_table(void) +133static unsigned long **acquire_sys_call_table(void) 134{ -135#ifdef HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE -136 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET; -137 unsigned long **sct; +135#ifdef HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE +136 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET; +137 unsigned long **sct; 138 -139 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) { -140 sct = (unsigned long **)offset; +139 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) { +140 sct = (unsigned long **)offset; 141 -142 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *)ksys_close) -143 return sct; +142 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *)ksys_close) +143 return sct; 144 -145 offset += sizeof(void *); +145 offset += sizeof(void *); 146 } 147 -148 return NULL; -149#endif +148 return NULL; +149#endif 150 -151#ifdef HAVE_PARAM -152 const char sct_name[15] = "sys_call_table"; -153 char symbol[40] = { 0 }; +151#ifdef HAVE_PARAM +152 const char sct_name[15] = "sys_call_table"; +153 char symbol[40] = { 0 }; 154 -155 if (sym == 0) { -156 pr_alert("For Linux v5.7+, Kprobes is the preferable way to get " -157 "symbol.\n"); -158 pr_info("If Kprobes is absent, you have to specify the address of " -159 "sys_call_table symbol\n"); -160 pr_info("by /boot/System.map or /proc/kallsyms, which contains all the " -161 "symbol addresses, into sym parameter.\n"); -162 return NULL; +155 if (sym == 0) { +156 pr_alert("For Linux v5.7+, Kprobes is the preferable way to get " +157 "symbol.\n"); +158 pr_info("If Kprobes is absent, you have to specify the address of " +159 "sys_call_table symbol\n"); +160 pr_info("by /boot/System.map or /proc/kallsyms, which contains all the " +161 "symbol addresses, into sym parameter.\n"); +162 return NULL; 163 } 164 sprint_symbol(symbol, sym); -165 if (!strncmp(sct_name, symbol, sizeof(sct_name) - 1)) -166 return (unsigned long **)sym; +165 if (!strncmp(sct_name, symbol, sizeof(sct_name) - 1)) +166 return (unsigned long **)sym; 167 -168 return NULL; -169#endif +168 return NULL; +169#endif 170 -171#ifdef HAVE_KPROBES -172 unsigned long (*kallsyms_lookup_name)(const char *name); -173 struct kprobe kp = { -174 .symbol_name = "kallsyms_lookup_name", +171#ifdef HAVE_KPROBES +172 unsigned long (*kallsyms_lookup_name)(const char *name); +173 struct kprobe kp = { +174 .symbol_name = "kallsyms_lookup_name", 175 }; 176 -177 if (register_kprobe(&kp) < 0) -178 return NULL; -179 kallsyms_lookup_name = (unsigned long (*)(const char *name))kp.addr; +177 if (register_kprobe(&kp) < 0) +178 return NULL; +179 kallsyms_lookup_name = (unsigned long (*)(const char *name))kp.addr; 180 unregister_kprobe(&kp); -181#endif +181#endif 182 -183 return (unsigned long **)kallsyms_lookup_name("sys_call_table"); +183 return (unsigned long **)kallsyms_lookup_name("sys_call_table"); 184} 185 -186#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 3, 0) -187static inline void __write_cr0(unsigned long cr0) +186#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 3, 0) +187static inline void __write_cr0(unsigned long cr0) 188{ -189 asm volatile("mov %0,%%cr0" : "+r"(cr0) : : "memory"); +189 asm volatile("mov %0,%%cr0" : "+r"(cr0) : : "memory"); 190} -191#else -192#define __write_cr0 write_cr0 -193#endif +191#else +192#define __write_cr0 write_cr0 +193#endif 194 -195static void enable_write_protection(void) +195static void enable_write_protection(void) 196{ -197 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); +197 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); 198 set_bit(16, &cr0); 199 __write_cr0(cr0); 200} 201 -202static void disable_write_protection(void) +202static void disable_write_protection(void) 203{ -204 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); +204 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); 205 clear_bit(16, &cr0); 206 __write_cr0(cr0); 207} 208 -209static int __init syscall_start(void) +209static int __init syscall_start(void) 210{ -211 if (!(sys_call_table = acquire_sys_call_table())) -212 return -1; +211 if (!(sys_call_table = acquire_sys_call_table())) +212 return -1; 213 214 disable_write_protection(); 215 -216 /* keep track of the original open function */ -217 original_call = (void *)sys_call_table[__NR_openat]; +216 /* keep track of the original open function */ +217 original_call = (void *)sys_call_table[__NR_openat]; 218 -219 /* use our openat function instead */ -220 sys_call_table[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat; +219 /* use our openat function instead */ +220 sys_call_table[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat; 221 222 enable_write_protection(); 223 -224 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid); +224 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid); 225 -226 return 0; +226 return 0; 227} 228 -229static void __exit syscall_end(void) +229static void __exit syscall_end(void) 230{ -231 if (!sys_call_table) -232 return; +231 if (!sys_call_table) +232 return; 233 -234 /* Return the system call back to normal */ -235 if (sys_call_table[__NR_openat] != (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat) { -236 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the "); -237 pr_alert("open system call\n"); -238 pr_alert("The system may be left in "); -239 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n"); +234 /* Return the system call back to normal */ +235 if (sys_call_table[__NR_openat] != (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat) { +236 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the "); +237 pr_alert("open system call\n"); +238 pr_alert("The system may be left in "); +239 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n"); 240 } 241 242 disable_write_protection(); -243 sys_call_table[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)original_call; +243 sys_call_table[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)original_call; 244 enable_write_protection(); 245 246 msleep(2000); @@ -3756,7 +3761,7 @@ dry run of this example, you will have to patch your current kernel in order to 249module_init(syscall_start); 250module_exit(syscall_end); 251 -252MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+252MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-
1/* -2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it -3 * at the same time, put all but one to sleep. -4 */ +1/* +2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it +3 * at the same time, put all but one to sleep. +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/atomic.h> -7#include <linux/fs.h> -8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ -9#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -10#include <linux/printk.h> -11#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ -12#include <linux/types.h> -13#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -14#include <linux/version.h> -15#include <linux/wait.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and -16 waking them up */ +6#include <linux/atomic.h> +7#include <linux/fs.h> +8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ +9#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +10#include <linux/printk.h> +11#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ +12#include <linux/types.h> +13#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +14#include <linux/version.h> +15#include <linux/wait.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and +16 waking them up */ 17 -18#include <asm/current.h> -19#include <asm/errno.h> +18#include <asm/current.h> +19#include <asm/errno.h> 20 -21#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -22#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -23#endif +21#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +22#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +23#endif 24 -25/* Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our -26 * input. -27 */ -28#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80 -29static char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH]; +25/* Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our +26 * input. +27 */ +28#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80 +29static char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH]; 30 -31static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; -32#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep" +31static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +32#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep" 33 -34/* Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc -35 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this -36 * function. -37 */ -38static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -39 char __user *buf, /* The buffer to put data to -40 (in the user segment) */ -41 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */ +34/* Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc +35 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this +36 * function. +37 */ +38static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +39 char __user *buf, /* The buffer to put data to +40 (in the user segment) */ +41 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */ 42 loff_t *offset) 43{ -44 static int finished = 0; -45 int i; -46 char output_msg[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30]; +44 static int finished = 0; +45 int i; +46 char output_msg[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30]; 47 -48 /* Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing more to say -49 * at this point. -50 */ -51 if (finished) { +48 /* Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing more to say +49 * at this point. +50 */ +51 if (finished) { 52 finished = 0; -53 return 0; +53 return 0; 54 } 55 -56 sprintf(output_msg, "Last input:%s\n", message); -57 for (i = 0; i < len && output_msg[i]; i++) +56 sprintf(output_msg, "Last input:%s\n", message); +57 for (i = 0; i < len && output_msg[i]; i++) 58 put_user(output_msg[i], buf + i); 59 60 finished = 1; -61 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */ +61 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */ 62} 63 -64/* This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the -65 * /proc file. -66 */ -67static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */ -68 const char __user *buf, /* The buffer with input */ -69 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */ -70 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */ +64/* This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the +65 * /proc file. +66 */ +67static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */ +68 const char __user *buf, /* The buffer with input */ +69 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */ +70 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */ 71{ -72 int i; +72 int i; 73 -74 /* Put the input into Message, where module_output will later be able -75 * to use it. -76 */ -77 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++) +74 /* Put the input into Message, where module_output will later be able +75 * to use it. +76 */ +77 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++) 78 get_user(message[i], buf + i); -79 /* we want a standard, zero terminated string */ -80 message[i] = '\0'; +79 /* we want a standard, zero terminated string */ +80 message[i] = '\0'; 81 -82 /* We need to return the number of input characters used */ -83 return i; +82 /* We need to return the number of input characters used */ +83 return i; 84} 85 -86/* 1 if the file is currently open by somebody */ -87static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(0); +86/* 1 if the file is currently open by somebody */ +87static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(0); 88 -89/* Queue of processes who want our file */ -90static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(waitq); +89/* Queue of processes who want our file */ +90static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(waitq); 91 -92/* Called when the /proc file is opened */ -93static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +92/* Called when the /proc file is opened */ +93static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 94{ -95 /* If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process does not -96 * want to wait for the file. In this case, if the file is already open, -97 * we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you will have to try again", -98 * instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake. -99 */ -100 if ((file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) && atomic_read(&already_open)) -101 return -EAGAIN; +95 /* If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process does not +96 * want to wait for the file. In this case, if the file is already open, +97 * we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you will have to try again", +98 * instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake. +99 */ +100 if ((file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) && atomic_read(&already_open)) +101 return -EAGAIN; 102 -103 /* This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because if -104 * a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module, -105 * the kernel module must not be removed. -106 */ +103 /* This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because if +104 * a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module, +105 * the kernel module must not be removed. +106 */ 107 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 108 -109 while (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { -110 int i, is_sig = 0; +109 while (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { +110 int i, is_sig = 0; 111 -112 /* This function puts the current process, including any system -113 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right -114 * after the function call, either because somebody called -115 * wake_up(&waitq) (only module_close does that, when the file -116 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent -117 * to the process -118 */ +112 /* This function puts the current process, including any system +113 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right +114 * after the function call, either because somebody called +115 * wake_up(&waitq) (only module_close does that, when the file +116 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent +117 * to the process +118 */ 119 wait_event_interruptible(waitq, !atomic_read(&already_open)); 120 -121 /* If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking, -122 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes -123 * to be killed or stopped. -124 */ -125 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++) +121 /* If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking, +122 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes +123 * to be killed or stopped. +124 */ +125 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++) 126 is_sig = current->pending.signal.sig[i] & ~current->blocked.sig[i]; 127 -128 if (is_sig) { -129 /* It is important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, because -130 * for processes where the open is interrupted there will never -131 * be a corresponding close. If we do not decrement the usage -132 * count here, we will be left with a positive usage count -133 * which we will have no way to bring down to zero, giving us -134 * an immortal module, which can only be killed by rebooting -135 * the machine. -136 */ +128 if (is_sig) { +129 /* It is important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, because +130 * for processes where the open is interrupted there will never +131 * be a corresponding close. If we do not decrement the usage +132 * count here, we will be left with a positive usage count +133 * which we will have no way to bring down to zero, giving us +134 * an immortal module, which can only be killed by rebooting +135 * the machine. +136 */ 137 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -138 return -EINTR; +138 return -EINTR; 139 } 140 } 141 -142 return 0; /* Allow the access */ +142 return 0; /* Allow the access */ 143} 144 -145/* Called when the /proc file is closed */ -146static int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +145/* Called when the /proc file is closed */ +146static int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 147{ -148 /* Set already_open to zero, so one of the processes in the waitq will -149 * be able to set already_open back to one and to open the file. All -150 * the other processes will be called when already_open is back to one, -151 * so they'll go back to sleep. -152 */ +148 /* Set already_open to zero, so one of the processes in the waitq will +149 * be able to set already_open back to one and to open the file. All +150 * the other processes will be called when already_open is back to one, +151 * so they'll go back to sleep. +152 */ 153 atomic_set(&already_open, 0); 154 -155 /* Wake up all the processes in waitq, so if anybody is waiting for the -156 * file, they can have it. -157 */ +155 /* Wake up all the processes in waitq, so if anybody is waiting for the +156 * file, they can have it. +157 */ 158 wake_up(&waitq); 159 160 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 161 -162 return 0; /* success */ +162 return 0; /* success */ 163} 164 -165/* Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant -166 * functions. -167 */ +165/* Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant +166 * functions. +167 */ 168 -169/* File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all -170 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL -171 * means we don't want to deal with something. -172 */ -173#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -174static const struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { -175 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */ -176 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */ -177 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */ -178 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */ -179 .proc_lseek = noop_llseek, /* return file->f_pos */ +169/* File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all +170 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL +171 * means we don't want to deal with something. +172 */ +173#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +174static const struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +175 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */ +176 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */ +177 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */ +178 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */ +179 .proc_lseek = noop_llseek, /* return file->f_pos */ 180}; -181#else -182static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +181#else +182static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { 183 .read = module_output, 184 .write = module_input, 185 .open = module_open, 186 .release = module_close, 187 .llseek = noop_llseek, 188}; -189#endif +189#endif 190 -191/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */ -192static int __init sleep_init(void) +191/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */ +192static int __init sleep_init(void) 193{ 194 our_proc_file = 195 proc_create(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, &file_ops_4_our_proc_file); -196 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { -197 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); -198 return -ENOMEM; +196 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { +197 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +198 return -ENOMEM; 199 } 200 proc_set_size(our_proc_file, 80); 201 proc_set_user(our_proc_file, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID); 202 -203 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +203 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); 204 -205 return 0; +205 return 0; 206} 207 -208/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if -209 * there are still processes waiting in waitq, because they are inside our -210 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal -211 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10. -212 */ -213static void __exit sleep_exit(void) +208/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if +209 * there are still processes waiting in waitq, because they are inside our +210 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal +211 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10. +212 */ +213static void __exit sleep_exit(void) 214{ 215 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -216 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +216 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); 217} 218 219module_init(sleep_init); 220module_exit(sleep_exit); 221 -222MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+222MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-
1/* -2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than -3 * wait for input. -4 */ -5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */ -6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */ -7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ -8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ -9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */ +1/* +2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than +3 * wait for input. +4 */ +5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */ +6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */ +7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ +8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ +9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */ 10 -11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4 +11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4 12 -13int main(int argc, char *argv[]) +13int main(int argc, char *argv[]) 14{ -15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */ -16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */ -17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */ +15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */ +16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */ +17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */ 18 -19 /* Usage */ -20 if (argc != 2) { -21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]); -22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input"); +19 /* Usage */ +20 if (argc != 2) { +21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]); +22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input"); 23 exit(-1); 24 } 25 -26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */ +26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */ 27 fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK); 28 -29 /* If open failed */ -30 if (fd == -1) { -31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed"); +29 /* If open failed */ +30 if (fd == -1) { +31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed"); 32 exit(-1); 33 } 34 -35 /* Read the file and output its contents */ -36 do { -37 /* Read characters from the file */ +35 /* Read the file and output its contents */ +36 do { +37 /* Read characters from the file */ 38 bytes = read(fd, buffer, MAX_BYTES); 39 -40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */ -41 if (bytes == -1) { -42 if (errno == EAGAIN) -43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to"); -44 else -45 puts("Another read error"); +40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */ +41 if (bytes == -1) { +42 if (errno == EAGAIN) +43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to"); +44 else +45 puts("Another read error"); 46 exit(-1); 47 } 48 -49 /* Print the characters */ -50 if (bytes > 0) { -51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++) +49 /* Print the characters */ +50 if (bytes > 0) { +51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++) 52 putchar(buffer[i]); 53 } 54 -55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */ -56 } while (bytes > 0); +55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */ +56 } while (bytes > 0); 57 -58 return 0; +58 return 0; 59}@@ -4159,92 +4164,92 @@ another. -
1/* -2 * completions.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/completion.h> -5#include <linux/err.h> /* for IS_ERR() */ -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/kthread.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/printk.h> -10#include <linux/version.h> +1/* +2 * completions.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/completion.h> +5#include <linux/err.h> /* for IS_ERR() */ +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/kthread.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/printk.h> +10#include <linux/version.h> 11 -12static struct { -13 struct completion crank_comp; -14 struct completion flywheel_comp; +12static struct { +13 struct completion crank_comp; +14 struct completion flywheel_comp; 15} machine; 16 -17static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg) +17static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg) 18{ -19 pr_info("Turn the crank\n"); +19 pr_info("Turn the crank\n"); 20 21 complete_all(&machine.crank_comp); -22#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) +22#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) 23 kthread_complete_and_exit(&machine.crank_comp, 0); -24#else +24#else 25 complete_and_exit(&machine.crank_comp, 0); -26#endif +26#endif 27} 28 -29static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg) +29static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg) 30{ 31 wait_for_completion(&machine.crank_comp); 32 -33 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n"); +33 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n"); 34 35 complete_all(&machine.flywheel_comp); -36#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) +36#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) 37 kthread_complete_and_exit(&machine.flywheel_comp, 0); -38#else +38#else 39 complete_and_exit(&machine.flywheel_comp, 0); -40#endif +40#endif 41} 42 -43static int __init completions_init(void) +43static int __init completions_init(void) 44{ -45 struct task_struct *crank_thread; -46 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread; +45 struct task_struct *crank_thread; +46 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread; 47 -48 pr_info("completions example\n"); +48 pr_info("completions example\n"); 49 50 init_completion(&machine.crank_comp); 51 init_completion(&machine.flywheel_comp); 52 -53 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank"); -54 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread)) -55 goto ERROR_THREAD_1; +53 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank"); +54 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread)) +55 goto ERROR_THREAD_1; 56 57 flywheel_thread = kthread_create(machine_flywheel_spinup_thread, NULL, -58 "KThread Flywheel"); -59 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread)) -60 goto ERROR_THREAD_2; +58 "KThread Flywheel"); +59 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread)) +60 goto ERROR_THREAD_2; 61 62 wake_up_process(flywheel_thread); 63 wake_up_process(crank_thread); 64 -65 return 0; +65 return 0; 66 67ERROR_THREAD_2: 68 kthread_stop(crank_thread); 69ERROR_THREAD_1: 70 -71 return -1; +71 return -1; 72} 73 -74static void __exit completions_exit(void) +74static void __exit completions_exit(void) 75{ 76 wait_for_completion(&machine.crank_comp); 77 wait_for_completion(&machine.flywheel_comp); 78 -79 pr_info("completions exit\n"); +79 pr_info("completions exit\n"); 80} 81 82module_init(completions_init); 83module_exit(completions_exit); 84 -85MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example"); -86MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+85MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example"); +86MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");The
machinestructure stores the completion states for the two threads. At the exit point of each thread the respective completion state is updated, and @@ -4274,46 +4279,46 @@ might deploy them in userland. This may be all that is needed to avoid collision most cases.-
1/* -2 * example_mutex.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/module.h> -5#include <linux/mutex.h> -6#include <linux/printk.h> +1/* +2 * example_mutex.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/module.h> +5#include <linux/mutex.h> +6#include <linux/printk.h> 7 -8static DEFINE_MUTEX(mymutex); +8static DEFINE_MUTEX(mymutex); 9 -10static int __init example_mutex_init(void) +10static int __init example_mutex_init(void) 11{ -12 int ret; +12 int ret; 13 -14 pr_info("example_mutex init\n"); +14 pr_info("example_mutex init\n"); 15 16 ret = mutex_trylock(&mymutex); -17 if (ret != 0) { -18 pr_info("mutex is locked\n"); +17 if (ret != 0) { +18 pr_info("mutex is locked\n"); 19 -20 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0) -21 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n"); +20 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0) +21 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n"); 22 23 mutex_unlock(&mymutex); -24 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n"); -25 } else -26 pr_info("Failed to lock\n"); +24 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n"); +25 } else +26 pr_info("Failed to lock\n"); 27 -28 return 0; +28 return 0; 29} 30 -31static void __exit example_mutex_exit(void) +31static void __exit example_mutex_exit(void) 32{ -33 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n"); +33 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n"); 34} 35 36module_init(example_mutex_init); 37module_exit(example_mutex_exit); 38 -39MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example"); -40MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+39MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example"); +40MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
12.2 Spinlocks
@@ -4331,68 +4336,68 @@ they will not be forgotten and will activate when the unlock happens, using the variable to retain their state.-
1/* -2 * example_spinlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/printk.h> -7#include <linux/spinlock.h> +1/* +2 * example_spinlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/printk.h> +7#include <linux/spinlock.h> 8 -9static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sl_static); -10static spinlock_t sl_dynamic; +9static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sl_static); +10static spinlock_t sl_dynamic; 11 -12static void example_spinlock_static(void) +12static void example_spinlock_static(void) 13{ -14 unsigned long flags; +14 unsigned long flags; 15 16 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_static, flags); -17 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); +17 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); 18 -19 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this -20 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. -21 */ +19 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this +20 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. +21 */ 22 23 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_static, flags); -24 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); +24 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); 25} 26 -27static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) +27static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) 28{ -29 unsigned long flags; +29 unsigned long flags; 30 31 spin_lock_init(&sl_dynamic); 32 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_dynamic, flags); -33 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); +33 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); 34 -35 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this -36 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. -37 */ +35 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this +36 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. +37 */ 38 39 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_dynamic, flags); -40 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); +40 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); 41} 42 -43static int __init example_spinlock_init(void) +43static int __init example_spinlock_init(void) 44{ -45 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); +45 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); 46 47 example_spinlock_static(); 48 example_spinlock_dynamic(); 49 -50 return 0; +50 return 0; 51} 52 -53static void __exit example_spinlock_exit(void) +53static void __exit example_spinlock_exit(void) 54{ -55 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); +55 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); 56} 57 58module_init(example_spinlock_init); 59module_exit(example_spinlock_exit); 60 -61MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); -62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+61MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); +62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
12.3 Read and write locks
@@ -4406,61 +4411,61 @@ the system and cause users to start revolting against the tyranny of your module.-
1/* -2 * example_rwlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/module.h> -5#include <linux/printk.h> -6#include <linux/rwlock.h> +1/* +2 * example_rwlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/module.h> +5#include <linux/printk.h> +6#include <linux/rwlock.h> 7 -8static DEFINE_RWLOCK(myrwlock); +8static DEFINE_RWLOCK(myrwlock); 9 -10static void example_read_lock(void) +10static void example_read_lock(void) 11{ -12 unsigned long flags; +12 unsigned long flags; 13 14 read_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); +15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); 16 -17 /* Read from something */ +17 /* Read from something */ 18 19 read_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); +20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); 21} 22 -23static void example_write_lock(void) +23static void example_write_lock(void) 24{ -25 unsigned long flags; +25 unsigned long flags; 26 27 write_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); +28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); 29 -30 /* Write to something */ +30 /* Write to something */ 31 32 write_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); +33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); 34} 35 -36static int __init example_rwlock_init(void) +36static int __init example_rwlock_init(void) 37{ -38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); +38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); 39 40 example_read_lock(); 41 example_write_lock(); 42 -43 return 0; +43 return 0; 44} 45 -46static void __exit example_rwlock_exit(void) +46static void __exit example_rwlock_exit(void) 47{ -48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); +48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); 49} 50 51module_init(example_rwlock_init); 52module_exit(example_rwlock_exit); 53 -54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); -55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); +55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Of course, if you know for sure that there are no functions triggered by irqs which could possibly interfere with your logic then you can use the simpler
read_lock(&myrwlock) @@ -4476,81 +4481,81 @@ and was not overwritten by some other shenanigans. An example is shown below.-
1/* -2 * example_atomic.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/atomic.h> -5#include <linux/bitops.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/printk.h> +@@ -4587,80 +4592,80 @@ structure. Within this structure lies a pointer to a string write function, faci the string’s transmission to the tty.1/* +2 * example_atomic.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/atomic.h> +5#include <linux/bitops.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/printk.h> 8 -9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" -10#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ -11 ((byte & 0x80) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x40) ? '1' : '0'), \ -12 ((byte & 0x20) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x10) ? '1' : '0'), \ -13 ((byte & 0x08) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x04) ? '1' : '0'), \ -14 ((byte & 0x02) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x01) ? '1' : '0') +9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" +10#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ +11 ((byte & 0x80) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x40) ? '1' : '0'), \ +12 ((byte & 0x20) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x10) ? '1' : '0'), \ +13 ((byte & 0x08) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x04) ? '1' : '0'), \ +14 ((byte & 0x02) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x01) ? '1' : '0') 15 -16static void atomic_add_subtract(void) +16static void atomic_add_subtract(void) 17{ 18 atomic_t debbie; 19 atomic_t chris = ATOMIC_INIT(50); 20 21 atomic_set(&debbie, 45); 22 -23 /* subtract one */ +23 /* subtract one */ 24 atomic_dec(&debbie); 25 26 atomic_add(7, &debbie); 27 -28 /* add one */ +28 /* add one */ 29 atomic_inc(&debbie); 30 -31 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), +31 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), 32 atomic_read(&debbie)); 33} 34 -35static void atomic_bitwise(void) +35static void atomic_bitwise(void) 36{ -37 unsigned long word = 0; +37 unsigned long word = 0; 38 -39 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +39 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 40 set_bit(3, &word); 41 set_bit(5, &word); -42 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +42 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 43 clear_bit(5, &word); -44 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +44 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 45 change_bit(3, &word); 46 -47 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); -48 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) -49 pr_info("wrong\n"); -50 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +47 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +48 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) +49 pr_info("wrong\n"); +50 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 51 52 word = 255; -53 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +53 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 54} 55 -56static int __init example_atomic_init(void) +56static int __init example_atomic_init(void) 57{ -58 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); +58 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); 59 60 atomic_add_subtract(); 61 atomic_bitwise(); 62 -63 return 0; +63 return 0; 64} 65 -66static void __exit example_atomic_exit(void) +66static void __exit example_atomic_exit(void) 67{ -68 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); +68 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); 69} 70 71module_init(example_atomic_init); 72module_exit(example_atomic_exit); 73 -74MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); -75MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+74MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); +75MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if -3 * it is through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the -4 * tty associated with the current task. -5 */ -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/kernel.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ -10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ +@@ -4681,36 +4686,36 @@ to improve memory safety. A buffer overflow in the area of a and1/* +2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if +3 * it is through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the +4 * tty associated with the current task. +5 */ +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/kernel.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ +10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ 11 -12static void print_string(char *str) +12static void print_string(char *str) 13{ -14 /* The tty for the current task */ -15 struct tty_struct *my_tty = get_current_tty(); +14 /* The tty for the current task */ +15 struct tty_struct *my_tty = get_current_tty(); 16 -17 /* If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to (i.e., -18 * if it is a daemon). If so, there is nothing we can do. -19 */ -20 if (my_tty) { -21 const struct tty_operations *ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; -22 /* my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, -23 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. -24 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or -25 * kernel's memory segment. -26 * -27 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, because the -28 * same function would normally be used for all tty's of a certain -29 * type. -30 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. -31 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. -32 * -33 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use -34 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different -35 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here does not -36 * scale well. The right way to deal with this is described in -37 * section 2 of -38 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches -39 */ -40 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ -41 str, /* String */ -42 strlen(str)); /* Length */ +17 /* If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to (i.e., +18 * if it is a daemon). If so, there is nothing we can do. +19 */ +20 if (my_tty) { +21 const struct tty_operations *ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; +22 /* my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, +23 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. +24 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or +25 * kernel's memory segment. +26 * +27 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, because the +28 * same function would normally be used for all tty's of a certain +29 * type. +30 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. +31 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. +32 * +33 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use +34 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different +35 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here does not +36 * scale well. The right way to deal with this is described in +37 * section 2 of +38 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +39 */ +40 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ +41 str, /* String */ +42 strlen(str)); /* Length */ 43 -44 /* ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) strictly -45 * followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to a new line you -46 * need two characters, a carriage return and a line feed. On Unix, -47 * the ASCII line feed is used for both purposes - so we can not -48 * just use \n, because it would not have a carriage return and the -49 * next line will start at the column right after the line feed. -50 * -51 * This is why text files are different between Unix and MS Windows. -52 * In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and MS Windows, the ASCII -53 * standard was strictly adhered to, and therefore a newline requires -54 * both a LF and a CR. -55 */ -56 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); +44 /* ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) strictly +45 * followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to a new line you +46 * need two characters, a carriage return and a line feed. On Unix, +47 * the ASCII line feed is used for both purposes - so we can not +48 * just use \n, because it would not have a carriage return and the +49 * next line will start at the column right after the line feed. +50 * +51 * This is why text files are different between Unix and MS Windows. +52 * In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and MS Windows, the ASCII +53 * standard was strictly adhered to, and therefore a newline requires +54 * both a LF and a CR. +55 */ +56 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); 57 } 58} 59 -60static int __init print_string_init(void) +60static int __init print_string_init(void) 61{ -62 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); -63 return 0; +62 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); +63 return 0; 64} 65 -66static void __exit print_string_exit(void) +66static void __exit print_string_exit(void) 67{ -68 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); +68 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); 69} 70 71module_init(print_string_init); 72module_exit(print_string_exit); 73 -74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");datafields, providing the attacker with a way to use return-object programming (ROP) to call arbitrary functions within the kernel. Also, the function prototype of the callback, -containing aunsigned long +containing aunsigned longargument, will prevent work from any type checking. Furthermore, the function prototype -withunsigned long +withwill add a new device to the list of support virtual input devices.unsigned longargument may be an obstacle to the forward-edge protection of control-flow integrity. Thus, it is better to use a unique prototype to separate from the cluster that takes an -unsigned long +is enabled in kernel.unsigned longargument. The timer callback should be passed a pointer to thetimer_list -structure rather than anunsigned long +structure rather than anunsigned longargument. Then, it wraps all the information the callback needs, including thetimer_liststructure, into a larger structure, and it can use thecontainer_of -macro instead of theunsigned long +macro instead of theunsigned longvalue. For more information see: Improving the kernel timers API.Before Linux v4.14,
-setup_timerwas used to initialize the timer and thetimer_liststructure looked like:1struct timer_list { -2 unsigned long expires; -3 void (*function)(unsigned long); -4 unsigned long data; +1struct timer_list { +2 unsigned long expires; +3 void (*function)(unsigned long); +4 unsigned long data; 5 u32 flags; -6 /* ... */ +6 /* ... */ 7}; 8 -9void setup_timer(struct timer_list *timer, void (*callback)(unsigned long), -10 unsigned long data);+9void setup_timer(struct timer_list *timer, void (*callback)(unsigned long), +10 unsigned long data);Since Linux v4.14,
-timer_setupis adopted and the kernel step by step converting totimer_setup @@ -4723,63 +4728,63 @@ Moreover, thetimer_setupwas implemented bysetup_timerat first.1void timer_setup(struct timer_list *timer, -2 void (*callback)(struct timer_list *), unsigned int flags);+1void timer_setup(struct timer_list *timer, +2 void (*callback)(struct timer_list *), unsigned int flags);The
-setup_timerwas then removed since v4.15. As a result, thetimer_liststructure had changed to the following.1struct timer_list { -2 unsigned long expires; -3 void (*function)(struct timer_list *); +1struct timer_list { +2 unsigned long expires; +3 void (*function)(struct timer_list *); 4 u32 flags; -5 /* ... */ +5 /* ... */ 6};The following source code illustrates a minimal kernel module which, when loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded.
-
1/* -2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. -3 */ +1/* +2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For tty_struct */ -9#include <linux/vt.h> /* For MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ -10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ -11#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For tty_struct */ +9#include <linux/vt.h> /* For MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ +10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ +11#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ 12 -13MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); +13MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); 14 -15static struct timer_list my_timer; -16static struct tty_driver *my_driver; -17static unsigned long kbledstatus = 0; +15static struct timer_list my_timer; +16static struct tty_driver *my_driver; +17static unsigned long kbledstatus = 0; 18 -19#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 -20#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 -21#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF +19#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 +20#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 +21#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF 22 -23/* Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking -24 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual -25 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: -26 * drivers/tty/vt/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). -27 * -28 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led -29 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF -30 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus -31 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, -32 * please see file: drivers/tty/vt/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). -33 */ -34static void my_timer_func(struct timer_list *unused) +23/* Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking +24 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual +25 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: +26 * drivers/tty/vt/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). +27 * +28 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led +29 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF +30 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus +31 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, +32 * please see file: drivers/tty/vt/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). +33 */ +34static void my_timer_func(struct timer_list *unused) 35{ -36 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; +36 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; 37 -38 if (kbledstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) +38 if (kbledstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) 39 kbledstatus = RESTORE_LEDS; -40 else +40 else 41 kbledstatus = ALL_LEDS_ON; 42 43 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(t, KDSETLED, kbledstatus); @@ -4788,34 +4793,34 @@ loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded. 46 add_timer(&my_timer); 47} 48 -49static int __init kbleds_init(void) +49static int __init kbleds_init(void) 50{ -51 int i; +51 int i; 52 -53 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); -54 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); -55 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { -56 if (!vc_cons[i].d) -57 break; -58 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %p\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, -59 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (void *)vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); +53 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); +54 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); +55 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { +56 if (!vc_cons[i].d) +57 break; +58 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %p\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, +59 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (void *)vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); 60 } -61 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); +61 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); 62 63 my_driver = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty->driver; -64 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver name %s\n", my_driver->driver_name); +64 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver name %s\n", my_driver->driver_name); 65 -66 /* Set up the LED blink timer the first time. */ +66 /* Set up the LED blink timer the first time. */ 67 timer_setup(&my_timer, my_timer_func, 0); 68 my_timer.expires = jiffies + BLINK_DELAY; 69 add_timer(&my_timer); 70 -71 return 0; +71 return 0; 72} 73 -74static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) +74static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) 75{ -76 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); +76 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); 77 del_timer(&my_timer); 78 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty, KDSETLED, 79 RESTORE_LEDS); @@ -4824,7 +4829,7 @@ loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded. 82module_init(kbleds_init); 83module_exit(kbleds_cleanup); 84 -85MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+85MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");If none of the examples in this chapter fit your debugging needs, there might yet be some other tricks to try. Ever wondered what
CONFIG_LL_DEBUG @@ -4862,50 +4867,50 @@ better suited to running multiple things in a sequence. softirq.-
1/* -2 * example_tasklet.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/delay.h> -5#include <linux/interrupt.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/printk.h> +1/* +2 * example_tasklet.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/delay.h> +5#include <linux/interrupt.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/printk.h> 8 -9/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibility. -10 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ -11 */ -12#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD -13#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) -14#endif +9/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibility. +10 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ +11 */ +12#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD +13#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) +14#endif 15 -16static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +16static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) 17{ -18 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); +18 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); 19 mdelay(5000); -20 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); +20 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); 21} 22 -23static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(mytask, tasklet_fn); +23static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(mytask, tasklet_fn); 24 -25static int __init example_tasklet_init(void) +25static int __init example_tasklet_init(void) 26{ -27 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); +27 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); 28 tasklet_schedule(&mytask); 29 mdelay(200); -30 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); -31 return 0; +30 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); +31 return 0; 32} 33 -34static void __exit example_tasklet_exit(void) +34static void __exit example_tasklet_exit(void) 35{ -36 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); +36 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); 37 tasklet_kill(&mytask); 38} 39 40module_init(example_tasklet_init); 41module_exit(example_tasklet_exit); 42 -43MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); -44MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+43MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); +44MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");So with this example loaded
dmesgshould show: @@ -4938,30 +4943,30 @@ the macroDECLARE_TASKLET_OLD Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) to execute work within the queue.-
1/* -2 * sched.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/workqueue.h> +1/* +2 * sched.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/workqueue.h> 7 -8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; -9static struct work_struct work; +8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; +9static struct work_struct work; 10 -11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) +11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) 12{ -13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); +13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); 14} 15 -16static int __init sched_init(void) +16static int __init sched_init(void) 17{ -18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); +18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); 19 INIT_WORK(&work, work_handler); 20 schedule_work(&work); -21 return 0; +21 return 0; 22} 23 -24static void __exit sched_exit(void) +24static void __exit sched_exit(void) 25{ 26 destroy_workqueue(queue); 27} @@ -4969,8 +4974,8 @@ Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) to execute work within the queue. 29module_init(sched_init); 30module_exit(sched_exit); 31 -32MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -33MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");+32MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +33MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");
15 Interrupt Handlers
@@ -5056,115 +5061,115 @@ an LED is connected to GPIO 4. You can change those numbers to whatever is appropriate for your board.-
1/* -2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off. -9 */ +1/* +2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off. +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/gpio.h> -12#include <linux/interrupt.h> -13#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for ARRAY_SIZE() */ -14#include <linux/module.h> -15#include <linux/printk.h> +11#include <linux/gpio.h> +12#include <linux/interrupt.h> +13#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for ARRAY_SIZE() */ +14#include <linux/module.h> +15#include <linux/printk.h> 16 -17static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; +17static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 18 -19/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -20 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -21 */ -22static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +19/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +20 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +21 */ +22static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 23 -24/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -25 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -26 */ -27static struct gpio buttons[] = { { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, -28 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" } }; +24/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +25 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +26 */ +27static struct gpio buttons[] = { { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +28 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" } }; 29 -30/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed. */ -31static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +30/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed. */ +31static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 32{ -33 /* first button */ -34 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +33 /* first button */ +34 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 35 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -36 /* second button */ -37 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +36 /* second button */ +37 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 38 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 39 -40 return IRQ_HANDLED; +40 return IRQ_HANDLED; 41} 42 -43static int __init intrpt_init(void) +43static int __init intrpt_init(void) 44{ -45 int ret = 0; +45 int ret = 0; 46 -47 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +47 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 48 -49 /* register LED gpios */ +49 /* register LED gpios */ 50 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 51 -52 if (ret) { -53 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -54 return ret; +52 if (ret) { +53 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +54 return ret; 55 } 56 -57 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +57 /* register BUTTON gpios */ 58 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 59 -60 if (ret) { -61 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -62 goto fail1; +60 if (ret) { +61 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +62 goto fail1; 63 } 64 -65 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +65 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 66 67 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 68 -69 if (ret < 0) { -70 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -71 goto fail2; +69 if (ret < 0) { +70 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +71 goto fail2; 72 } 73 74 button_irqs[0] = ret; 75 -76 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +76 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 77 78 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, 79 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -80 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +80 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); 81 -82 if (ret) { -83 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -84 goto fail2; +82 if (ret) { +83 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +84 goto fail2; 85 } 86 87 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); 88 -89 if (ret < 0) { -90 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -91 goto fail2; +89 if (ret < 0) { +90 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +91 goto fail2; 92 } 93 94 button_irqs[1] = ret; 95 -96 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +96 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); 97 98 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, 99 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -100 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +100 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); 101 -102 if (ret) { -103 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -104 goto fail3; +102 if (ret) { +103 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +104 goto fail3; 105 } 106 -107 return 0; +107 return 0; 108 -109/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +109/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ 110fail3: 111 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 112 @@ -5174,24 +5179,24 @@ appropriate for your board. 116fail1: 117 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 118 -119 return ret; +119 return ret; 120} 121 -122static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) +122static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) 123{ -124 int i; +124 int i; 125 -126 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +126 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 127 -128 /* free irqs */ +128 /* free irqs */ 129 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 130 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 131 -132 /* turn all LEDs off */ -133 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +132 /* turn all LEDs off */ +133 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 134 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); 135 -136 /* unregister */ +136 /* unregister */ 137 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 138 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 139} @@ -5199,8 +5204,8 @@ appropriate for your board. 141module_init(intrpt_init); 142module_exit(intrpt_exit); 143 -144MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -145MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");+144MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +145MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");
15.3 Bottom Half
@@ -5215,138 +5220,138 @@ when an interrupt is triggered. -1/* -2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on an LED and another to turn it off -9 */ +1/* +2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on an LED and another to turn it off +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/delay.h> -12#include <linux/gpio.h> -13#include <linux/interrupt.h> -14#include <linux/module.h> -15#include <linux/printk.h> -16#include <linux/init.h> +11#include <linux/delay.h> +12#include <linux/gpio.h> +13#include <linux/interrupt.h> +14#include <linux/module.h> +15#include <linux/printk.h> +16#include <linux/init.h> 17 -18/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibiity. -19 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ -20 */ -21#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD -22#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) -23#endif +18/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibiity. +19 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ +20 */ +21#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD +22#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) +23#endif 24 -25static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; +25static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 26 -27/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -28 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -29 */ -30static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +27/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +28 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +29 */ +30static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 31 -32/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -33 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -34 */ -35static struct gpio buttons[] = { -36 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, -37 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, +32/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +33 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +34 */ +35static struct gpio buttons[] = { +36 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +37 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, 38}; 39 -40/* Tasklet containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ -41static void bottomhalf_tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +40/* Tasklet containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ +41static void bottomhalf_tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) 42{ -43 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet starts\n"); -44 /* do something which takes a while */ +43 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet starts\n"); +44 /* do something which takes a while */ 45 mdelay(500); -46 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet ends\n"); +46 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet ends\n"); 47} 48 -49static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(buttontask, bottomhalf_tasklet_fn); +49static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(buttontask, bottomhalf_tasklet_fn); 50 -51/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed */ -52static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +51/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed */ +52static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 53{ -54 /* Do something quickly right now */ -55 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +54 /* Do something quickly right now */ +55 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 56 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -57 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +57 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 58 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 59 -60 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ +60 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ 61 tasklet_schedule(&buttontask); 62 -63 return IRQ_HANDLED; +63 return IRQ_HANDLED; 64} 65 -66static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) +66static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) 67{ -68 int ret = 0; +68 int ret = 0; 69 -70 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +70 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 71 -72 /* register LED gpios */ +72 /* register LED gpios */ 73 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 74 -75 if (ret) { -76 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -77 return ret; +75 if (ret) { +76 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +77 return ret; 78 } 79 -80 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +80 /* register BUTTON gpios */ 81 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 82 -83 if (ret) { -84 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -85 goto fail1; +83 if (ret) { +84 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +85 goto fail1; 86 } 87 -88 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +88 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 89 90 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 91 -92 if (ret < 0) { -93 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -94 goto fail2; +92 if (ret < 0) { +93 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +94 goto fail2; 95 } 96 97 button_irqs[0] = ret; 98 -99 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +99 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 100 101 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, 102 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -103 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +103 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); 104 -105 if (ret) { -106 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -107 goto fail2; +105 if (ret) { +106 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +107 goto fail2; 108 } 109 110 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); 111 -112 if (ret < 0) { -113 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -114 goto fail2; +112 if (ret < 0) { +113 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +114 goto fail2; 115 } 116 117 button_irqs[1] = ret; 118 -119 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +119 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); 120 121 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, 122 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -123 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +123 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); 124 -125 if (ret) { -126 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -127 goto fail3; +125 if (ret) { +126 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +127 goto fail3; 128 } 129 -130 return 0; +130 return 0; 131 -132/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +132/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ 133fail3: 134 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 135 @@ -5356,24 +5361,24 @@ when an interrupt is triggered. 139fail1: 140 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 141 -142 return ret; +142 return ret; 143} 144 -145static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) +145static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) 146{ -147 int i; +147 int i; 148 -149 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +149 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 150 -151 /* free irqs */ +151 /* free irqs */ 152 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 153 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 154 -155 /* turn all LEDs off */ -156 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +155 /* turn all LEDs off */ +156 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 157 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); 158 -159 /* unregister */ +159 /* unregister */ 160 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 161 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 162} @@ -5381,8 +5386,8 @@ when an interrupt is triggered. 164module_init(bottomhalf_init); 165module_exit(bottomhalf_exit); 166 -167MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -168MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");+167MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +168MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");
16 Crypto
@@ -5402,74 +5407,74 @@ kernel module. To provide the sha256 algorithm support, make sure-
1/* -2 * cryptosha256.c -3 */ -4#include <crypto/internal/hash.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * cryptosha256.c +3 */ +4#include <crypto/internal/hash.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> 6 -7#define SHA256_LENGTH 32 +7#define SHA256_LENGTH 32 8 -9static void show_hash_result(char *plaintext, char *hash_sha256) +9static void show_hash_result(char *plaintext, char *hash_sha256) 10{ -11 int i; -12 char str[SHA256_LENGTH * 2 + 1]; +11 int i; +12 char str[SHA256_LENGTH * 2 + 1]; 13 -14 pr_info("sha256 test for string: \"%s\"\n", plaintext); -15 for (i = 0; i < SHA256_LENGTH; i++) -16 sprintf(&str[i * 2], "%02x", (unsigned char)hash_sha256[i]); +14 pr_info("sha256 test for string: \"%s\"\n", plaintext); +15 for (i = 0; i < SHA256_LENGTH; i++) +16 sprintf(&str[i * 2], "%02x", (unsigned char)hash_sha256[i]); 17 str[i * 2] = 0; -18 pr_info("%s\n", str); +18 pr_info("%s\n", str); 19} 20 -21static int __init cryptosha256_init(void) +21static int __init cryptosha256_init(void) 22{ -23 char *plaintext = "This is a test"; -24 char hash_sha256[SHA256_LENGTH]; -25 struct crypto_shash *sha256; -26 struct shash_desc *shash; +23 char *plaintext = "This is a test"; +24 char hash_sha256[SHA256_LENGTH]; +25 struct crypto_shash *sha256; +26 struct shash_desc *shash; 27 -28 sha256 = crypto_alloc_shash("sha256", 0, 0); -29 if (IS_ERR(sha256)) { +28 sha256 = crypto_alloc_shash("sha256", 0, 0); +29 if (IS_ERR(sha256)) { 30 pr_err( -31 "%s(): Failed to allocate sha256 algorithm, enable CONFIG_CRYPTO_SHA256 and try again.\n", +31 "%s(): Failed to allocate sha256 algorithm, enable CONFIG_CRYPTO_SHA256 and try again.\n", 32 __func__); -33 return -1; +33 return -1; 34 } 35 -36 shash = kmalloc(sizeof(struct shash_desc) + crypto_shash_descsize(sha256), +36 shash = kmalloc(sizeof(struct shash_desc) + crypto_shash_descsize(sha256), 37 GFP_KERNEL); -38 if (!shash) -39 return -ENOMEM; +38 if (!shash) +39 return -ENOMEM; 40 41 shash->tfm = sha256; 42 -43 if (crypto_shash_init(shash)) -44 return -1; +43 if (crypto_shash_init(shash)) +44 return -1; 45 -46 if (crypto_shash_update(shash, plaintext, strlen(plaintext))) -47 return -1; +46 if (crypto_shash_update(shash, plaintext, strlen(plaintext))) +47 return -1; 48 -49 if (crypto_shash_final(shash, hash_sha256)) -50 return -1; +49 if (crypto_shash_final(shash, hash_sha256)) +50 return -1; 51 52 kfree(shash); 53 crypto_free_shash(sha256); 54 55 show_hash_result(plaintext, hash_sha256); 56 -57 return 0; +57 return 0; 58} 59 -60static void __exit cryptosha256_exit(void) +60static void __exit cryptosha256_exit(void) 61{ 62} 63 64module_init(cryptosha256_init); 65module_exit(cryptosha256_exit); 66 -67MODULE_DESCRIPTION("sha256 hash test"); -68MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+67MODULE_DESCRIPTION("sha256 hash test"); +68MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Install the module:
@@ -5490,183 +5495,183 @@ kernel module. To provide the sha256 algorithm support, make sure and a password.
-
1/* -2 * cryptosk.c -3 */ -4#include <crypto/internal/skcipher.h> -5#include <linux/crypto.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/random.h> -8#include <linux/scatterlist.h> +1/* +2 * cryptosk.c +3 */ +4#include <crypto/internal/skcipher.h> +5#include <linux/crypto.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/random.h> +8#include <linux/scatterlist.h> 9 -10#define SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH 32 -11#define CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE 16 +10#define SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH 32 +11#define CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE 16 12 -13struct tcrypt_result { -14 struct completion completion; -15 int err; +13struct tcrypt_result { +14 struct completion completion; +15 int err; 16}; 17 -18struct skcipher_def { -19 struct scatterlist sg; -20 struct crypto_skcipher *tfm; -21 struct skcipher_request *req; -22 struct tcrypt_result result; -23 char *scratchpad; -24 char *ciphertext; -25 char *ivdata; +18struct skcipher_def { +19 struct scatterlist sg; +20 struct crypto_skcipher *tfm; +21 struct skcipher_request *req; +22 struct tcrypt_result result; +23 char *scratchpad; +24 char *ciphertext; +25 char *ivdata; 26}; 27 -28static struct skcipher_def sk; +28static struct skcipher_def sk; 29 -30static void test_skcipher_finish(struct skcipher_def *sk) +30static void test_skcipher_finish(struct skcipher_def *sk) 31{ -32 if (sk->tfm) +32 if (sk->tfm) 33 crypto_free_skcipher(sk->tfm); -34 if (sk->req) +34 if (sk->req) 35 skcipher_request_free(sk->req); -36 if (sk->ivdata) +36 if (sk->ivdata) 37 kfree(sk->ivdata); -38 if (sk->scratchpad) +38 if (sk->scratchpad) 39 kfree(sk->scratchpad); -40 if (sk->ciphertext) +40 if (sk->ciphertext) 41 kfree(sk->ciphertext); 42} 43 -44static int test_skcipher_result(struct skcipher_def *sk, int rc) +44static int test_skcipher_result(struct skcipher_def *sk, int rc) 45{ -46 switch (rc) { -47 case 0: -48 break; -49 case -EINPROGRESS || -EBUSY: +46 switch (rc) { +47 case 0: +48 break; +49 case -EINPROGRESS || -EBUSY: 50 rc = wait_for_completion_interruptible(&sk->result.completion); -51 if (!rc && !sk->result.err) { +51 if (!rc && !sk->result.err) { 52 reinit_completion(&sk->result.completion); -53 break; +53 break; 54 } -55 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, +55 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, 56 sk->result.err); -57 break; -58 default: -59 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, +57 break; +58 default: +59 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, 60 sk->result.err); -61 break; +61 break; 62 } 63 64 init_completion(&sk->result.completion); 65 -66 return rc; +66 return rc; 67} 68 -69static void test_skcipher_callback(struct crypto_async_request *req, int error) +69static void test_skcipher_callback(struct crypto_async_request *req, int error) 70{ -71 struct tcrypt_result *result = req->data; +71 struct tcrypt_result *result = req->data; 72 -73 if (error == -EINPROGRESS) -74 return; +73 if (error == -EINPROGRESS) +74 return; 75 76 result->err = error; 77 complete(&result->completion); -78 pr_info("Encryption finished successfully\n"); +78 pr_info("Encryption finished successfully\n"); 79 -80 /* decrypt data */ -81#if 0 -82 memset((void*)sk.scratchpad, '-', CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); -83 ret = crypto_skcipher_decrypt(sk.req); -84 ret = test_skcipher_result(&sk, ret); -85 if (ret) -86 return; +80 /* decrypt data */ +81#if 0 +82 memset((void*)sk.scratchpad, '-', CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); +83 ret = crypto_skcipher_decrypt(sk.req); +84 ret = test_skcipher_result(&sk, ret); +85 if (ret) +86 return; 87 -88 sg_copy_from_buffer(&sk.sg, 1, sk.scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); -89 sk.scratchpad[CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE-1] = 0; +88 sg_copy_from_buffer(&sk.sg, 1, sk.scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); +89 sk.scratchpad[CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE-1] = 0; 90 -91 pr_info("Decryption request successful\n"); -92 pr_info("Decrypted: %s\n", sk.scratchpad); -93#endif +91 pr_info("Decryption request successful\n"); +92 pr_info("Decrypted: %s\n", sk.scratchpad); +93#endif 94} 95 -96static int test_skcipher_encrypt(char *plaintext, char *password, -97 struct skcipher_def *sk) +96static int test_skcipher_encrypt(char *plaintext, char *password, +97 struct skcipher_def *sk) 98{ -99 int ret = -EFAULT; -100 unsigned char key[SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH]; +99 int ret = -EFAULT; +100 unsigned char key[SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH]; 101 -102 if (!sk->tfm) { -103 sk->tfm = crypto_alloc_skcipher("cbc-aes-aesni", 0, 0); -104 if (IS_ERR(sk->tfm)) { -105 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher handle\n"); -106 return PTR_ERR(sk->tfm); +102 if (!sk->tfm) { +103 sk->tfm = crypto_alloc_skcipher("cbc-aes-aesni", 0, 0); +104 if (IS_ERR(sk->tfm)) { +105 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher handle\n"); +106 return PTR_ERR(sk->tfm); 107 } 108 } 109 -110 if (!sk->req) { +110 if (!sk->req) { 111 sk->req = skcipher_request_alloc(sk->tfm, GFP_KERNEL); -112 if (!sk->req) { -113 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher request\n"); +112 if (!sk->req) { +113 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher request\n"); 114 ret = -ENOMEM; -115 goto out; +115 goto out; 116 } 117 } 118 119 skcipher_request_set_callback(sk->req, CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MAY_BACKLOG, 120 test_skcipher_callback, &sk->result); 121 -122 /* clear the key */ -123 memset((void *)key, '\0', SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH); +122 /* clear the key */ +123 memset((void *)key, '\0', SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH); 124 -125 /* Use the world's favourite password */ -126 sprintf((char *)key, "%s", password); +125 /* Use the world's favourite password */ +126 sprintf((char *)key, "%s", password); 127 -128 /* AES 256 with given symmetric key */ -129 if (crypto_skcipher_setkey(sk->tfm, key, SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH)) { -130 pr_info("key could not be set\n"); +128 /* AES 256 with given symmetric key */ +129 if (crypto_skcipher_setkey(sk->tfm, key, SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH)) { +130 pr_info("key could not be set\n"); 131 ret = -EAGAIN; -132 goto out; +132 goto out; 133 } -134 pr_info("Symmetric key: %s\n", key); -135 pr_info("Plaintext: %s\n", plaintext); +134 pr_info("Symmetric key: %s\n", key); +135 pr_info("Plaintext: %s\n", plaintext); 136 -137 if (!sk->ivdata) { -138 /* see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector */ +137 if (!sk->ivdata) { +138 /* see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector */ 139 sk->ivdata = kmalloc(CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); -140 if (!sk->ivdata) { -141 pr_info("could not allocate ivdata\n"); -142 goto out; +140 if (!sk->ivdata) { +141 pr_info("could not allocate ivdata\n"); +142 goto out; 143 } 144 get_random_bytes(sk->ivdata, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); 145 } 146 -147 if (!sk->scratchpad) { -148 /* The text to be encrypted */ +147 if (!sk->scratchpad) { +148 /* The text to be encrypted */ 149 sk->scratchpad = kmalloc(CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); -150 if (!sk->scratchpad) { -151 pr_info("could not allocate scratchpad\n"); -152 goto out; +150 if (!sk->scratchpad) { +151 pr_info("could not allocate scratchpad\n"); +152 goto out; 153 } 154 } -155 sprintf((char *)sk->scratchpad, "%s", plaintext); +155 sprintf((char *)sk->scratchpad, "%s", plaintext); 156 157 sg_init_one(&sk->sg, sk->scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); 158 skcipher_request_set_crypt(sk->req, &sk->sg, &sk->sg, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, 159 sk->ivdata); 160 init_completion(&sk->result.completion); 161 -162 /* encrypt data */ +162 /* encrypt data */ 163 ret = crypto_skcipher_encrypt(sk->req); 164 ret = test_skcipher_result(sk, ret); -165 if (ret) -166 goto out; +165 if (ret) +166 goto out; 167 -168 pr_info("Encryption request successful\n"); +168 pr_info("Encryption request successful\n"); 169 170out: -171 return ret; +171 return ret; 172} 173 -174static int __init cryptoapi_init(void) +174static int __init cryptoapi_init(void) 175{ -176 /* The world's favorite password */ -177 char *password = "password123"; +176 /* The world's favorite password */ +177 char *password = "password123"; 178 179 sk.tfm = NULL; 180 sk.req = NULL; @@ -5674,11 +5679,11 @@ and a password. 182 sk.ciphertext = NULL; 183 sk.ivdata = NULL; 184 -185 test_skcipher_encrypt("Testing", password, &sk); -186 return 0; +185 test_skcipher_encrypt("Testing", password, &sk); +186 return 0; 187} 188 -189static void __exit cryptoapi_exit(void) +189static void __exit cryptoapi_exit(void) 190{ 191 test_skcipher_finish(&sk); 192} @@ -5686,8 +5691,8 @@ and a password. 194module_init(cryptoapi_init); 195module_exit(cryptoapi_exit); 196 -197MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Symmetric key encryption example"); -198MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+197MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Symmetric key encryption example"); +198MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
17 Virtual Input Device Driver
@@ -5720,22 +5725,22 @@ development of virtual input drivers. The drivers needs to export a-
1int init(struct vinput *);-This function is passed a
struct vinput -already initialized with an allocatedstruct input_dev +structure is similar to other attribute types we talked about in section 8:1int init(struct vinput *);+This function is passed a
struct vinput +already initialized with an allocatedstruct input_dev. Theinit()function is responsible for initializing the capabilities of the input device and register it.-
1int send(struct vinput *, char *, int);+1int send(struct vinput *, char *, int);This function will receive a user string to interpret and inject the event using the
input_report_XXXXorinput_eventcall. The string is already copied from user.-
1int read(struct vinput *, char *, int);+1int read(struct vinput *, char *, int);This function is used for debugging and should fill the buffer parameter with the last event sent in the virtual input device format. The buffer will then be copied to user. @@ -5746,12 +5751,12 @@ virtual input device.
-
1struct class_attribute { -2 struct attribute attr; -3 ssize_t (*show)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -4 char *buf); -5 ssize_t (*store)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -6 const char *buf, size_t count); ++216 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME); +217 +218 return 0; +219} +220 +221/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */ +222static void __exit chardev2_exit(void) +223{ +224 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0)); +225 class_destroy(cls); +226 +227 /* Unregister the device */ +228 unregister_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME); +229} +230 +231module_init(chardev2_init); +232module_exit(chardev2_exit); +233 +234MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");1struct class_attribute { +2 struct attribute attr; +3 ssize_t (*show)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +4 char *buf); +5 ssize_t (*store)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +6 const char *buf, size_t count); 7};In vinput.c, the macro
CLASS_ATTR_WO(export/unexport)defined in include/linux/device.h (in this case, device.h is included in include/linux/input.h) @@ -5759,7 +5764,7 @@ will generate theclass_attributestructures which are named class_attr_export/unexport. Then, put them intovinput_class_attrsarray and the macroATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(vinput_class) -will generate thestruct attribute_group vinput_class_group +will generate thestruct attribute_group vinput_class_group @@ -5769,200 +5774,200 @@ will generate theclass_attributeTo create a vinputX sysfs entry and /dev node.
-
1echo "vkbd" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/export+1echo "vkbd" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/exportTo unexport the device, just echo its id in unexport:
-
1echo "0" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/unexport+1echo "0" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/unexport-
1/* -2 * vinput.h -3 */ +1/* +2 * vinput.h +3 */ 4 -5#ifndef VINPUT_H -6#define VINPUT_H +5#ifndef VINPUT_H +6#define VINPUT_H 7 -8#include <linux/input.h> -9#include <linux/spinlock.h> +8#include <linux/input.h> +9#include <linux/spinlock.h> 10 -11#define VINPUT_MAX_LEN 128 -12#define MAX_VINPUT 32 -13#define VINPUT_MINORS MAX_VINPUT +11#define VINPUT_MAX_LEN 128 +12#define MAX_VINPUT 32 +13#define VINPUT_MINORS MAX_VINPUT 14 -15#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) +15#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) 16 -17struct vinput_device; +17struct vinput_device; 18 -19struct vinput { -20 long id; -21 long devno; -22 long last_entry; +19struct vinput { +20 long id; +21 long devno; +22 long last_entry; 23 spinlock_t lock; 24 -25 void *priv_data; +25 void *priv_data; 26 -27 struct device dev; -28 struct list_head list; -29 struct input_dev *input; -30 struct vinput_device *type; +27 struct device dev; +28 struct list_head list; +29 struct input_dev *input; +30 struct vinput_device *type; 31}; 32 -33struct vinput_ops { -34 int (*init)(struct vinput *); -35 int (*kill)(struct vinput *); -36 int (*send)(struct vinput *, char *, int); -37 int (*read)(struct vinput *, char *, int); +33struct vinput_ops { +34 int (*init)(struct vinput *); +35 int (*kill)(struct vinput *); +36 int (*send)(struct vinput *, char *, int); +37 int (*read)(struct vinput *, char *, int); 38}; 39 -40struct vinput_device { -41 char name[16]; -42 struct list_head list; -43 struct vinput_ops *ops; +40struct vinput_device { +41 char name[16]; +42 struct list_head list; +43 struct vinput_ops *ops; 44}; 45 -46int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev); -47void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev); +46int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev); +47void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev); 48 -49#endif+49#endif-
1/* -2 * vinput.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * vinput.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/cdev.h> -6#include <linux/input.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/slab.h> -9#include <linux/spinlock.h> +5#include <linux/cdev.h> +6#include <linux/input.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/slab.h> +9#include <linux/spinlock.h> 10 -11#include <asm/uaccess.h> +11#include <asm/uaccess.h> 12 -13#include "vinput.h" +13#include "vinput.h" 14 -15#define DRIVER_NAME "vinput" +15#define DRIVER_NAME "vinput" 16 -17#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) +17#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) 18 -19static DECLARE_BITMAP(vinput_ids, VINPUT_MINORS); +19static DECLARE_BITMAP(vinput_ids, VINPUT_MINORS); 20 -21static LIST_HEAD(vinput_devices); -22static LIST_HEAD(vinput_vdevices); +21static LIST_HEAD(vinput_devices); +22static LIST_HEAD(vinput_vdevices); 23 -24static int vinput_dev; -25static struct spinlock vinput_lock; -26static struct class vinput_class; +24static int vinput_dev; +25static struct spinlock vinput_lock; +26static struct class vinput_class; 27 -28/* Search the name of vinput device in the vinput_devices linked list, -29 * which added at vinput_register(). -30 */ -31static struct vinput_device *vinput_get_device_by_type(const char *type) +28/* Search the name of vinput device in the vinput_devices linked list, +29 * which added at vinput_register(). +30 */ +31static struct vinput_device *vinput_get_device_by_type(const char *type) 32{ -33 int found = 0; -34 struct vinput_device *vinput; -35 struct list_head *curr; +33 int found = 0; +34 struct vinput_device *vinput; +35 struct list_head *curr; 36 37 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 38 list_for_each (curr, &vinput_devices) { -39 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput_device, list); -40 if (vinput && strncmp(type, vinput->name, strlen(vinput->name)) == 0) { +39 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput_device, list); +40 if (vinput && strncmp(type, vinput->name, strlen(vinput->name)) == 0) { 41 found = 1; -42 break; +42 break; 43 } 44 } 45 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 46 -47 if (found) -48 return vinput; -49 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); +47 if (found) +48 return vinput; +49 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); 50} 51 -52/* Search the id of virtual device in the vinput_vdevices linked list, -53 * which added at vinput_alloc_vdevice(). -54 */ -55static struct vinput *vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(long id) +52/* Search the id of virtual device in the vinput_vdevices linked list, +53 * which added at vinput_alloc_vdevice(). +54 */ +55static struct vinput *vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(long id) 56{ -57 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; -58 struct list_head *curr; +57 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; +58 struct list_head *curr; 59 60 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 61 list_for_each (curr, &vinput_vdevices) { -62 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); -63 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) -64 break; +62 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); +63 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) +64 break; 65 } 66 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 67 -68 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) -69 return vinput; -70 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); +68 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) +69 return vinput; +70 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); 71} 72 -73static int vinput_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +73static int vinput_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 74{ -75 int err = 0; -76 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; +75 int err = 0; +76 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; 77 78 vinput = vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(iminor(inode)); 79 -80 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) +80 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) 81 err = PTR_ERR(vinput); -82 else +82 else 83 file->private_data = vinput; 84 -85 return err; +85 return err; 86} 87 -88static int vinput_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +88static int vinput_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 89{ -90 return 0; +90 return 0; 91} 92 -93static ssize_t vinput_read(struct file *file, char __user *buffer, size_t count, +93static ssize_t vinput_read(struct file *file, char __user *buffer, size_t count, 94 loff_t *offset) 95{ -96 int len; -97 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; -98 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; +96 int len; +97 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; +98 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; 99 100 len = vinput->type->ops->read(vinput, buff, count); 101 -102 if (*offset > len) +102 if (*offset > len) 103 count = 0; -104 else if (count + *offset > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) +104 else if (count + *offset > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) 105 count = len - *offset; 106 -107 if (raw_copy_to_user(buffer, buff + *offset, count)) +107 if (raw_copy_to_user(buffer, buff + *offset, count)) 108 count = -EFAULT; 109 110 *offset += count; 111 -112 return count; +112 return count; 113} 114 -115static ssize_t vinput_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, -116 size_t count, loff_t *offset) +115static ssize_t vinput_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, +116 size_t count, loff_t *offset) 117{ -118 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; -119 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; +118 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; +119 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; 120 -121 memset(buff, 0, sizeof(char) * (VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1)); +121 memset(buff, 0, sizeof(char) * (VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1)); 122 -123 if (count > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) { -124 dev_warn(&vinput->dev, "Too long. %d bytes allowed\n", VINPUT_MAX_LEN); -125 return -EINVAL; +123 if (count > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) { +124 dev_warn(&vinput->dev, "Too long. %d bytes allowed\n", VINPUT_MAX_LEN); +125 return -EINVAL; 126 } 127 -128 if (raw_copy_from_user(buff, buffer, count)) -129 return -EFAULT; +128 if (raw_copy_from_user(buff, buffer, count)) +129 return -EFAULT; 130 -131 return vinput->type->ops->send(vinput, buff, count); +131 return vinput->type->ops->send(vinput, buff, count); 132} 133 -134static const struct file_operations vinput_fops = { +134static const struct file_operations vinput_fops = { 135 .owner = THIS_MODULE, 136 .open = vinput_open, 137 .release = vinput_release, @@ -5970,16 +5975,16 @@ will generate the+402MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +403MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate input events");class_attribute 139 .write = vinput_write, 140}; 141 -142static void vinput_unregister_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) +142static void vinput_unregister_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) 143{ 144 input_unregister_device(vinput->input); -145 if (vinput->type->ops->kill) +145 if (vinput->type->ops->kill) 146 vinput->type->ops->kill(vinput); 147} 148 -149static void vinput_destroy_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) +149static void vinput_destroy_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) 150{ -151 /* Remove from the list first */ +151 /* Remove from the list first */ 152 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 153 list_del(&vinput->list); 154 clear_bit(vinput->id, vinput_ids); @@ -5990,52 +5995,52 @@ will generate theclass_attribute 159 kfree(vinput); 160} 161 -162static void vinput_release_dev(struct device *dev) +162static void vinput_release_dev(struct device *dev) 163{ -164 struct vinput *vinput = dev_to_vinput(dev); -165 int id = vinput->id; +164 struct vinput *vinput = dev_to_vinput(dev); +165 int id = vinput->id; 166 167 vinput_destroy_vdevice(vinput); 168 -169 pr_debug("released vinput%d.\n", id); +169 pr_debug("released vinput%d.\n", id); 170} 171 -172static struct vinput *vinput_alloc_vdevice(void) +172static struct vinput *vinput_alloc_vdevice(void) 173{ -174 int err; -175 struct vinput *vinput = kzalloc(sizeof(struct vinput), GFP_KERNEL); +174 int err; +175 struct vinput *vinput = kzalloc(sizeof(struct vinput), GFP_KERNEL); 176 177 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 178 -179 memset(vinput, 0, sizeof(struct vinput)); +179 memset(vinput, 0, sizeof(struct vinput)); 180 181 spin_lock_init(&vinput->lock); 182 183 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 184 vinput->id = find_first_zero_bit(vinput_ids, VINPUT_MINORS); -185 if (vinput->id >= VINPUT_MINORS) { +185 if (vinput->id >= VINPUT_MINORS) { 186 err = -ENOBUFS; -187 goto fail_id; +187 goto fail_id; 188 } 189 set_bit(vinput->id, vinput_ids); 190 list_add(&vinput->list, &vinput_vdevices); 191 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 192 -193 /* allocate the input device */ +193 /* allocate the input device */ 194 vinput->input = input_allocate_device(); -195 if (vinput->input == NULL) { -196 pr_err("vinput: Cannot allocate vinput input device\n"); +195 if (vinput->input == NULL) { +196 pr_err("vinput: Cannot allocate vinput input device\n"); 197 err = -ENOMEM; -198 goto fail_input_dev; +198 goto fail_input_dev; 199 } 200 -201 /* initialize device */ +201 /* initialize device */ 202 vinput->dev.class = &vinput_class; 203 vinput->dev.release = vinput_release_dev; 204 vinput->dev.devt = MKDEV(vinput_dev, vinput->id); -205 dev_set_name(&vinput->dev, DRIVER_NAME "%lu", vinput->id); +205 dev_set_name(&vinput->dev, DRIVER_NAME "%lu", vinput->id); 206 -207 return vinput; +207 return vinput; 208 209fail_input_dev: 210 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); @@ -6045,16 +6050,16 @@ will generate theclass_attribute 214 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 215 kfree(vinput); 216 -217 return ERR_PTR(err); +217 return ERR_PTR(err); 218} 219 -220static int vinput_register_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) +220static int vinput_register_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) 221{ -222 int err = 0; +222 int err = 0; 223 -224 /* register the input device */ +224 /* register the input device */ 225 vinput->input->name = vinput->type->name; -226 vinput->input->phys = "vinput"; +226 vinput->input->phys = "vinput"; 227 vinput->input->dev.parent = &vinput->dev; 228 229 vinput->input->id.bustype = BUS_VIRTUAL; @@ -6064,164 +6069,164 @@ will generate theclass_attribute 233 234 err = vinput->type->ops->init(vinput); 235 -236 if (err == 0) -237 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Registered virtual input %s %ld\n", +236 if (err == 0) +237 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Registered virtual input %s %ld\n", 238 vinput->type->name, vinput->id); 239 -240 return err; +240 return err; 241} 242 -243static ssize_t export_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -244 const char *buf, size_t len) +243static ssize_t export_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +244 const char *buf, size_t len) 245{ -246 int err; -247 struct vinput *vinput; -248 struct vinput_device *device; +246 int err; +247 struct vinput *vinput; +248 struct vinput_device *device; 249 250 device = vinput_get_device_by_type(buf); -251 if (IS_ERR(device)) { -252 pr_info("vinput: This virtual device isn't registered\n"); +251 if (IS_ERR(device)) { +252 pr_info("vinput: This virtual device isn't registered\n"); 253 err = PTR_ERR(device); -254 goto fail; +254 goto fail; 255 } 256 257 vinput = vinput_alloc_vdevice(); -258 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { +258 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { 259 err = PTR_ERR(vinput); -260 goto fail; +260 goto fail; 261 } 262 263 vinput->type = device; 264 err = device_register(&vinput->dev); -265 if (err < 0) -266 goto fail_register; +265 if (err < 0) +266 goto fail_register; 267 268 err = vinput_register_vdevice(vinput); -269 if (err < 0) -270 goto fail_register_vinput; +269 if (err < 0) +270 goto fail_register_vinput; 271 -272 return len; +272 return len; 273 274fail_register_vinput: 275 device_unregister(&vinput->dev); 276fail_register: 277 vinput_destroy_vdevice(vinput); 278fail: -279 return err; +279 return err; 280} -281/* This macro generates class_attr_export structure and export_store() */ -282static CLASS_ATTR_WO(export); +281/* This macro generates class_attr_export structure and export_store() */ +282static CLASS_ATTR_WO(export); 283 -284static ssize_t unexport_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -285 const char *buf, size_t len) +284static ssize_t unexport_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +285 const char *buf, size_t len) 286{ -287 int err; -288 unsigned long id; -289 struct vinput *vinput; +287 int err; +288 unsigned long id; +289 struct vinput *vinput; 290 291 err = kstrtol(buf, 10, &id); -292 if (err) { +292 if (err) { 293 err = -EINVAL; -294 goto failed; +294 goto failed; 295 } 296 297 vinput = vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(id); -298 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { -299 pr_err("vinput: No such vinput device %ld\n", id); +298 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { +299 pr_err("vinput: No such vinput device %ld\n", id); 300 err = PTR_ERR(vinput); -301 goto failed; +301 goto failed; 302 } 303 304 vinput_unregister_vdevice(vinput); 305 device_unregister(&vinput->dev); 306 -307 return len; +307 return len; 308failed: -309 return err; +309 return err; 310} -311/* This macro generates class_attr_unexport structure and unexport_store() */ -312static CLASS_ATTR_WO(unexport); +311/* This macro generates class_attr_unexport structure and unexport_store() */ +312static CLASS_ATTR_WO(unexport); 313 -314static struct attribute *vinput_class_attrs[] = { +314static struct attribute *vinput_class_attrs[] = { 315 &class_attr_export.attr, 316 &class_attr_unexport.attr, 317 NULL, 318}; 319 -320/* This macro generates vinput_class_groups structure */ +320/* This macro generates vinput_class_groups structure */ 321ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(vinput_class); 322 -323static struct class vinput_class = { -324 .name = "vinput", +323static struct class vinput_class = { +324 .name = "vinput", 325 .owner = THIS_MODULE, 326 .class_groups = vinput_class_groups, 327}; 328 -329int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev) +329int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev) 330{ 331 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 332 list_add(&dev->list, &vinput_devices); 333 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 334 -335 pr_info("vinput: registered new virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); +335 pr_info("vinput: registered new virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); 336 -337 return 0; +337 return 0; 338} 339EXPORT_SYMBOL(vinput_register); 340 -341void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev) +341void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev) 342{ -343 struct list_head *curr, *next; +343 struct list_head *curr, *next; 344 -345 /* Remove from the list first */ +345 /* Remove from the list first */ 346 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 347 list_del(&dev->list); 348 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 349 -350 /* unregister all devices of this type */ +350 /* unregister all devices of this type */ 351 list_for_each_safe (curr, next, &vinput_vdevices) { -352 struct vinput *vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); -353 if (vinput && vinput->type == dev) { +352 struct vinput *vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); +353 if (vinput && vinput->type == dev) { 354 vinput_unregister_vdevice(vinput); 355 device_unregister(&vinput->dev); 356 } 357 } 358 -359 pr_info("vinput: unregistered virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); +359 pr_info("vinput: unregistered virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); 360} 361EXPORT_SYMBOL(vinput_unregister); 362 -363static int __init vinput_init(void) +363static int __init vinput_init(void) 364{ -365 int err = 0; +365 int err = 0; 366 -367 pr_info("vinput: Loading virtual input driver\n"); +367 pr_info("vinput: Loading virtual input driver\n"); 368 369 vinput_dev = register_chrdev(0, DRIVER_NAME, &vinput_fops); -370 if (vinput_dev < 0) { -371 pr_err("vinput: Unable to allocate char dev region\n"); +370 if (vinput_dev < 0) { +371 pr_err("vinput: Unable to allocate char dev region\n"); 372 err = vinput_dev; -373 goto failed_alloc; +373 goto failed_alloc; 374 } 375 376 spin_lock_init(&vinput_lock); 377 378 err = class_register(&vinput_class); -379 if (err < 0) { -380 pr_err("vinput: Unable to register vinput class\n"); -381 goto failed_class; +379 if (err < 0) { +380 pr_err("vinput: Unable to register vinput class\n"); +381 goto failed_class; 382 } 383 -384 return 0; +384 return 0; 385failed_class: 386 class_unregister(&vinput_class); 387failed_alloc: -388 return err; +388 return err; 389} 390 -391static void __exit vinput_end(void) +391static void __exit vinput_end(void) 392{ -393 pr_info("vinput: Unloading virtual input driver\n"); +393 pr_info("vinput: Unloading virtual input driver\n"); 394 395 unregister_chrdev(vinput_dev, DRIVER_NAME); 396 class_unregister(&vinput_class); @@ -6230,8 +6235,8 @@ will generate theclass_attribute 399module_init(vinput_init); 400module_exit(vinput_end); 401 -402MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -403MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate input events");Here the virtual keyboard is one of example to use vinput. It supports all
KEY_MAXkeycodes. The injection format is theKEY_CODE @@ -6244,116 +6249,116 @@ following demonstrates how simulation work.= 34):-
1echo "+34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0+1echo "+34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0Simulate a key release on "g" (
KEY_G= 34):-
1echo "-34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0+1echo "-34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0-
1/* -2 * vkbd.c -3 */ +@@ -6377,59 +6382,59 @@ use this as a template to add your own suspend, resume or other interface functions.1/* +2 * vkbd.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/input.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/spinlock.h> +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/input.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/spinlock.h> 9 -10#include "vinput.h" +10#include "vinput.h" 11 -12#define VINPUT_KBD "vkbd" -13#define VINPUT_RELEASE 0 -14#define VINPUT_PRESS 1 +12#define VINPUT_KBD "vkbd" +13#define VINPUT_RELEASE 0 +14#define VINPUT_PRESS 1 15 -16static unsigned short vkeymap[KEY_MAX]; +16static unsigned short vkeymap[KEY_MAX]; 17 -18static int vinput_vkbd_init(struct vinput *vinput) +18static int vinput_vkbd_init(struct vinput *vinput) 19{ -20 int i; +20 int i; 21 -22 /* Set up the input bitfield */ +22 /* Set up the input bitfield */ 23 vinput->input->evbit[0] = BIT_MASK(EV_KEY) | BIT_MASK(EV_REP); -24 vinput->input->keycodesize = sizeof(unsigned short); +24 vinput->input->keycodesize = sizeof(unsigned short); 25 vinput->input->keycodemax = KEY_MAX; 26 vinput->input->keycode = vkeymap; 27 -28 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) +28 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) 29 set_bit(vkeymap[i], vinput->input->keybit); 30 -31 /* vinput will help us allocate new input device structure via -32 * input_allocate_device(). So, we can register it straightforwardly. -33 */ -34 return input_register_device(vinput->input); +31 /* vinput will help us allocate new input device structure via +32 * input_allocate_device(). So, we can register it straightforwardly. +33 */ +34 return input_register_device(vinput->input); 35} 36 -37static int vinput_vkbd_read(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) +37static int vinput_vkbd_read(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) 38{ 39 spin_lock(&vinput->lock); -40 len = snprintf(buff, len, "%+ld\n", vinput->last_entry); +40 len = snprintf(buff, len, "%+ld\n", vinput->last_entry); 41 spin_unlock(&vinput->lock); 42 -43 return len; +43 return len; 44} 45 -46static int vinput_vkbd_send(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) +46static int vinput_vkbd_send(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) 47{ -48 int ret; -49 long key = 0; -50 short type = VINPUT_PRESS; +48 int ret; +49 long key = 0; +50 short type = VINPUT_PRESS; 51 -52 /* Determine which event was received (press or release) -53 * and store the state. -54 */ -55 if (buff[0] == '+') +52 /* Determine which event was received (press or release) +53 * and store the state. +54 */ +55 if (buff[0] == '+') 56 ret = kstrtol(buff + 1, 10, &key); -57 else +57 else 58 ret = kstrtol(buff, 10, &key); -59 if (ret) -60 dev_err(&vinput->dev, "error during kstrtol: -%d\n", ret); +59 if (ret) +60 dev_err(&vinput->dev, "error during kstrtol: -%d\n", ret); 61 spin_lock(&vinput->lock); 62 vinput->last_entry = key; 63 spin_unlock(&vinput->lock); 64 -65 if (key < 0) { +65 if (key < 0) { 66 type = VINPUT_RELEASE; 67 key = -key; 68 } 69 -70 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Event %s code %ld\n", -71 (type == VINPUT_RELEASE) ? "VINPUT_RELEASE" : "VINPUT_PRESS", key); +70 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Event %s code %ld\n", +71 (type == VINPUT_RELEASE) ? "VINPUT_RELEASE" : "VINPUT_PRESS", key); 72 -73 /* Report the state received to input subsystem. */ +73 /* Report the state received to input subsystem. */ 74 input_report_key(vinput->input, key, type); -75 /* Tell input subsystem that it finished the report. */ +75 /* Tell input subsystem that it finished the report. */ 76 input_sync(vinput->input); 77 -78 return len; +78 return len; 79} 80 -81static struct vinput_ops vkbd_ops = { +81static struct vinput_ops vkbd_ops = { 82 .init = vinput_vkbd_init, 83 .send = vinput_vkbd_send, 84 .read = vinput_vkbd_read, 85}; 86 -87static struct vinput_device vkbd_dev = { +87static struct vinput_device vkbd_dev = { 88 .name = VINPUT_KBD, 89 .ops = &vkbd_ops, 90}; 91 -92static int __init vkbd_init(void) +92static int __init vkbd_init(void) 93{ -94 int i; +94 int i; 95 -96 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) +96 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) 97 vkeymap[i] = i; -98 return vinput_register(&vkbd_dev); +98 return vinput_register(&vkbd_dev); 99} 100 -101static void __exit vkbd_end(void) +101static void __exit vkbd_end(void) 102{ 103 vinput_unregister(&vkbd_dev); 104} @@ -6361,8 +6366,8 @@ following demonstrates how simulation work. 106module_init(vkbd_init); 107module_exit(vkbd_end); 108 -109MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -110MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate keyboard input events through /dev/vinput");+109MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +110MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate keyboard input events through /dev/vinput");-
1/* -2 * devicemodel.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/kernel.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/platform_device.h> +1/* +2 * devicemodel.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/kernel.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/platform_device.h> 7 -8struct devicemodel_data { -9 char *greeting; -10 int number; +8struct devicemodel_data { +9 char *greeting; +10 int number; 11}; 12 -13static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) +13static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) 14{ -15 struct devicemodel_data *pd = -16 (struct devicemodel_data *)(dev->dev.platform_data); +15 struct devicemodel_data *pd = +16 (struct devicemodel_data *)(dev->dev.platform_data); 17 -18 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); -19 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); +18 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); +19 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); 20 -21 /* Your device initialization code */ +21 /* Your device initialization code */ 22 -23 return 0; +23 return 0; 24} 25 -26static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) +26static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) 27{ -28 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); +28 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); 29 -30 /* Your device removal code */ +30 /* Your device removal code */ 31 -32 return 0; +32 return 0; 33} 34 -35static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) +35static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) 36{ -37 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); +37 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); 38 -39 /* Your device suspend code */ +39 /* Your device suspend code */ 40 -41 return 0; +41 return 0; 42} 43 -44static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) +44static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) 45{ -46 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); +46 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); 47 -48 /* Your device resume code */ +48 /* Your device resume code */ 49 -50 return 0; +50 return 0; 51} 52 -53static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { +53static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { 54 .suspend = devicemodel_suspend, 55 .resume = devicemodel_resume, 56 .poweroff = devicemodel_suspend, @@ -6438,43 +6443,43 @@ functions. 59 .restore = devicemodel_resume, 60}; 61 -62static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { +62static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { 63 .driver = 64 { -65 .name = "devicemodel_example", +65 .name = "devicemodel_example", 66 .pm = &devicemodel_pm_ops, 67 }, 68 .probe = devicemodel_probe, 69 .remove = devicemodel_remove, 70}; 71 -72static int __init devicemodel_init(void) +72static int __init devicemodel_init(void) 73{ -74 int ret; +74 int ret; 75 -76 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); +76 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); 77 78 ret = platform_driver_register(&devicemodel_driver); 79 -80 if (ret) { -81 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); -82 return ret; +80 if (ret) { +81 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); +82 return ret; 83 } 84 -85 return 0; +85 return 0; 86} 87 -88static void __exit devicemodel_exit(void) +88static void __exit devicemodel_exit(void) 89{ -90 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); +90 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); 91 platform_driver_unregister(&devicemodel_driver); 92} 93 94module_init(devicemodel_init); 95module_exit(devicemodel_exit); 96 -97MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -98MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");+97MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +98MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");
19 Optimizations
@@ -6495,10 +6500,10 @@ to succeed.
1bvl = bvec_alloc(gfp_mask, nr_iovecs, &idx); -2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { +2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { 3 mempool_free(bio, bio_pool); 4 bio = NULL; -5 goto out; +5 goto out; 6}When the
unlikelymacro is used, the compiler alters its machine instruction output, so that it @@ -6519,7 +6524,7 @@ prediction. The most typical use case of static keys is for performance-sensitiv code, such as tracepoints, context switching, networking, etc. These hot paths of the kernel often contain branches and can be optimized easily using this technique. Before we can use static keys in the kernel, we need to make sure that gcc supports -asm goto +asm gotoinline assembly, and the following kernel configurations are set:@@ -6542,10 +6547,10 @@ no-op instruction will be generated at compile time as the key is initialized to and the branch is unlikely to be taken.
-
1pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); -2if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) -3 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); -4pr_info("fastpath 2\n");+1pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); +2if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) +3 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); +4pr_info("fastpath 2\n");If the key is enabled at runtime by calling
static_branch_enable(&fkey), the fastpath will be patched with an unconditional jump instruction to the slowpath @@ -6555,49 +6560,49 @@ codepr_alert static key works.-
1/* -2 * static_key.c -3 */ +diff --git a/lkmpg-for-ht.css b/lkmpg-for-ht.css index 0b00f3b..b051a93 100644 --- a/lkmpg-for-ht.css +++ b/lkmpg-for-ht.css @@ -1723,198 +1723,198 @@ span#textcolor1206{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1207{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1208{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1209{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1210{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1210{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1211{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1212{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1213{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1214{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor1213{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1214{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1215{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1216{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1216{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1217{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1218{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1219{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1219{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1220{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1221{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1222{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor1221{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1222{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1223{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1224{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1224{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1225{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1226{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1227{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor1228{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1226{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1227{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1228{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1229{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor1230{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1231{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1232{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1230{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1231{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1232{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1233{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1234{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1235{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor1236{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1234{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1235{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1236{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1237{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor1238{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1239{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1240{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor1238{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1239{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1240{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1241{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1242{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1243{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1242{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor1243{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1244{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1245{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1246{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1245{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1246{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1247{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1248{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor1249{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1250{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1251{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1250{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1251{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1252{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1253{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor1253{color:rgb(43,145,175)} span#textcolor1254{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1255{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1256{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1255{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor1256{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1257{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1258{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1259{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1260{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1258{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1259{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1260{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1261{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1262{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1263{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1262{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1263{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1264{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1265{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor1265{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor1266{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1267{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1268{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1269{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor1270{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1269{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor1270{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1271{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor1272{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1273{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor1272{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor1273{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor1274{color:rgb(0,127,0)} -span#textcolor1275{color:rgb(0,0,255)} +span#textcolor1275{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1276{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1277{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1278{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor1278{color:rgb(0,127,0)} span#textcolor1279{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor1280{color:rgb(0,0,255)} 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span#textcolor2889{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2890{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2891{color:rgb(163,20,20)} @@ -3531,656 +3531,661 @@ span#textcolor2892{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2893{color:rgb(163,20,20)} span#textcolor2894{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2895{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2896{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2897{color:rgb(43,145,175)} -span#textcolor2898{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2899{color:rgb(43,145,175)} +span#textcolor2896{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2897{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2898{color:rgb(163,20,20)} +span#textcolor2899{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2900{color:rgb(0,0,255)} span#textcolor2901{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2902{color:rgb(0,0,255)} -span#textcolor2903{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2904{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2905{color:rgb(163,20,20)} -span#textcolor2906{color:rgb(0,127,0)} +span#textcolor2902{color:rgb(43,145,175)} 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<linux/types.h> 14#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -15 -16#include <asm/errno.h> -17 -18#include "chardev.h" -19#define SUCCESS 0 -20#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev" -21#define BUF_LEN 80 -22 -23enum { -24 CDEV_NOT_USED = 0, -25 CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN = 1, -26}; -27 -28/* Is the device open right now? Used to prevent concurrent access into -29 * the same device -30 */ -31static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); -32 -33/* The message the device will give when asked */ -34static char message[BUF_LEN + 1]; -35 -36static struct class *cls; -37 -38/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */ -39static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) -40{ -41 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file); -42 -43 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); -44 return SUCCESS; -45} -46 -47static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) -48{ -49 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file); -50 -51 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -52 return SUCCESS; -53} -54 -55/* This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the -56 * device file attempts to read from it. -57 */ -58static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -59 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be filled */ -60 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ -61 loff_t *offset) -62{ -63 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ -64 int bytes_read = 0; -65 /* How far did the process reading the message get? Useful if the message -66 * is larger than the size of the buffer we get to fill in device_read. -67 */ -68 const char *message_ptr = message; -69 -70 if (!*(message_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ -71 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ -72 return 0; /* signify end of file */ -73 } -74 -75 message_ptr += *offset; -76 -77 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ -78 while (length && *message_ptr) { -79 /* Because the buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel -80 * data segment, assignment would not work. Instead, we have to -81 * use put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to -82 * the user data segment. -83 */ -84 put_user(*(message_ptr++), buffer++); -85 length--; -86 bytes_read++; -87 } -88 -89 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length); -90 -91 *offset += bytes_read; -92 -93 /* Read functions are supposed to return the number of bytes actually -94 * inserted into the buffer. -95 */ -96 return bytes_read; -97} -98 -99/* called when somebody tries to write into our device file. */ -100static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, -101 size_t length, loff_t *offset) -102{ -103 int i; -104 -105 pr_info("device_write(%p,%p,%ld)", file, buffer, length); -106 -107 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++) -108 get_user(message[i], buffer + i); -109 -110 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ -111 return i; -112} -113 -114/* This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our -115 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file -116 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called -117 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function. -118 * -119 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the -120 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function. -121 */ -122static long -123device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */ -124 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */ -125 unsigned long ioctl_param) -126{ -127 int i; -128 long ret = SUCCESS; -129 -130 /* We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time. */ -131 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) -132 return -EBUSY; -133 -134 /* Switch according to the ioctl called */ -135 switch (ioctl_num) { -136 case IOCTL_SET_MSG: { -137 /* Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that to -138 * be the device's message. Get the parameter given to ioctl by -139 * the process. -140 */ -141 char __user *tmp = (char __user *)ioctl_param; -142 char ch; -143 -144 /* Find the length of the message */ -145 get_user(ch, tmp); -146 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, tmp++) -147 get_user(ch, tmp); -148 -149 device_write(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, i, NULL); -150 break; -151 } -152 case IOCTL_GET_MSG: { -153 loff_t offset = 0; -154 -155 /* Give the current message to the calling process - the parameter -156 * we got is a pointer, fill it. -157 */ -158 i = device_read(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, 99, &offset); -159 -160 /* Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be properly -161 * terminated. -162 */ -163 put_user('\0', (char __user *)ioctl_param + i); -164 break; -165 } -166 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE: -167 /* This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and output (the return -168 * value of this function). -169 */ -170 ret = (long)message[ioctl_param]; -171 break; -172 } -173 -174 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ -175 atomic_set(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED); -176 -177 return ret; -178} -179 -180/* Module Declarations */ -181 -182/* This structure will hold the functions to be called when a process does -183 * something to the device we created. Since a pointer to this structure -184 * is kept in the devices table, it can't be local to init_module. NULL is -185 * for unimplemented functions. -186 */ -187static struct file_operations fops = { -188 .read = device_read, -189 .write = device_write, -190 .unlocked_ioctl = device_ioctl, -191 .open = device_open, -192 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */ -193}; -194 -195/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */ -196static int __init chardev2_init(void) -197{ -198 /* Register the character device (atleast try) */ -199 int ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &fops); -200 -201 /* Negative values signify an error */ -202 if (ret_val < 0) { -203 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n", -204 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val); -205 return ret_val; -206 } -207 -208 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); -209 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0), NULL, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); -210 -211 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME); -212 -213 return 0; -214} +15#include <linux/version.h> +16 +17#include <asm/errno.h> +18 +19#include "chardev.h" +20#define SUCCESS 0 +21#define DEVICE_NAME "char_dev" +22#define BUF_LEN 80 +23 +24enum { +25 CDEV_NOT_USED = 0, +26 CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN = 1, +27}; +28 +29/* Is the device open right now? Used to prevent concurrent access into +30 * the same device +31 */ +32static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); +33 +34/* The message the device will give when asked */ +35static char message[BUF_LEN + 1]; +36 +37static struct class *cls; +38 +39/* This is called whenever a process attempts to open the device file */ +40static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +41{ +42 pr_info("device_open(%p)\n", file); +43 +44 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); +45 return SUCCESS; +46} +47 +48static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +49{ +50 pr_info("device_release(%p,%p)\n", inode, file); +51 +52 module_put(THIS_MODULE); +53 return SUCCESS; +54} +55 +56/* This function is called whenever a process which has already opened the +57 * device file attempts to read from it. +58 */ +59static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +60 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to be filled */ +61 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +62 loff_t *offset) +63{ +64 /* Number of bytes actually written to the buffer */ +65 int bytes_read = 0; +66 /* How far did the process reading the message get? Useful if the message +67 * is larger than the size of the buffer we get to fill in device_read. +68 */ +69 const char *message_ptr = message; +70 +71 if (!*(message_ptr + *offset)) { /* we are at the end of message */ +72 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ +73 return 0; /* signify end of file */ +74 } +75 +76 message_ptr += *offset; +77 +78 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ +79 while (length && *message_ptr) { +80 /* Because the buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel +81 * data segment, assignment would not work. Instead, we have to +82 * use put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to +83 * the user data segment. +84 */ +85 put_user(*(message_ptr++), buffer++); +86 length--; +87 bytes_read++; +88 } +89 +90 pr_info("Read %d bytes, %ld left\n", bytes_read, length); +91 +92 *offset += bytes_read; +93 +94 /* Read functions are supposed to return the number of bytes actually +95 * inserted into the buffer. +96 */ +97 return bytes_read; +98} +99 +100/* called when somebody tries to write into our device file. */ +101static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, +102 size_t length, loff_t *offset) +103{ +104 int i; +105 +106 pr_info("device_write(%p,%p,%ld)", file, buffer, length); +107 +108 for (i = 0; i < length && i < BUF_LEN; i++) +109 get_user(message[i], buffer + i); +110 +111 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ +112 return i; +113} +114 +115/* This function is called whenever a process tries to do an ioctl on our +116 * device file. We get two extra parameters (additional to the inode and file +117 * structures, which all device functions get): the number of the ioctl called +118 * and the parameter given to the ioctl function. +119 * +120 * If the ioctl is write or read/write (meaning output is returned to the +121 * calling process), the ioctl call returns the output of this function. +122 */ +123static long +124device_ioctl(struct file *file, /* ditto */ +125 unsigned int ioctl_num, /* number and param for ioctl */ +126 unsigned long ioctl_param) +127{ +128 int i; +129 long ret = SUCCESS; +130 +131 /* We don't want to talk to two processes at the same time. */ +132 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) +133 return -EBUSY; +134 +135 /* Switch according to the ioctl called */ +136 switch (ioctl_num) { +137 case IOCTL_SET_MSG: { +138 /* Receive a pointer to a message (in user space) and set that to +139 * be the device's message. Get the parameter given to ioctl by +140 * the process. +141 */ +142 char __user *tmp = (char __user *)ioctl_param; +143 char ch; +144 +145 /* Find the length of the message */ +146 get_user(ch, tmp); +147 for (i = 0; ch && i < BUF_LEN; i++, tmp++) +148 get_user(ch, tmp); +149 +150 device_write(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, i, NULL); +151 break; +152 } +153 case IOCTL_GET_MSG: { +154 loff_t offset = 0; +155 +156 /* Give the current message to the calling process - the parameter +157 * we got is a pointer, fill it. +158 */ +159 i = device_read(file, (char __user *)ioctl_param, 99, &offset); +160 +161 /* Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it will be properly +162 * terminated. +163 */ +164 put_user('\0', (char __user *)ioctl_param + i); +165 break; +166 } +167 case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE: +168 /* This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and output (the return +169 * value of this function). +170 */ +171 ret = (long)message[ioctl_param]; +172 break; +173 } +174 +175 /* We're now ready for our next caller */ +176 atomic_set(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED); +177 +178 return ret; +179} +180 +181/* Module Declarations */ +182 +183/* This structure will hold the functions to be called when a process does +184 * something to the device we created. Since a pointer to this structure +185 * is kept in the devices table, it can't be local to init_module. NULL is +186 * for unimplemented functions. +187 */ +188static struct file_operations fops = { +189 .read = device_read, +190 .write = device_write, +191 .unlocked_ioctl = device_ioctl, +192 .open = device_open, +193 .release = device_release, /* a.k.a. close */ +194}; +195 +196/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */ +197static int __init chardev2_init(void) +198{ +199 /* Register the character device (atleast try) */ +200 int ret_val = register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &fops); +201 +202 /* Negative values signify an error */ +203 if (ret_val < 0) { +204 pr_alert("%s failed with %d\n", +205 "Sorry, registering the character device ", ret_val); +206 return ret_val; +207 } +208 +209#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0) +210 cls = class_create(DEVICE_FILE_NAME); +211#else +212 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); +213#endif +214 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0), NULL, DEVICE_FILE_NAME); 215 -216/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */ -217static void __exit chardev2_exit(void) -218{ -219 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(MAJOR_NUM, 0)); -220 class_destroy(cls); -221 -222 /* Unregister the device */ -223 unregister_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME); -224} -225 -226module_init(chardev2_init); -227module_exit(chardev2_exit); -228 -229MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");1/* +2 * static_key.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/atomic.h> -6#include <linux/device.h> -7#include <linux/fs.h> -8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ -9#include <linux/module.h> -10#include <linux/printk.h> -11#include <linux/types.h> -12#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -13#include <linux/jump_label.h> /* for static key macros */ +5#include <linux/atomic.h> +6#include <linux/device.h> +7#include <linux/fs.h> +8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ +9#include <linux/module.h> +10#include <linux/printk.h> +11#include <linux/types.h> +12#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +13#include <linux/jump_label.h> /* for static key macros */ 14 -15#include <asm/errno.h> +15#include <asm/errno.h> 16 -17static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); -18static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); -19static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t count, +17static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); +18static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); +19static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t count, 20 loff_t *ppos); -21static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, -22 size_t count, loff_t *ppos); +21static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, +22 size_t count, loff_t *ppos); 23 -24#define SUCCESS 0 -25#define DEVICE_NAME "key_state" -26#define BUF_LEN 10 +24#define SUCCESS 0 +25#define DEVICE_NAME "key_state" +26#define BUF_LEN 10 27 -28static int major; +28static int major; 29 -30enum { +30enum { 31 CDEV_NOT_USED = 0, 32 CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN = 1, 33}; 34 -35static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); +35static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); 36 -37static char msg[BUF_LEN + 1]; +37static char msg[BUF_LEN + 1]; 38 -39static struct class *cls; +39static struct class *cls; 40 -41static DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(fkey); +41static DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(fkey); 42 -43static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { +43static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { 44 .owner = THIS_MODULE, 45 .open = device_open, 46 .release = device_release, @@ -6605,102 +6610,102 @@ static key works. 48 .write = device_write, 49}; 50 -51static int __init chardev_init(void) +51static int __init chardev_init(void) 52{ 53 major = register_chrdev(0, DEVICE_NAME, &chardev_fops); -54 if (major < 0) { -55 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); -56 return major; +54 if (major < 0) { +55 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); +56 return major; 57 } 58 -59 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d\n", major); +59 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d\n", major); 60 61 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_NAME); 62 63 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, DEVICE_NAME); 64 -65 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); +65 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); 66 -67 return SUCCESS; +67 return SUCCESS; 68} 69 -70static void __exit chardev_exit(void) +70static void __exit chardev_exit(void) 71{ 72 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 0)); 73 class_destroy(cls); 74 -75 /* Unregister the device */ +75 /* Unregister the device */ 76 unregister_chrdev(major, DEVICE_NAME); 77} 78 -79/* Methods */ +79/* Methods */ 80 -81/** -82 * Called when a process tried to open the device file, like -83 * cat /dev/key_state -84 */ -85static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +81/** +82 * Called when a process tried to open the device file, like +83 * cat /dev/key_state +84 */ +85static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 86{ -87 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) -88 return -EBUSY; +87 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) +88 return -EBUSY; 89 -90 sprintf(msg, static_key_enabled(&fkey) ? "enabled\n" : "disabled\n"); +90 sprintf(msg, static_key_enabled(&fkey) ? "enabled\n" : "disabled\n"); 91 -92 pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); -93 if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) -94 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); -95 pr_info("fastpath 2\n"); +92 pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); +93 if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) +94 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); +95 pr_info("fastpath 2\n"); 96 97 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 98 -99 return SUCCESS; +99 return SUCCESS; 100} 101 -102/** -103 * Called when a process closes the device file -104 */ -105static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +102/** +103 * Called when a process closes the device file +104 */ +105static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 106{ -107 /* We are now ready for our next caller. */ +107 /* We are now ready for our next caller. */ 108 atomic_set(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED); 109 -110 /** -111 * Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will -112 * never get rid of the module. -113 */ +110 /** +111 * Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will +112 * never get rid of the module. +113 */ 114 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 115 -116 return SUCCESS; +116 return SUCCESS; 117} 118 -119/** -120 * Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to -121 * read from it. -122 */ -123static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -124 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ -125 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +119/** +120 * Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to +121 * read from it. +122 */ +123static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +124 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ +125 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ 126 loff_t *offset) 127{ -128 /* Number of the bytes actually written to the buffer */ -129 int bytes_read = 0; -130 const char *msg_ptr = msg; +128 /* Number of the bytes actually written to the buffer */ +129 int bytes_read = 0; +130 const char *msg_ptr = msg; 131 -132 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* We are at the end of the message */ -133 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ -134 return 0; /* signify end of file */ +132 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* We are at the end of the message */ +133 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ +134 return 0; /* signify end of file */ 135 } 136 137 msg_ptr += *offset; 138 -139 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ -140 while (length && *msg_ptr) { -141 /** -142 * The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel -143 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use -144 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to -145 * the user data segment. -146 */ +139 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ +140 while (length && *msg_ptr) { +141 /** +142 * The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel +143 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use +144 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to +145 * the user data segment. +146 */ 147 put_user(*(msg_ptr++), buffer++); 148 length--; 149 bytes_read++; @@ -6708,41 +6713,41 @@ static key works. 151 152 *offset += bytes_read; 153 -154 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */ -155 return bytes_read; +154 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */ +155 return bytes_read; 156} 157 -158/* Called when a process writes to dev file; echo "enable" > /dev/key_state */ -159static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buffer, -160 size_t length, loff_t *offset) +158/* Called when a process writes to dev file; echo "enable" > /dev/key_state */ +159static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buffer, +160 size_t length, loff_t *offset) 161{ -162 char command[10]; +162 char command[10]; 163 -164 if (length > 10) { -165 pr_err("command exceeded 10 char\n"); -166 return -EINVAL; +164 if (length > 10) { +165 pr_err("command exceeded 10 char\n"); +166 return -EINVAL; 167 } 168 -169 if (copy_from_user(command, buffer, length)) -170 return -EFAULT; +169 if (copy_from_user(command, buffer, length)) +170 return -EFAULT; 171 -172 if (strncmp(command, "enable", strlen("enable")) == 0) +172 if (strncmp(command, "enable", strlen("enable")) == 0) 173 static_branch_enable(&fkey); -174 else if (strncmp(command, "disable", strlen("disable")) == 0) +174 else if (strncmp(command, "disable", strlen("disable")) == 0) 175 static_branch_disable(&fkey); -176 else { -177 pr_err("Invalid command: %s\n", command); -178 return -EINVAL; +176 else { +177 pr_err("Invalid command: %s\n", command); +178 return -EINVAL; 179 } 180 -181 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ -182 return length; +181 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ +182 return length; 183} 184 185module_init(chardev_init); 186module_exit(chardev_exit); 187 -188MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+188MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-
1/* -2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions. -3 * -4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because they need -5 * to be known both to the kernel module (in chardev2.c) and the process -6 * calling ioctl() (in userspace_ioctl.c). -7 */ -8 -9#ifndef CHARDEV_H -10#define CHARDEV_H -11 -12#include <linux/ioctl.h> -13 -14/* The major device number. We can not rely on dynamic registration -15 * any more, because ioctls need to know it. -16 */ -17#define MAJOR_NUM 100 -18 -19/* Set the message of the device driver */ -20#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *) -21/* _IOW means that we are creating an ioctl command number for passing -22 * information from a user process to the kernel module. -23 * -24 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device number we are using. -25 * -26 * The second argument is the number of the command (there could be several -27 * with different meanings). -28 * -29 * The third argument is the type we want to get from the process to the -30 * kernel. -31 */ -32 -33/* Get the message of the device driver */ -34#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *) -35/* This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message of the device driver. -36 * However, we still need the buffer to place the message in to be input, -37 * as it is allocated by the process. -38 */ -39 -40/* Get the n'th byte of the message */ -41#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int) -42/* The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It receives from the user -43 * a number, n, and returns message[n]. -44 */ -45 -46/* The name of the device file */ -47#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev" -48#define DEVICE_PATH "/dev/char_dev" -49 -50#endif+
1/* +2 * chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions. +3 * +4 * The declarations here have to be in a header file, because they need +5 * to be known both to the kernel module (in chardev2.c) and the process +6 * calling ioctl() (in userspace_ioctl.c). +7 */ +8 +9#ifndef CHARDEV_H +10#define CHARDEV_H +11 +12#include <linux/ioctl.h> +13 +14/* The major device number. We can not rely on dynamic registration +15 * any more, because ioctls need to know it. +16 */ +17#define MAJOR_NUM 100 +18 +19/* Set the message of the device driver */ +20#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOW(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *) +21/* _IOW means that we are creating an ioctl command number for passing +22 * information from a user process to the kernel module. +23 * +24 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device number we are using. +25 * +26 * The second argument is the number of the command (there could be several +27 * with different meanings). +28 * +29 * The third argument is the type we want to get from the process to the +30 * kernel. +31 */ +32 +33/* Get the message of the device driver */ +34#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *) +35/* This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message of the device driver. +36 * However, we still need the buffer to place the message in to be input, +37 * as it is allocated by the process. +38 */ +39 +40/* Get the n'th byte of the message */ +41#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int) +42/* The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It receives from the user +43 * a number, n, and returns message[n]. +44 */ +45 +46/* The name of the device file */ +47#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "char_dev" +48#define DEVICE_PATH "/dev/char_dev" +49 +50#endif
-
1/* userspace_ioctl.c - the process to use ioctl's to control the kernel module -2 * -3 * Until now we could have used cat for input and output. But now -4 * we need to do ioctl's, which require writing our own process. -5 */ -6 -7/* device specifics, such as ioctl numbers and the -8 * major device file. */ -9#include "../chardev.h" -10 -11#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ -12#include <fcntl.h> /* open */ -13#include <unistd.h> /* close */ -14#include <stdlib.h> /* exit */ -15#include <sys/ioctl.h> /* ioctl */ -16 -17/* Functions for the ioctl calls */ -18 -19int ioctl_set_msg(int file_desc, char *message) -20{ -21 int ret_val; -22 -23 ret_val = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_SET_MSG, message); -24 -25 if (ret_val < 0) { -26 printf("ioctl_set_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); -27 } -28 -29 return ret_val; -30} -31 -32int ioctl_get_msg(int file_desc) -33{ -34 int ret_val; -35 char message[100] = { 0 }; -36 -37 /* Warning - this is dangerous because we don't tell -38 * the kernel how far it's allowed to write, so it -39 * might overflow the buffer. In a real production -40 * program, we would have used two ioctls - one to tell -41 * the kernel the buffer length and another to give -42 * it the buffer to fill -43 */ -44 ret_val = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_GET_MSG, message); -45 -46 if (ret_val < 0) { -47 printf("ioctl_get_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); -48 } -49 printf("get_msg message:%s", message); -50 -51 return ret_val; -52} -53 -54int ioctl_get_nth_byte(int file_desc) -55{ -56 int i, c; -57 -58 printf("get_nth_byte message:"); -59 -60 i = 0; -61 do { -62 c = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE, i++); -63 -64 if (c < 0) { -65 printf("\nioctl_get_nth_byte failed at the %d'th byte:\n", i); -66 return c; -67 } -68 -69 putchar(c); -70 } while (c != 0); -71 -72 return 0; -73} -74 -75/* Main - Call the ioctl functions */ -76int main(void) -77{ -78 int file_desc, ret_val; -79 char *msg = "Message passed by ioctl\n"; -80 -81 file_desc = open(DEVICE_PATH, O_RDWR); -82 if (file_desc < 0) { -83 printf("Can't open device file: %s, error:%d\n", DEVICE_PATH, -84 file_desc); -85 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); -86 } -87 -88 ret_val = ioctl_set_msg(file_desc, msg); -89 if (ret_val) -90 goto error; -91 ret_val = ioctl_get_nth_byte(file_desc); -92 if (ret_val) -93 goto error; -94 ret_val = ioctl_get_msg(file_desc); -95 if (ret_val) -96 goto error; -97 -98 close(file_desc); -99 return 0; -100error: -101 close(file_desc); -102 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); -103}+
1/* userspace_ioctl.c - the process to use ioctl's to control the kernel module +2 * +3 * Until now we could have used cat for input and output. But now +4 * we need to do ioctl's, which require writing our own process. +5 */ +6 +7/* device specifics, such as ioctl numbers and the +8 * major device file. */ +9#include "../chardev.h" +10 +11#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ +12#include <fcntl.h> /* open */ +13#include <unistd.h> /* close */ +14#include <stdlib.h> /* exit */ +15#include <sys/ioctl.h> /* ioctl */ +16 +17/* Functions for the ioctl calls */ +18 +19int ioctl_set_msg(int file_desc, char *message) +20{ +21 int ret_val; +22 +23 ret_val = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_SET_MSG, message); +24 +25 if (ret_val < 0) { +26 printf("ioctl_set_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); +27 } +28 +29 return ret_val; +30} +31 +32int ioctl_get_msg(int file_desc) +33{ +34 int ret_val; +35 char message[100] = { 0 }; +36 +37 /* Warning - this is dangerous because we don't tell +38 * the kernel how far it's allowed to write, so it +39 * might overflow the buffer. In a real production +40 * program, we would have used two ioctls - one to tell +41 * the kernel the buffer length and another to give +42 * it the buffer to fill +43 */ +44 ret_val = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_GET_MSG, message); +45 +46 if (ret_val < 0) { +47 printf("ioctl_get_msg failed:%d\n", ret_val); +48 } +49 printf("get_msg message:%s", message); +50 +51 return ret_val; +52} +53 +54int ioctl_get_nth_byte(int file_desc) +55{ +56 int i, c; +57 +58 printf("get_nth_byte message:"); +59 +60 i = 0; +61 do { +62 c = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE, i++); +63 +64 if (c < 0) { +65 printf("\nioctl_get_nth_byte failed at the %d'th byte:\n", i); +66 return c; +67 } +68 +69 putchar(c); +70 } while (c != 0); +71 +72 return 0; +73} +74 +75/* Main - Call the ioctl functions */ +76int main(void) +77{ +78 int file_desc, ret_val; +79 char *msg = "Message passed by ioctl\n"; +80 +81 file_desc = open(DEVICE_PATH, O_RDWR); +82 if (file_desc < 0) { +83 printf("Can't open device file: %s, error:%d\n", DEVICE_PATH, +84 file_desc); +85 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); +86 } +87 +88 ret_val = ioctl_set_msg(file_desc, msg); +89 if (ret_val) +90 goto error; +91 ret_val = ioctl_get_nth_byte(file_desc); +92 if (ret_val) +93 goto error; +94 ret_val = ioctl_get_msg(file_desc); +95 if (ret_val) +96 goto error; +97 +98 close(file_desc); +99 return 0; +100error: +101 close(file_desc); +102 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); +103}
-
1/* -2 * syscall.c -3 * -4 * System call "stealing" sample. -5 * -6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by changing the 16th bit -7 * in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific). -8 * -9 * Based on example by Peter Jay Salzman and -10 * https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=139406 -11 */ +1/* +2 * syscall.c +3 * +4 * System call "stealing" sample. +5 * +6 * Disables page protection at a processor level by changing the 16th bit +7 * in the cr0 register (could be Intel specific). +8 * +9 * Based on example by Peter Jay Salzman and +10 * https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=139406 +11 */ 12 -13#include <linux/delay.h> -14#include <linux/kernel.h> -15#include <linux/module.h> -16#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */ -17#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */ -18#include <linux/cred.h> /* For current_uid() */ -19#include <linux/uidgid.h> /* For __kuid_val() */ -20#include <linux/version.h> +13#include <linux/delay.h> +14#include <linux/kernel.h> +15#include <linux/module.h> +16#include <linux/moduleparam.h> /* which will have params */ +17#include <linux/unistd.h> /* The list of system calls */ +18#include <linux/cred.h> /* For current_uid() */ +19#include <linux/uidgid.h> /* For __kuid_val() */ +20#include <linux/version.h> 21 -22/* For the current (process) structure, we need this to know who the -23 * current user is. -24 */ -25#include <linux/sched.h> -26#include <linux/uaccess.h> +22/* For the current (process) structure, we need this to know who the +23 * current user is. +24 */ +25#include <linux/sched.h> +26#include <linux/uaccess.h> 27 -28/* The way we access "sys_call_table" varies as kernel internal changes. -29 * - Prior to v5.4 : manual symbol lookup -30 * - v5.5 to v5.6 : use kallsyms_lookup_name() -31 * - v5.7+ : Kprobes or specific kernel module parameter -32 */ +28/* The way we access "sys_call_table" varies as kernel internal changes. +29 * - Prior to v5.4 : manual symbol lookup +30 * - v5.5 to v5.6 : use kallsyms_lookup_name() +31 * - v5.7+ : Kprobes or specific kernel module parameter +32 */ 33 -34/* The in-kernel calls to the ksys_close() syscall were removed in Linux v5.11+. -35 */ -36#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 7, 0)) +34/* The in-kernel calls to the ksys_close() syscall were removed in Linux v5.11+. +35 */ +36#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 7, 0)) 37 -38#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE <= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 4, 0) -39#define HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE 1 -40#include <linux/syscalls.h> /* For ksys_close() */ -41#else -42#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For kallsyms_lookup_name */ -43#endif +38#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE <= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 4, 0) +39#define HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE 1 +40#include <linux/syscalls.h> /* For ksys_close() */ +41#else +42#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For kallsyms_lookup_name */ +43#endif 44 -45#else +45#else 46 -47#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBES) -48#define HAVE_KPROBES 1 -49#include <linux/kprobes.h> -50#else -51#define HAVE_PARAM 1 -52#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For sprint_symbol */ -53/* The address of the sys_call_table, which can be obtained with looking up -54 * "/boot/System.map" or "/proc/kallsyms". When the kernel version is v5.7+, -55 * without CONFIG_KPROBES, you can input the parameter or the module will look -56 * up all the memory. -57 */ -58static unsigned long sym = 0; +47#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBES) +48#define HAVE_KPROBES 1 +49#include <linux/kprobes.h> +50#else +51#define HAVE_PARAM 1 +52#include <linux/kallsyms.h> /* For sprint_symbol */ +53/* The address of the sys_call_table, which can be obtained with looking up +54 * "/boot/System.map" or "/proc/kallsyms". When the kernel version is v5.7+, +55 * without CONFIG_KPROBES, you can input the parameter or the module will look +56 * up all the memory. +57 */ +58static unsigned long sym = 0; 59module_param(sym, ulong, 0644); -60#endif /* CONFIG_KPROBES */ +60#endif /* CONFIG_KPROBES */ 61 -62#endif /* Version < v5.7 */ +62#endif /* Version < v5.7 */ 63 -64static unsigned long **sys_call_table; +64static unsigned long **sys_call_table; 65 -66/* UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the command line. */ -67static uid_t uid = -1; -68module_param(uid, int, 0644); +66/* UID we want to spy on - will be filled from the command line. */ +67static uid_t uid = -1; +68module_param(uid, int, 0644); 69 -70/* A pointer to the original system call. The reason we keep this, rather -71 * than call the original function (sys_openat), is because somebody else -72 * might have replaced the system call before us. Note that this is not -73 * 100% safe, because if another module replaced sys_openat before us, -74 * then when we are inserted, we will call the function in that module - -75 * and it might be removed before we are. -76 * -77 * Another reason for this is that we can not get sys_openat. -78 * It is a static variable, so it is not exported. -79 */ -80#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -81static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(const struct pt_regs *); -82#else -83static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(int, const char __user *, int, umode_t); -84#endif +70/* A pointer to the original system call. The reason we keep this, rather +71 * than call the original function (sys_openat), is because somebody else +72 * might have replaced the system call before us. Note that this is not +73 * 100% safe, because if another module replaced sys_openat before us, +74 * then when we are inserted, we will call the function in that module - +75 * and it might be removed before we are. +76 * +77 * Another reason for this is that we can not get sys_openat. +78 * It is a static variable, so it is not exported. +79 */ +80#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +81static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(const struct pt_regs *); +82#else +83static asmlinkage long (*original_call)(int, const char __user *, int, umode_t); +84#endif 85 -86/* The function we will replace sys_openat (the function called when you -87 * call the open system call) with. To find the exact prototype, with -88 * the number and type of arguments, we find the original function first -89 * (it is at fs/open.c). -90 * -91 * In theory, this means that we are tied to the current version of the -92 * kernel. In practice, the system calls almost never change (it would -93 * wreck havoc and require programs to be recompiled, since the system -94 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the processes). -95 */ -96#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -97static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(const struct pt_regs *regs) -98#else -99static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(int dfd, const char __user *filename, -100 int flags, umode_t mode) -101#endif +86/* The function we will replace sys_openat (the function called when you +87 * call the open system call) with. To find the exact prototype, with +88 * the number and type of arguments, we find the original function first +89 * (it is at fs/open.c). +90 * +91 * In theory, this means that we are tied to the current version of the +92 * kernel. In practice, the system calls almost never change (it would +93 * wreck havoc and require programs to be recompiled, since the system +94 * calls are the interface between the kernel and the processes). +95 */ +96#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +97static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(const struct pt_regs *regs) +98#else +99static asmlinkage long our_sys_openat(int dfd, const char __user *filename, +100 int flags, umode_t mode) +101#endif 102{ -103 int i = 0; -104 char ch; +103 int i = 0; +104 char ch; 105 -106 if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid) -107 goto orig_call; +106 if (__kuid_val(current_uid()) != uid) +107 goto orig_call; 108 -109 /* Report the file, if relevant */ -110 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid); -111 do { -112#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -113 get_user(ch, (char __user *)regs->si + i); -114#else -115 get_user(ch, (char __user *)filename + i); -116#endif +109 /* Report the file, if relevant */ +110 pr_info("Opened file by %d: ", uid); +111 do { +112#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +113 get_user(ch, (char __user *)regs->si + i); +114#else +115 get_user(ch, (char __user *)filename + i); +116#endif 117 i++; -118 pr_info("%c", ch); -119 } while (ch != 0); -120 pr_info("\n"); +118 pr_info("%c", ch); +119 } while (ch != 0); +120 pr_info("\n"); 121 122orig_call: -123 /* Call the original sys_openat - otherwise, we lose the ability to -124 * open files. -125 */ -126#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER -127 return original_call(regs); -128#else -129 return original_call(dfd, filename, flags, mode); -130#endif +123 /* Call the original sys_openat - otherwise, we lose the ability to +124 * open files. +125 */ +126#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYSCALL_WRAPPER +127 return original_call(regs); +128#else +129 return original_call(dfd, filename, flags, mode); +130#endif 131} 132 -133static unsigned long **acquire_sys_call_table(void) +133static unsigned long **acquire_sys_call_table(void) 134{ -135#ifdef HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE -136 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET; -137 unsigned long **sct; +135#ifdef HAVE_KSYS_CLOSE +136 unsigned long int offset = PAGE_OFFSET; +137 unsigned long **sct; 138 -139 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) { -140 sct = (unsigned long **)offset; +139 while (offset < ULLONG_MAX) { +140 sct = (unsigned long **)offset; 141 -142 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *)ksys_close) -143 return sct; +142 if (sct[__NR_close] == (unsigned long *)ksys_close) +143 return sct; 144 -145 offset += sizeof(void *); +145 offset += sizeof(void *); 146 } 147 -148 return NULL; -149#endif +148 return NULL; +149#endif 150 -151#ifdef HAVE_PARAM -152 const char sct_name[15] = "sys_call_table"; -153 char symbol[40] = { 0 }; +151#ifdef HAVE_PARAM +152 const char sct_name[15] = "sys_call_table"; +153 char symbol[40] = { 0 }; 154 -155 if (sym == 0) { -156 pr_alert("For Linux v5.7+, Kprobes is the preferable way to get " -157 "symbol.\n"); -158 pr_info("If Kprobes is absent, you have to specify the address of " -159 "sys_call_table symbol\n"); -160 pr_info("by /boot/System.map or /proc/kallsyms, which contains all the " -161 "symbol addresses, into sym parameter.\n"); -162 return NULL; +155 if (sym == 0) { +156 pr_alert("For Linux v5.7+, Kprobes is the preferable way to get " +157 "symbol.\n"); +158 pr_info("If Kprobes is absent, you have to specify the address of " +159 "sys_call_table symbol\n"); +160 pr_info("by /boot/System.map or /proc/kallsyms, which contains all the " +161 "symbol addresses, into sym parameter.\n"); +162 return NULL; 163 } 164 sprint_symbol(symbol, sym); -165 if (!strncmp(sct_name, symbol, sizeof(sct_name) - 1)) -166 return (unsigned long **)sym; +165 if (!strncmp(sct_name, symbol, sizeof(sct_name) - 1)) +166 return (unsigned long **)sym; 167 -168 return NULL; -169#endif +168 return NULL; +169#endif 170 -171#ifdef HAVE_KPROBES -172 unsigned long (*kallsyms_lookup_name)(const char *name); -173 struct kprobe kp = { -174 .symbol_name = "kallsyms_lookup_name", +171#ifdef HAVE_KPROBES +172 unsigned long (*kallsyms_lookup_name)(const char *name); +173 struct kprobe kp = { +174 .symbol_name = "kallsyms_lookup_name", 175 }; 176 -177 if (register_kprobe(&kp) < 0) -178 return NULL; -179 kallsyms_lookup_name = (unsigned long (*)(const char *name))kp.addr; +177 if (register_kprobe(&kp) < 0) +178 return NULL; +179 kallsyms_lookup_name = (unsigned long (*)(const char *name))kp.addr; 180 unregister_kprobe(&kp); -181#endif +181#endif 182 -183 return (unsigned long **)kallsyms_lookup_name("sys_call_table"); +183 return (unsigned long **)kallsyms_lookup_name("sys_call_table"); 184} 185 -186#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 3, 0) -187static inline void __write_cr0(unsigned long cr0) +186#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 3, 0) +187static inline void __write_cr0(unsigned long cr0) 188{ -189 asm volatile("mov %0,%%cr0" : "+r"(cr0) : : "memory"); +189 asm volatile("mov %0,%%cr0" : "+r"(cr0) : : "memory"); 190} -191#else -192#define __write_cr0 write_cr0 -193#endif +191#else +192#define __write_cr0 write_cr0 +193#endif 194 -195static void enable_write_protection(void) +195static void enable_write_protection(void) 196{ -197 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); +197 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); 198 set_bit(16, &cr0); 199 __write_cr0(cr0); 200} 201 -202static void disable_write_protection(void) +202static void disable_write_protection(void) 203{ -204 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); +204 unsigned long cr0 = read_cr0(); 205 clear_bit(16, &cr0); 206 __write_cr0(cr0); 207} 208 -209static int __init syscall_start(void) +209static int __init syscall_start(void) 210{ -211 if (!(sys_call_table = acquire_sys_call_table())) -212 return -1; +211 if (!(sys_call_table = acquire_sys_call_table())) +212 return -1; 213 214 disable_write_protection(); 215 -216 /* keep track of the original open function */ -217 original_call = (void *)sys_call_table[__NR_openat]; +216 /* keep track of the original open function */ +217 original_call = (void *)sys_call_table[__NR_openat]; 218 -219 /* use our openat function instead */ -220 sys_call_table[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat; +219 /* use our openat function instead */ +220 sys_call_table[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat; 221 222 enable_write_protection(); 223 -224 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid); +224 pr_info("Spying on UID:%d\n", uid); 225 -226 return 0; +226 return 0; 227} 228 -229static void __exit syscall_end(void) +229static void __exit syscall_end(void) 230{ -231 if (!sys_call_table) -232 return; +231 if (!sys_call_table) +232 return; 233 -234 /* Return the system call back to normal */ -235 if (sys_call_table[__NR_openat] != (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat) { -236 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the "); -237 pr_alert("open system call\n"); -238 pr_alert("The system may be left in "); -239 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n"); +234 /* Return the system call back to normal */ +235 if (sys_call_table[__NR_openat] != (unsigned long *)our_sys_openat) { +236 pr_alert("Somebody else also played with the "); +237 pr_alert("open system call\n"); +238 pr_alert("The system may be left in "); +239 pr_alert("an unstable state.\n"); 240 } 241 242 disable_write_protection(); -243 sys_call_table[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)original_call; +243 sys_call_table[__NR_openat] = (unsigned long *)original_call; 244 enable_write_protection(); 245 246 msleep(2000); @@ -3756,7 +3761,7 @@ dry run of this example, you will have to patch your current kernel in order to 249module_init(syscall_start); 250module_exit(syscall_end); 251 -252MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+252MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-
1/* -2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it -3 * at the same time, put all but one to sleep. -4 */ +1/* +2 * sleep.c - create a /proc file, and if several processes try to open it +3 * at the same time, put all but one to sleep. +4 */ 5 -6#include <linux/atomic.h> -7#include <linux/fs.h> -8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ -9#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ -10#include <linux/printk.h> -11#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ -12#include <linux/types.h> -13#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -14#include <linux/version.h> -15#include <linux/wait.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and -16 waking them up */ +6#include <linux/atomic.h> +7#include <linux/fs.h> +8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ +9#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */ +10#include <linux/printk.h> +11#include <linux/proc_fs.h> /* Necessary because we use proc fs */ +12#include <linux/types.h> +13#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +14#include <linux/version.h> +15#include <linux/wait.h> /* For putting processes to sleep and +16 waking them up */ 17 -18#include <asm/current.h> -19#include <asm/errno.h> +18#include <asm/current.h> +19#include <asm/errno.h> 20 -21#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) -22#define HAVE_PROC_OPS -23#endif +21#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 6, 0) +22#define HAVE_PROC_OPS +23#endif 24 -25/* Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our -26 * input. -27 */ -28#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80 -29static char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH]; +25/* Here we keep the last message received, to prove that we can process our +26 * input. +27 */ +28#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80 +29static char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH]; 30 -31static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; -32#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep" +31static struct proc_dir_entry *our_proc_file; +32#define PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME "sleep" 33 -34/* Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc -35 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this -36 * function. -37 */ -38static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -39 char __user *buf, /* The buffer to put data to -40 (in the user segment) */ -41 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */ +34/* Since we use the file operations struct, we can't use the special proc +35 * output provisions - we have to use a standard read function, which is this +36 * function. +37 */ +38static ssize_t module_output(struct file *file, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +39 char __user *buf, /* The buffer to put data to +40 (in the user segment) */ +41 size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */ 42 loff_t *offset) 43{ -44 static int finished = 0; -45 int i; -46 char output_msg[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30]; +44 static int finished = 0; +45 int i; +46 char output_msg[MESSAGE_LENGTH + 30]; 47 -48 /* Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing more to say -49 * at this point. -50 */ -51 if (finished) { +48 /* Return 0 to signify end of file - that we have nothing more to say +49 * at this point. +50 */ +51 if (finished) { 52 finished = 0; -53 return 0; +53 return 0; 54 } 55 -56 sprintf(output_msg, "Last input:%s\n", message); -57 for (i = 0; i < len && output_msg[i]; i++) +56 sprintf(output_msg, "Last input:%s\n", message); +57 for (i = 0; i < len && output_msg[i]; i++) 58 put_user(output_msg[i], buf + i); 59 60 finished = 1; -61 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */ +61 return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */ 62} 63 -64/* This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the -65 * /proc file. -66 */ -67static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */ -68 const char __user *buf, /* The buffer with input */ -69 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */ -70 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */ +64/* This function receives input from the user when the user writes to the +65 * /proc file. +66 */ +67static ssize_t module_input(struct file *file, /* The file itself */ +68 const char __user *buf, /* The buffer with input */ +69 size_t length, /* The buffer's length */ +70 loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */ 71{ -72 int i; +72 int i; 73 -74 /* Put the input into Message, where module_output will later be able -75 * to use it. -76 */ -77 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++) +74 /* Put the input into Message, where module_output will later be able +75 * to use it. +76 */ +77 for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_LENGTH - 1 && i < length; i++) 78 get_user(message[i], buf + i); -79 /* we want a standard, zero terminated string */ -80 message[i] = '\0'; +79 /* we want a standard, zero terminated string */ +80 message[i] = '\0'; 81 -82 /* We need to return the number of input characters used */ -83 return i; +82 /* We need to return the number of input characters used */ +83 return i; 84} 85 -86/* 1 if the file is currently open by somebody */ -87static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(0); +86/* 1 if the file is currently open by somebody */ +87static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(0); 88 -89/* Queue of processes who want our file */ -90static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(waitq); +89/* Queue of processes who want our file */ +90static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(waitq); 91 -92/* Called when the /proc file is opened */ -93static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +92/* Called when the /proc file is opened */ +93static int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 94{ -95 /* If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process does not -96 * want to wait for the file. In this case, if the file is already open, -97 * we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you will have to try again", -98 * instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake. -99 */ -100 if ((file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) && atomic_read(&already_open)) -101 return -EAGAIN; +95 /* If the file's flags include O_NONBLOCK, it means the process does not +96 * want to wait for the file. In this case, if the file is already open, +97 * we should fail with -EAGAIN, meaning "you will have to try again", +98 * instead of blocking a process which would rather stay awake. +99 */ +100 if ((file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) && atomic_read(&already_open)) +101 return -EAGAIN; 102 -103 /* This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because if -104 * a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module, -105 * the kernel module must not be removed. -106 */ +103 /* This is the correct place for try_module_get(THIS_MODULE) because if +104 * a process is in the loop, which is within the kernel module, +105 * the kernel module must not be removed. +106 */ 107 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 108 -109 while (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { -110 int i, is_sig = 0; +109 while (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, 0, 1)) { +110 int i, is_sig = 0; 111 -112 /* This function puts the current process, including any system -113 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right -114 * after the function call, either because somebody called -115 * wake_up(&waitq) (only module_close does that, when the file -116 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent -117 * to the process -118 */ +112 /* This function puts the current process, including any system +113 * calls, such as us, to sleep. Execution will be resumed right +114 * after the function call, either because somebody called +115 * wake_up(&waitq) (only module_close does that, when the file +116 * is closed) or when a signal, such as Ctrl-C, is sent +117 * to the process +118 */ 119 wait_event_interruptible(waitq, !atomic_read(&already_open)); 120 -121 /* If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking, -122 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes -123 * to be killed or stopped. -124 */ -125 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++) +121 /* If we woke up because we got a signal we're not blocking, +122 * return -EINTR (fail the system call). This allows processes +123 * to be killed or stopped. +124 */ +125 for (i = 0; i < _NSIG_WORDS && !is_sig; i++) 126 is_sig = current->pending.signal.sig[i] & ~current->blocked.sig[i]; 127 -128 if (is_sig) { -129 /* It is important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, because -130 * for processes where the open is interrupted there will never -131 * be a corresponding close. If we do not decrement the usage -132 * count here, we will be left with a positive usage count -133 * which we will have no way to bring down to zero, giving us -134 * an immortal module, which can only be killed by rebooting -135 * the machine. -136 */ +128 if (is_sig) { +129 /* It is important to put module_put(THIS_MODULE) here, because +130 * for processes where the open is interrupted there will never +131 * be a corresponding close. If we do not decrement the usage +132 * count here, we will be left with a positive usage count +133 * which we will have no way to bring down to zero, giving us +134 * an immortal module, which can only be killed by rebooting +135 * the machine. +136 */ 137 module_put(THIS_MODULE); -138 return -EINTR; +138 return -EINTR; 139 } 140 } 141 -142 return 0; /* Allow the access */ +142 return 0; /* Allow the access */ 143} 144 -145/* Called when the /proc file is closed */ -146static int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +145/* Called when the /proc file is closed */ +146static int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 147{ -148 /* Set already_open to zero, so one of the processes in the waitq will -149 * be able to set already_open back to one and to open the file. All -150 * the other processes will be called when already_open is back to one, -151 * so they'll go back to sleep. -152 */ +148 /* Set already_open to zero, so one of the processes in the waitq will +149 * be able to set already_open back to one and to open the file. All +150 * the other processes will be called when already_open is back to one, +151 * so they'll go back to sleep. +152 */ 153 atomic_set(&already_open, 0); 154 -155 /* Wake up all the processes in waitq, so if anybody is waiting for the -156 * file, they can have it. -157 */ +155 /* Wake up all the processes in waitq, so if anybody is waiting for the +156 * file, they can have it. +157 */ 158 wake_up(&waitq); 159 160 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 161 -162 return 0; /* success */ +162 return 0; /* success */ 163} 164 -165/* Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant -166 * functions. -167 */ +165/* Structures to register as the /proc file, with pointers to all the relevant +166 * functions. +167 */ 168 -169/* File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all -170 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL -171 * means we don't want to deal with something. -172 */ -173#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS -174static const struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { -175 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */ -176 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */ -177 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */ -178 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */ -179 .proc_lseek = noop_llseek, /* return file->f_pos */ +169/* File operations for our proc file. This is where we place pointers to all +170 * the functions called when somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL +171 * means we don't want to deal with something. +172 */ +173#ifdef HAVE_PROC_OPS +174static const struct proc_ops file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +175 .proc_read = module_output, /* "read" from the file */ +176 .proc_write = module_input, /* "write" to the file */ +177 .proc_open = module_open, /* called when the /proc file is opened */ +178 .proc_release = module_close, /* called when it's closed */ +179 .proc_lseek = noop_llseek, /* return file->f_pos */ 180}; -181#else -182static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { +181#else +182static const struct file_operations file_ops_4_our_proc_file = { 183 .read = module_output, 184 .write = module_input, 185 .open = module_open, 186 .release = module_close, 187 .llseek = noop_llseek, 188}; -189#endif +189#endif 190 -191/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */ -192static int __init sleep_init(void) +191/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */ +192static int __init sleep_init(void) 193{ 194 our_proc_file = 195 proc_create(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, 0644, NULL, &file_ops_4_our_proc_file); -196 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { -197 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); -198 return -ENOMEM; +196 if (our_proc_file == NULL) { +197 pr_debug("Error: Could not initialize /proc/%s\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +198 return -ENOMEM; 199 } 200 proc_set_size(our_proc_file, 80); 201 proc_set_user(our_proc_file, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID); 202 -203 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +203 pr_info("/proc/%s created\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); 204 -205 return 0; +205 return 0; 206} 207 -208/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if -209 * there are still processes waiting in waitq, because they are inside our -210 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal -211 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10. -212 */ -213static void __exit sleep_exit(void) +208/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc. This could get dangerous if +209 * there are still processes waiting in waitq, because they are inside our +210 * open function, which will get unloaded. I'll explain how to avoid removal +211 * of a kernel module in such a case in chapter 10. +212 */ +213static void __exit sleep_exit(void) 214{ 215 remove_proc_entry(PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME, NULL); -216 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); +216 pr_debug("/proc/%s removed\n", PROC_ENTRY_FILENAME); 217} 218 219module_init(sleep_init); 220module_exit(sleep_exit); 221 -222MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+222MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-
1/* -2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than -3 * wait for input. -4 */ -5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */ -6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */ -7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ -8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ -9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */ +1/* +2 * cat_nonblock.c - open a file and display its contents, but exit rather than +3 * wait for input. +4 */ +5#include <errno.h> /* for errno */ +6#include <fcntl.h> /* for open */ +7#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O */ +8#include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ +9#include <unistd.h> /* for read */ 10 -11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4 +11#define MAX_BYTES 1024 * 4 12 -13int main(int argc, char *argv[]) +13int main(int argc, char *argv[]) 14{ -15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */ -16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */ -17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */ +15 int fd; /* The file descriptor for the file to read */ +16 size_t bytes; /* The number of bytes read */ +17 char buffer[MAX_BYTES]; /* The buffer for the bytes */ 18 -19 /* Usage */ -20 if (argc != 2) { -21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]); -22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input"); +19 /* Usage */ +20 if (argc != 2) { +21 printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]); +22 puts("Reads the content of a file, but doesn't wait for input"); 23 exit(-1); 24 } 25 -26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */ +26 /* Open the file for reading in non blocking mode */ 27 fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK); 28 -29 /* If open failed */ -30 if (fd == -1) { -31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed"); +29 /* If open failed */ +30 if (fd == -1) { +31 puts(errno == EAGAIN ? "Open would block" : "Open failed"); 32 exit(-1); 33 } 34 -35 /* Read the file and output its contents */ -36 do { -37 /* Read characters from the file */ +35 /* Read the file and output its contents */ +36 do { +37 /* Read characters from the file */ 38 bytes = read(fd, buffer, MAX_BYTES); 39 -40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */ -41 if (bytes == -1) { -42 if (errno == EAGAIN) -43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to"); -44 else -45 puts("Another read error"); +40 /* If there's an error, report it and die */ +41 if (bytes == -1) { +42 if (errno == EAGAIN) +43 puts("Normally I'd block, but you told me not to"); +44 else +45 puts("Another read error"); 46 exit(-1); 47 } 48 -49 /* Print the characters */ -50 if (bytes > 0) { -51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++) +49 /* Print the characters */ +50 if (bytes > 0) { +51 for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++) 52 putchar(buffer[i]); 53 } 54 -55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */ -56 } while (bytes > 0); +55 /* While there are no errors and the file isn't over */ +56 } while (bytes > 0); 57 -58 return 0; +58 return 0; 59}@@ -4159,92 +4164,92 @@ another. -
1/* -2 * completions.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/completion.h> -5#include <linux/err.h> /* for IS_ERR() */ -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/kthread.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/printk.h> -10#include <linux/version.h> +1/* +2 * completions.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/completion.h> +5#include <linux/err.h> /* for IS_ERR() */ +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/kthread.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/printk.h> +10#include <linux/version.h> 11 -12static struct { -13 struct completion crank_comp; -14 struct completion flywheel_comp; +12static struct { +13 struct completion crank_comp; +14 struct completion flywheel_comp; 15} machine; 16 -17static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg) +17static int machine_crank_thread(void *arg) 18{ -19 pr_info("Turn the crank\n"); +19 pr_info("Turn the crank\n"); 20 21 complete_all(&machine.crank_comp); -22#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) +22#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) 23 kthread_complete_and_exit(&machine.crank_comp, 0); -24#else +24#else 25 complete_and_exit(&machine.crank_comp, 0); -26#endif +26#endif 27} 28 -29static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg) +29static int machine_flywheel_spinup_thread(void *arg) 30{ 31 wait_for_completion(&machine.crank_comp); 32 -33 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n"); +33 pr_info("Flywheel spins up\n"); 34 35 complete_all(&machine.flywheel_comp); -36#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) +36#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0) 37 kthread_complete_and_exit(&machine.flywheel_comp, 0); -38#else +38#else 39 complete_and_exit(&machine.flywheel_comp, 0); -40#endif +40#endif 41} 42 -43static int __init completions_init(void) +43static int __init completions_init(void) 44{ -45 struct task_struct *crank_thread; -46 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread; +45 struct task_struct *crank_thread; +46 struct task_struct *flywheel_thread; 47 -48 pr_info("completions example\n"); +48 pr_info("completions example\n"); 49 50 init_completion(&machine.crank_comp); 51 init_completion(&machine.flywheel_comp); 52 -53 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank"); -54 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread)) -55 goto ERROR_THREAD_1; +53 crank_thread = kthread_create(machine_crank_thread, NULL, "KThread Crank"); +54 if (IS_ERR(crank_thread)) +55 goto ERROR_THREAD_1; 56 57 flywheel_thread = kthread_create(machine_flywheel_spinup_thread, NULL, -58 "KThread Flywheel"); -59 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread)) -60 goto ERROR_THREAD_2; +58 "KThread Flywheel"); +59 if (IS_ERR(flywheel_thread)) +60 goto ERROR_THREAD_2; 61 62 wake_up_process(flywheel_thread); 63 wake_up_process(crank_thread); 64 -65 return 0; +65 return 0; 66 67ERROR_THREAD_2: 68 kthread_stop(crank_thread); 69ERROR_THREAD_1: 70 -71 return -1; +71 return -1; 72} 73 -74static void __exit completions_exit(void) +74static void __exit completions_exit(void) 75{ 76 wait_for_completion(&machine.crank_comp); 77 wait_for_completion(&machine.flywheel_comp); 78 -79 pr_info("completions exit\n"); +79 pr_info("completions exit\n"); 80} 81 82module_init(completions_init); 83module_exit(completions_exit); 84 -85MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example"); -86MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+85MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Completions example"); +86MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");The
machinestructure stores the completion states for the two threads. At the exit point of each thread the respective completion state is updated, and @@ -4274,46 +4279,46 @@ might deploy them in userland. This may be all that is needed to avoid collision most cases.-
1/* -2 * example_mutex.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/module.h> -5#include <linux/mutex.h> -6#include <linux/printk.h> +1/* +2 * example_mutex.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/module.h> +5#include <linux/mutex.h> +6#include <linux/printk.h> 7 -8static DEFINE_MUTEX(mymutex); +8static DEFINE_MUTEX(mymutex); 9 -10static int __init example_mutex_init(void) +10static int __init example_mutex_init(void) 11{ -12 int ret; +12 int ret; 13 -14 pr_info("example_mutex init\n"); +14 pr_info("example_mutex init\n"); 15 16 ret = mutex_trylock(&mymutex); -17 if (ret != 0) { -18 pr_info("mutex is locked\n"); +17 if (ret != 0) { +18 pr_info("mutex is locked\n"); 19 -20 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0) -21 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n"); +20 if (mutex_is_locked(&mymutex) == 0) +21 pr_info("The mutex failed to lock!\n"); 22 23 mutex_unlock(&mymutex); -24 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n"); -25 } else -26 pr_info("Failed to lock\n"); +24 pr_info("mutex is unlocked\n"); +25 } else +26 pr_info("Failed to lock\n"); 27 -28 return 0; +28 return 0; 29} 30 -31static void __exit example_mutex_exit(void) +31static void __exit example_mutex_exit(void) 32{ -33 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n"); +33 pr_info("example_mutex exit\n"); 34} 35 36module_init(example_mutex_init); 37module_exit(example_mutex_exit); 38 -39MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example"); -40MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+39MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Mutex example"); +40MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
12.2 Spinlocks
@@ -4331,68 +4336,68 @@ they will not be forgotten and will activate when the unlock happens, using the variable to retain their state.-
1/* -2 * example_spinlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/printk.h> -7#include <linux/spinlock.h> +1/* +2 * example_spinlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/printk.h> +7#include <linux/spinlock.h> 8 -9static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sl_static); -10static spinlock_t sl_dynamic; +9static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sl_static); +10static spinlock_t sl_dynamic; 11 -12static void example_spinlock_static(void) +12static void example_spinlock_static(void) 13{ -14 unsigned long flags; +14 unsigned long flags; 15 16 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_static, flags); -17 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); +17 pr_info("Locked static spinlock\n"); 18 -19 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this -20 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. -21 */ +19 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this +20 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. +21 */ 22 23 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_static, flags); -24 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); +24 pr_info("Unlocked static spinlock\n"); 25} 26 -27static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) +27static void example_spinlock_dynamic(void) 28{ -29 unsigned long flags; +29 unsigned long flags; 30 31 spin_lock_init(&sl_dynamic); 32 spin_lock_irqsave(&sl_dynamic, flags); -33 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); +33 pr_info("Locked dynamic spinlock\n"); 34 -35 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this -36 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. -37 */ +35 /* Do something or other safely. Because this uses 100% CPU time, this +36 * code should take no more than a few milliseconds to run. +37 */ 38 39 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sl_dynamic, flags); -40 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); +40 pr_info("Unlocked dynamic spinlock\n"); 41} 42 -43static int __init example_spinlock_init(void) +43static int __init example_spinlock_init(void) 44{ -45 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); +45 pr_info("example spinlock started\n"); 46 47 example_spinlock_static(); 48 example_spinlock_dynamic(); 49 -50 return 0; +50 return 0; 51} 52 -53static void __exit example_spinlock_exit(void) +53static void __exit example_spinlock_exit(void) 54{ -55 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); +55 pr_info("example spinlock exit\n"); 56} 57 58module_init(example_spinlock_init); 59module_exit(example_spinlock_exit); 60 -61MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); -62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+61MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Spinlock example"); +62MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
12.3 Read and write locks
@@ -4406,61 +4411,61 @@ the system and cause users to start revolting against the tyranny of your module.-
1/* -2 * example_rwlock.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/module.h> -5#include <linux/printk.h> -6#include <linux/rwlock.h> +1/* +2 * example_rwlock.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/module.h> +5#include <linux/printk.h> +6#include <linux/rwlock.h> 7 -8static DEFINE_RWLOCK(myrwlock); +8static DEFINE_RWLOCK(myrwlock); 9 -10static void example_read_lock(void) +10static void example_read_lock(void) 11{ -12 unsigned long flags; +12 unsigned long flags; 13 14 read_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); +15 pr_info("Read Locked\n"); 16 -17 /* Read from something */ +17 /* Read from something */ 18 19 read_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); +20 pr_info("Read Unlocked\n"); 21} 22 -23static void example_write_lock(void) +23static void example_write_lock(void) 24{ -25 unsigned long flags; +25 unsigned long flags; 26 27 write_lock_irqsave(&myrwlock, flags); -28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); +28 pr_info("Write Locked\n"); 29 -30 /* Write to something */ +30 /* Write to something */ 31 32 write_unlock_irqrestore(&myrwlock, flags); -33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); +33 pr_info("Write Unlocked\n"); 34} 35 -36static int __init example_rwlock_init(void) +36static int __init example_rwlock_init(void) 37{ -38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); +38 pr_info("example_rwlock started\n"); 39 40 example_read_lock(); 41 example_write_lock(); 42 -43 return 0; +43 return 0; 44} 45 -46static void __exit example_rwlock_exit(void) +46static void __exit example_rwlock_exit(void) 47{ -48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); +48 pr_info("example_rwlock exit\n"); 49} 50 51module_init(example_rwlock_init); 52module_exit(example_rwlock_exit); 53 -54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); -55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+54MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read/Write locks example"); +55MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Of course, if you know for sure that there are no functions triggered by irqs which could possibly interfere with your logic then you can use the simpler
read_lock(&myrwlock) @@ -4476,81 +4481,81 @@ and was not overwritten by some other shenanigans. An example is shown below.-
1/* -2 * example_atomic.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/atomic.h> -5#include <linux/bitops.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/printk.h> +@@ -4587,80 +4592,80 @@ structure. Within this structure lies a pointer to a string write function, faci the string’s transmission to the tty.1/* +2 * example_atomic.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/atomic.h> +5#include <linux/bitops.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/printk.h> 8 -9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" -10#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ -11 ((byte & 0x80) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x40) ? '1' : '0'), \ -12 ((byte & 0x20) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x10) ? '1' : '0'), \ -13 ((byte & 0x08) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x04) ? '1' : '0'), \ -14 ((byte & 0x02) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x01) ? '1' : '0') +9#define BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c" +10#define BYTE_TO_BINARY(byte) \ +11 ((byte & 0x80) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x40) ? '1' : '0'), \ +12 ((byte & 0x20) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x10) ? '1' : '0'), \ +13 ((byte & 0x08) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x04) ? '1' : '0'), \ +14 ((byte & 0x02) ? '1' : '0'), ((byte & 0x01) ? '1' : '0') 15 -16static void atomic_add_subtract(void) +16static void atomic_add_subtract(void) 17{ 18 atomic_t debbie; 19 atomic_t chris = ATOMIC_INIT(50); 20 21 atomic_set(&debbie, 45); 22 -23 /* subtract one */ +23 /* subtract one */ 24 atomic_dec(&debbie); 25 26 atomic_add(7, &debbie); 27 -28 /* add one */ +28 /* add one */ 29 atomic_inc(&debbie); 30 -31 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), +31 pr_info("chris: %d, debbie: %d\n", atomic_read(&chris), 32 atomic_read(&debbie)); 33} 34 -35static void atomic_bitwise(void) +35static void atomic_bitwise(void) 36{ -37 unsigned long word = 0; +37 unsigned long word = 0; 38 -39 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +39 pr_info("Bits 0: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 40 set_bit(3, &word); 41 set_bit(5, &word); -42 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +42 pr_info("Bits 1: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 43 clear_bit(5, &word); -44 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +44 pr_info("Bits 2: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 45 change_bit(3, &word); 46 -47 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); -48 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) -49 pr_info("wrong\n"); -50 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +47 pr_info("Bits 3: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +48 if (test_and_set_bit(3, &word)) +49 pr_info("wrong\n"); +50 pr_info("Bits 4: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 51 52 word = 255; -53 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); +53 pr_info("Bits 5: " BYTE_TO_BINARY_PATTERN, BYTE_TO_BINARY(word)); 54} 55 -56static int __init example_atomic_init(void) +56static int __init example_atomic_init(void) 57{ -58 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); +58 pr_info("example_atomic started\n"); 59 60 atomic_add_subtract(); 61 atomic_bitwise(); 62 -63 return 0; +63 return 0; 64} 65 -66static void __exit example_atomic_exit(void) +66static void __exit example_atomic_exit(void) 67{ -68 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); +68 pr_info("example_atomic exit\n"); 69} 70 71module_init(example_atomic_init); 72module_exit(example_atomic_exit); 73 -74MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); -75MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+74MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Atomic operations example"); +75MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");-
1/* -2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if -3 * it is through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the -4 * tty associated with the current task. -5 */ -6#include <linux/init.h> -7#include <linux/kernel.h> -8#include <linux/module.h> -9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ -10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ +@@ -4681,36 +4686,36 @@ to improve memory safety. A buffer overflow in the area of a and1/* +2 * print_string.c - Send output to the tty we're running on, regardless if +3 * it is through X11, telnet, etc. We do this by printing the string to the +4 * tty associated with the current task. +5 */ +6#include <linux/init.h> +7#include <linux/kernel.h> +8#include <linux/module.h> +9#include <linux/sched.h> /* For current */ +10#include <linux/tty.h> /* For the tty declarations */ 11 -12static void print_string(char *str) +12static void print_string(char *str) 13{ -14 /* The tty for the current task */ -15 struct tty_struct *my_tty = get_current_tty(); +14 /* The tty for the current task */ +15 struct tty_struct *my_tty = get_current_tty(); 16 -17 /* If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to (i.e., -18 * if it is a daemon). If so, there is nothing we can do. -19 */ -20 if (my_tty) { -21 const struct tty_operations *ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; -22 /* my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, -23 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. -24 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or -25 * kernel's memory segment. -26 * -27 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, because the -28 * same function would normally be used for all tty's of a certain -29 * type. -30 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. -31 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. -32 * -33 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use -34 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different -35 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here does not -36 * scale well. The right way to deal with this is described in -37 * section 2 of -38 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches -39 */ -40 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ -41 str, /* String */ -42 strlen(str)); /* Length */ +17 /* If my_tty is NULL, the current task has no tty you can print to (i.e., +18 * if it is a daemon). If so, there is nothing we can do. +19 */ +20 if (my_tty) { +21 const struct tty_operations *ttyops = my_tty->driver->ops; +22 /* my_tty->driver is a struct which holds the tty's functions, +23 * one of which (write) is used to write strings to the tty. +24 * It can be used to take a string either from the user's or +25 * kernel's memory segment. +26 * +27 * The function's 1st parameter is the tty to write to, because the +28 * same function would normally be used for all tty's of a certain +29 * type. +30 * The 2nd parameter is a pointer to a string. +31 * The 3rd parameter is the length of the string. +32 * +33 * As you will see below, sometimes it's necessary to use +34 * preprocessor stuff to create code that works for different +35 * kernel versions. The (naive) approach we've taken here does not +36 * scale well. The right way to deal with this is described in +37 * section 2 of +38 * linux/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +39 */ +40 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, /* The tty itself */ +41 str, /* String */ +42 strlen(str)); /* Length */ 43 -44 /* ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) strictly -45 * followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to a new line you -46 * need two characters, a carriage return and a line feed. On Unix, -47 * the ASCII line feed is used for both purposes - so we can not -48 * just use \n, because it would not have a carriage return and the -49 * next line will start at the column right after the line feed. -50 * -51 * This is why text files are different between Unix and MS Windows. -52 * In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and MS Windows, the ASCII -53 * standard was strictly adhered to, and therefore a newline requires -54 * both a LF and a CR. -55 */ -56 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); +44 /* ttys were originally hardware devices, which (usually) strictly +45 * followed the ASCII standard. In ASCII, to move to a new line you +46 * need two characters, a carriage return and a line feed. On Unix, +47 * the ASCII line feed is used for both purposes - so we can not +48 * just use \n, because it would not have a carriage return and the +49 * next line will start at the column right after the line feed. +50 * +51 * This is why text files are different between Unix and MS Windows. +52 * In CP/M and derivatives, like MS-DOS and MS Windows, the ASCII +53 * standard was strictly adhered to, and therefore a newline requires +54 * both a LF and a CR. +55 */ +56 (ttyops->write)(my_tty, "\015\012", 2); 57 } 58} 59 -60static int __init print_string_init(void) +60static int __init print_string_init(void) 61{ -62 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); -63 return 0; +62 print_string("The module has been inserted. Hello world!"); +63 return 0; 64} 65 -66static void __exit print_string_exit(void) +66static void __exit print_string_exit(void) 67{ -68 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); +68 print_string("The module has been removed. Farewell world!"); 69} 70 71module_init(print_string_init); 72module_exit(print_string_exit); 73 -74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+74MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");datafields, providing the attacker with a way to use return-object programming (ROP) to call arbitrary functions within the kernel. Also, the function prototype of the callback, -containing aunsigned long +containing aunsigned longargument, will prevent work from any type checking. Furthermore, the function prototype -withunsigned long +withwill add a new device to the list of support virtual input devices.unsigned longargument may be an obstacle to the forward-edge protection of control-flow integrity. Thus, it is better to use a unique prototype to separate from the cluster that takes an -unsigned long +is enabled in kernel.unsigned longargument. The timer callback should be passed a pointer to thetimer_list -structure rather than anunsigned long +structure rather than anunsigned longargument. Then, it wraps all the information the callback needs, including thetimer_liststructure, into a larger structure, and it can use thecontainer_of -macro instead of theunsigned long +macro instead of theunsigned longvalue. For more information see: Improving the kernel timers API.Before Linux v4.14,
-setup_timerwas used to initialize the timer and thetimer_liststructure looked like:1struct timer_list { -2 unsigned long expires; -3 void (*function)(unsigned long); -4 unsigned long data; +1struct timer_list { +2 unsigned long expires; +3 void (*function)(unsigned long); +4 unsigned long data; 5 u32 flags; -6 /* ... */ +6 /* ... */ 7}; 8 -9void setup_timer(struct timer_list *timer, void (*callback)(unsigned long), -10 unsigned long data);+9void setup_timer(struct timer_list *timer, void (*callback)(unsigned long), +10 unsigned long data);Since Linux v4.14,
-timer_setupis adopted and the kernel step by step converting totimer_setup @@ -4723,63 +4728,63 @@ Moreover, thetimer_setupwas implemented bysetup_timerat first.1void timer_setup(struct timer_list *timer, -2 void (*callback)(struct timer_list *), unsigned int flags);+1void timer_setup(struct timer_list *timer, +2 void (*callback)(struct timer_list *), unsigned int flags);The
-setup_timerwas then removed since v4.15. As a result, thetimer_liststructure had changed to the following.1struct timer_list { -2 unsigned long expires; -3 void (*function)(struct timer_list *); +1struct timer_list { +2 unsigned long expires; +3 void (*function)(struct timer_list *); 4 u32 flags; -5 /* ... */ +5 /* ... */ 6};The following source code illustrates a minimal kernel module which, when loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded.
-
1/* -2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. -3 */ +1/* +2 * kbleds.c - Blink keyboard leds until the module is unloaded. +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For tty_struct */ -9#include <linux/vt.h> /* For MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ -10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ -11#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/kd.h> /* For KDSETLED */ +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/tty.h> /* For tty_struct */ +9#include <linux/vt.h> /* For MAX_NR_CONSOLES */ +10#include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* for fg_console */ +11#include <linux/console_struct.h> /* For vc_cons */ 12 -13MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); +13MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Example module illustrating the use of Keyboard LEDs."); 14 -15static struct timer_list my_timer; -16static struct tty_driver *my_driver; -17static unsigned long kbledstatus = 0; +15static struct timer_list my_timer; +16static struct tty_driver *my_driver; +17static unsigned long kbledstatus = 0; 18 -19#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 -20#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 -21#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF +19#define BLINK_DELAY HZ / 5 +20#define ALL_LEDS_ON 0x07 +21#define RESTORE_LEDS 0xFF 22 -23/* Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking -24 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual -25 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: -26 * drivers/tty/vt/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). -27 * -28 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led -29 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF -30 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus -31 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, -32 * please see file: drivers/tty/vt/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). -33 */ -34static void my_timer_func(struct timer_list *unused) +23/* Function my_timer_func blinks the keyboard LEDs periodically by invoking +24 * command KDSETLED of ioctl() on the keyboard driver. To learn more on virtual +25 * terminal ioctl operations, please see file: +26 * drivers/tty/vt/vt_ioctl.c, function vt_ioctl(). +27 * +28 * The argument to KDSETLED is alternatively set to 7 (thus causing the led +29 * mode to be set to LED_SHOW_IOCTL, and all the leds are lit) and to 0xFF +30 * (any value above 7 switches back the led mode to LED_SHOW_FLAGS, thus +31 * the LEDs reflect the actual keyboard status). To learn more on this, +32 * please see file: drivers/tty/vt/keyboard.c, function setledstate(). +33 */ +34static void my_timer_func(struct timer_list *unused) 35{ -36 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; +36 struct tty_struct *t = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty; 37 -38 if (kbledstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) +38 if (kbledstatus == ALL_LEDS_ON) 39 kbledstatus = RESTORE_LEDS; -40 else +40 else 41 kbledstatus = ALL_LEDS_ON; 42 43 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(t, KDSETLED, kbledstatus); @@ -4788,34 +4793,34 @@ loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded. 46 add_timer(&my_timer); 47} 48 -49static int __init kbleds_init(void) +49static int __init kbleds_init(void) 50{ -51 int i; +51 int i; 52 -53 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); -54 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); -55 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { -56 if (!vc_cons[i].d) -57 break; -58 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %p\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, -59 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (void *)vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); +53 pr_info("kbleds: loading\n"); +54 pr_info("kbleds: fgconsole is %x\n", fg_console); +55 for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) { +56 if (!vc_cons[i].d) +57 break; +58 pr_info("poet_atkm: console[%i/%i] #%i, tty %p\n", i, MAX_NR_CONSOLES, +59 vc_cons[i].d->vc_num, (void *)vc_cons[i].d->port.tty); 60 } -61 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); +61 pr_info("kbleds: finished scanning consoles\n"); 62 63 my_driver = vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty->driver; -64 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver name %s\n", my_driver->driver_name); +64 pr_info("kbleds: tty driver name %s\n", my_driver->driver_name); 65 -66 /* Set up the LED blink timer the first time. */ +66 /* Set up the LED blink timer the first time. */ 67 timer_setup(&my_timer, my_timer_func, 0); 68 my_timer.expires = jiffies + BLINK_DELAY; 69 add_timer(&my_timer); 70 -71 return 0; +71 return 0; 72} 73 -74static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) +74static void __exit kbleds_cleanup(void) 75{ -76 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); +76 pr_info("kbleds: unloading...\n"); 77 del_timer(&my_timer); 78 (my_driver->ops->ioctl)(vc_cons[fg_console].d->port.tty, KDSETLED, 79 RESTORE_LEDS); @@ -4824,7 +4829,7 @@ loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded. 82module_init(kbleds_init); 83module_exit(kbleds_cleanup); 84 -85MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+85MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");If none of the examples in this chapter fit your debugging needs, there might yet be some other tricks to try. Ever wondered what
CONFIG_LL_DEBUG @@ -4862,50 +4867,50 @@ better suited to running multiple things in a sequence. softirq.-
1/* -2 * example_tasklet.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/delay.h> -5#include <linux/interrupt.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/printk.h> +1/* +2 * example_tasklet.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/delay.h> +5#include <linux/interrupt.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/printk.h> 8 -9/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibility. -10 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ -11 */ -12#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD -13#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) -14#endif +9/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibility. +10 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ +11 */ +12#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD +13#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) +14#endif 15 -16static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +16static void tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) 17{ -18 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); +18 pr_info("Example tasklet starts\n"); 19 mdelay(5000); -20 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); +20 pr_info("Example tasklet ends\n"); 21} 22 -23static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(mytask, tasklet_fn); +23static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(mytask, tasklet_fn); 24 -25static int __init example_tasklet_init(void) +25static int __init example_tasklet_init(void) 26{ -27 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); +27 pr_info("tasklet example init\n"); 28 tasklet_schedule(&mytask); 29 mdelay(200); -30 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); -31 return 0; +30 pr_info("Example tasklet init continues...\n"); +31 return 0; 32} 33 -34static void __exit example_tasklet_exit(void) +34static void __exit example_tasklet_exit(void) 35{ -36 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); +36 pr_info("tasklet example exit\n"); 37 tasklet_kill(&mytask); 38} 39 40module_init(example_tasklet_init); 41module_exit(example_tasklet_exit); 42 -43MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); -44MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+43MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Tasklet example"); +44MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");So with this example loaded
dmesgshould show: @@ -4938,30 +4943,30 @@ the macroDECLARE_TASKLET_OLD Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) to execute work within the queue.-
1/* -2 * sched.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/init.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/workqueue.h> +1/* +2 * sched.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/init.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/workqueue.h> 7 -8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; -9static struct work_struct work; +8static struct workqueue_struct *queue = NULL; +9static struct work_struct work; 10 -11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) +11static void work_handler(struct work_struct *data) 12{ -13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); +13 pr_info("work handler function.\n"); 14} 15 -16static int __init sched_init(void) +16static int __init sched_init(void) 17{ -18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); +18 queue = alloc_workqueue("HELLOWORLD", WQ_UNBOUND, 1); 19 INIT_WORK(&work, work_handler); 20 schedule_work(&work); -21 return 0; +21 return 0; 22} 23 -24static void __exit sched_exit(void) +24static void __exit sched_exit(void) 25{ 26 destroy_workqueue(queue); 27} @@ -4969,8 +4974,8 @@ Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) to execute work within the queue. 29module_init(sched_init); 30module_exit(sched_exit); 31 -32MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -33MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");+32MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +33MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Workqueue example");
15 Interrupt Handlers
@@ -5056,115 +5061,115 @@ an LED is connected to GPIO 4. You can change those numbers to whatever is appropriate for your board.-
1/* -2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off. -9 */ +1/* +2 * intrpt.c - Handling GPIO with interrupts +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on a LED and another to turn it off. +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/gpio.h> -12#include <linux/interrupt.h> -13#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for ARRAY_SIZE() */ -14#include <linux/module.h> -15#include <linux/printk.h> +11#include <linux/gpio.h> +12#include <linux/interrupt.h> +13#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for ARRAY_SIZE() */ +14#include <linux/module.h> +15#include <linux/printk.h> 16 -17static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; +17static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 18 -19/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -20 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -21 */ -22static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +19/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +20 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +21 */ +22static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 23 -24/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -25 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -26 */ -27static struct gpio buttons[] = { { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, -28 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" } }; +24/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +25 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +26 */ +27static struct gpio buttons[] = { { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +28 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" } }; 29 -30/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed. */ -31static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +30/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed. */ +31static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 32{ -33 /* first button */ -34 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +33 /* first button */ +34 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 35 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -36 /* second button */ -37 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +36 /* second button */ +37 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 38 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 39 -40 return IRQ_HANDLED; +40 return IRQ_HANDLED; 41} 42 -43static int __init intrpt_init(void) +43static int __init intrpt_init(void) 44{ -45 int ret = 0; +45 int ret = 0; 46 -47 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +47 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 48 -49 /* register LED gpios */ +49 /* register LED gpios */ 50 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 51 -52 if (ret) { -53 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -54 return ret; +52 if (ret) { +53 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +54 return ret; 55 } 56 -57 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +57 /* register BUTTON gpios */ 58 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 59 -60 if (ret) { -61 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -62 goto fail1; +60 if (ret) { +61 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +62 goto fail1; 63 } 64 -65 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +65 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 66 67 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 68 -69 if (ret < 0) { -70 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -71 goto fail2; +69 if (ret < 0) { +70 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +71 goto fail2; 72 } 73 74 button_irqs[0] = ret; 75 -76 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +76 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 77 78 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, 79 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -80 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +80 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); 81 -82 if (ret) { -83 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -84 goto fail2; +82 if (ret) { +83 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +84 goto fail2; 85 } 86 87 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); 88 -89 if (ret < 0) { -90 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -91 goto fail2; +89 if (ret < 0) { +90 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +91 goto fail2; 92 } 93 94 button_irqs[1] = ret; 95 -96 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +96 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); 97 98 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, 99 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -100 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +100 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); 101 -102 if (ret) { -103 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -104 goto fail3; +102 if (ret) { +103 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +104 goto fail3; 105 } 106 -107 return 0; +107 return 0; 108 -109/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +109/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ 110fail3: 111 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 112 @@ -5174,24 +5179,24 @@ appropriate for your board. 116fail1: 117 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 118 -119 return ret; +119 return ret; 120} 121 -122static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) +122static void __exit intrpt_exit(void) 123{ -124 int i; +124 int i; 125 -126 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +126 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 127 -128 /* free irqs */ +128 /* free irqs */ 129 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 130 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 131 -132 /* turn all LEDs off */ -133 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +132 /* turn all LEDs off */ +133 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 134 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); 135 -136 /* unregister */ +136 /* unregister */ 137 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 138 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 139} @@ -5199,8 +5204,8 @@ appropriate for your board. 141module_init(intrpt_init); 142module_exit(intrpt_exit); 143 -144MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -145MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");+144MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +145MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Handle some GPIO interrupts");
15.3 Bottom Half
@@ -5215,138 +5220,138 @@ when an interrupt is triggered. -1/* -2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling -3 * -4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) -5 * from: -6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples -7 * -8 * Press one button to turn on an LED and another to turn it off -9 */ +1/* +2 * bottomhalf.c - Top and bottom half interrupt handling +3 * +4 * Based upon the RPi example by Stefan Wendler (devnull@kaltpost.de) +5 * from: +6 * https://github.com/wendlers/rpi-kmod-samples +7 * +8 * Press one button to turn on an LED and another to turn it off +9 */ 10 -11#include <linux/delay.h> -12#include <linux/gpio.h> -13#include <linux/interrupt.h> -14#include <linux/module.h> -15#include <linux/printk.h> -16#include <linux/init.h> +11#include <linux/delay.h> +12#include <linux/gpio.h> +13#include <linux/interrupt.h> +14#include <linux/module.h> +15#include <linux/printk.h> +16#include <linux/init.h> 17 -18/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibiity. -19 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ -20 */ -21#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD -22#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) -23#endif +18/* Macro DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD exists for compatibiity. +19 * See https://lwn.net/Articles/830964/ +20 */ +21#ifndef DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD +22#define DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(arg1, arg2) DECLARE_TASKLET(arg1, arg2, 0L) +23#endif 24 -25static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; +25static int button_irqs[] = { -1, -1 }; 26 -27/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. -28 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -29 */ -30static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; +27/* Define GPIOs for LEDs. +28 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +29 */ +30static struct gpio leds[] = { { 4, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "LED 1" } }; 31 -32/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS -33 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. -34 */ -35static struct gpio buttons[] = { -36 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, -37 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, +32/* Define GPIOs for BUTTONS +33 * TODO: Change the numbers for the GPIO on your board. +34 */ +35static struct gpio buttons[] = { +36 { 17, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 ON BUTTON" }, +37 { 18, GPIOF_IN, "LED 1 OFF BUTTON" }, 38}; 39 -40/* Tasklet containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ -41static void bottomhalf_tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) +40/* Tasklet containing some non-trivial amount of processing */ +41static void bottomhalf_tasklet_fn(unsigned long data) 42{ -43 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet starts\n"); -44 /* do something which takes a while */ +43 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet starts\n"); +44 /* do something which takes a while */ 45 mdelay(500); -46 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet ends\n"); +46 pr_info("Bottom half tasklet ends\n"); 47} 48 -49static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(buttontask, bottomhalf_tasklet_fn); +49static DECLARE_TASKLET_OLD(buttontask, bottomhalf_tasklet_fn); 50 -51/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed */ -52static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) +51/* interrupt function triggered when a button is pressed */ +52static irqreturn_t button_isr(int irq, void *data) 53{ -54 /* Do something quickly right now */ -55 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +54 /* Do something quickly right now */ +55 if (irq == button_irqs[0] && !gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 56 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 1); -57 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) +57 else if (irq == button_irqs[1] && gpio_get_value(leds[0].gpio)) 58 gpio_set_value(leds[0].gpio, 0); 59 -60 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ +60 /* Do the rest at leisure via the scheduler */ 61 tasklet_schedule(&buttontask); 62 -63 return IRQ_HANDLED; +63 return IRQ_HANDLED; 64} 65 -66static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) +66static int __init bottomhalf_init(void) 67{ -68 int ret = 0; +68 int ret = 0; 69 -70 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +70 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 71 -72 /* register LED gpios */ +72 /* register LED gpios */ 73 ret = gpio_request_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 74 -75 if (ret) { -76 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); -77 return ret; +75 if (ret) { +76 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for LEDs: %d\n", ret); +77 return ret; 78 } 79 -80 /* register BUTTON gpios */ +80 /* register BUTTON gpios */ 81 ret = gpio_request_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 82 -83 if (ret) { -84 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); -85 goto fail1; +83 if (ret) { +84 pr_err("Unable to request GPIOs for BUTTONs: %d\n", ret); +85 goto fail1; 86 } 87 -88 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); +88 pr_info("Current button1 value: %d\n", gpio_get_value(buttons[0].gpio)); 89 90 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[0].gpio); 91 -92 if (ret < 0) { -93 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -94 goto fail2; +92 if (ret < 0) { +93 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +94 goto fail2; 95 } 96 97 button_irqs[0] = ret; 98 -99 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); +99 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON1 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[0]); 100 101 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[0], button_isr, 102 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -103 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); +103 "gpiomod#button1", NULL); 104 -105 if (ret) { -106 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -107 goto fail2; +105 if (ret) { +106 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +107 goto fail2; 108 } 109 110 ret = gpio_to_irq(buttons[1].gpio); 111 -112 if (ret < 0) { -113 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -114 goto fail2; +112 if (ret < 0) { +113 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +114 goto fail2; 115 } 116 117 button_irqs[1] = ret; 118 -119 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); +119 pr_info("Successfully requested BUTTON2 IRQ # %d\n", button_irqs[1]); 120 121 ret = request_irq(button_irqs[1], button_isr, 122 IRQF_TRIGGER_RISING | IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, -123 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); +123 "gpiomod#button2", NULL); 124 -125 if (ret) { -126 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); -127 goto fail3; +125 if (ret) { +126 pr_err("Unable to request IRQ: %d\n", ret); +127 goto fail3; 128 } 129 -130 return 0; +130 return 0; 131 -132/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ +132/* cleanup what has been setup so far */ 133fail3: 134 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 135 @@ -5356,24 +5361,24 @@ when an interrupt is triggered. 139fail1: 140 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 141 -142 return ret; +142 return ret; 143} 144 -145static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) +145static void __exit bottomhalf_exit(void) 146{ -147 int i; +147 int i; 148 -149 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); +149 pr_info("%s\n", __func__); 150 -151 /* free irqs */ +151 /* free irqs */ 152 free_irq(button_irqs[0], NULL); 153 free_irq(button_irqs[1], NULL); 154 -155 /* turn all LEDs off */ -156 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) +155 /* turn all LEDs off */ +156 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(leds); i++) 157 gpio_set_value(leds[i].gpio, 0); 158 -159 /* unregister */ +159 /* unregister */ 160 gpio_free_array(leds, ARRAY_SIZE(leds)); 161 gpio_free_array(buttons, ARRAY_SIZE(buttons)); 162} @@ -5381,8 +5386,8 @@ when an interrupt is triggered. 164module_init(bottomhalf_init); 165module_exit(bottomhalf_exit); 166 -167MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -168MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");+167MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +168MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Interrupt with top and bottom half");
16 Crypto
@@ -5402,74 +5407,74 @@ kernel module. To provide the sha256 algorithm support, make sure-
1/* -2 * cryptosha256.c -3 */ -4#include <crypto/internal/hash.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> +1/* +2 * cryptosha256.c +3 */ +4#include <crypto/internal/hash.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> 6 -7#define SHA256_LENGTH 32 +7#define SHA256_LENGTH 32 8 -9static void show_hash_result(char *plaintext, char *hash_sha256) +9static void show_hash_result(char *plaintext, char *hash_sha256) 10{ -11 int i; -12 char str[SHA256_LENGTH * 2 + 1]; +11 int i; +12 char str[SHA256_LENGTH * 2 + 1]; 13 -14 pr_info("sha256 test for string: \"%s\"\n", plaintext); -15 for (i = 0; i < SHA256_LENGTH; i++) -16 sprintf(&str[i * 2], "%02x", (unsigned char)hash_sha256[i]); +14 pr_info("sha256 test for string: \"%s\"\n", plaintext); +15 for (i = 0; i < SHA256_LENGTH; i++) +16 sprintf(&str[i * 2], "%02x", (unsigned char)hash_sha256[i]); 17 str[i * 2] = 0; -18 pr_info("%s\n", str); +18 pr_info("%s\n", str); 19} 20 -21static int __init cryptosha256_init(void) +21static int __init cryptosha256_init(void) 22{ -23 char *plaintext = "This is a test"; -24 char hash_sha256[SHA256_LENGTH]; -25 struct crypto_shash *sha256; -26 struct shash_desc *shash; +23 char *plaintext = "This is a test"; +24 char hash_sha256[SHA256_LENGTH]; +25 struct crypto_shash *sha256; +26 struct shash_desc *shash; 27 -28 sha256 = crypto_alloc_shash("sha256", 0, 0); -29 if (IS_ERR(sha256)) { +28 sha256 = crypto_alloc_shash("sha256", 0, 0); +29 if (IS_ERR(sha256)) { 30 pr_err( -31 "%s(): Failed to allocate sha256 algorithm, enable CONFIG_CRYPTO_SHA256 and try again.\n", +31 "%s(): Failed to allocate sha256 algorithm, enable CONFIG_CRYPTO_SHA256 and try again.\n", 32 __func__); -33 return -1; +33 return -1; 34 } 35 -36 shash = kmalloc(sizeof(struct shash_desc) + crypto_shash_descsize(sha256), +36 shash = kmalloc(sizeof(struct shash_desc) + crypto_shash_descsize(sha256), 37 GFP_KERNEL); -38 if (!shash) -39 return -ENOMEM; +38 if (!shash) +39 return -ENOMEM; 40 41 shash->tfm = sha256; 42 -43 if (crypto_shash_init(shash)) -44 return -1; +43 if (crypto_shash_init(shash)) +44 return -1; 45 -46 if (crypto_shash_update(shash, plaintext, strlen(plaintext))) -47 return -1; +46 if (crypto_shash_update(shash, plaintext, strlen(plaintext))) +47 return -1; 48 -49 if (crypto_shash_final(shash, hash_sha256)) -50 return -1; +49 if (crypto_shash_final(shash, hash_sha256)) +50 return -1; 51 52 kfree(shash); 53 crypto_free_shash(sha256); 54 55 show_hash_result(plaintext, hash_sha256); 56 -57 return 0; +57 return 0; 58} 59 -60static void __exit cryptosha256_exit(void) +60static void __exit cryptosha256_exit(void) 61{ 62} 63 64module_init(cryptosha256_init); 65module_exit(cryptosha256_exit); 66 -67MODULE_DESCRIPTION("sha256 hash test"); -68MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+67MODULE_DESCRIPTION("sha256 hash test"); +68MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");Install the module:
@@ -5490,183 +5495,183 @@ kernel module. To provide the sha256 algorithm support, make sure and a password.
-
1/* -2 * cryptosk.c -3 */ -4#include <crypto/internal/skcipher.h> -5#include <linux/crypto.h> -6#include <linux/module.h> -7#include <linux/random.h> -8#include <linux/scatterlist.h> +1/* +2 * cryptosk.c +3 */ +4#include <crypto/internal/skcipher.h> +5#include <linux/crypto.h> +6#include <linux/module.h> +7#include <linux/random.h> +8#include <linux/scatterlist.h> 9 -10#define SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH 32 -11#define CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE 16 +10#define SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH 32 +11#define CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE 16 12 -13struct tcrypt_result { -14 struct completion completion; -15 int err; +13struct tcrypt_result { +14 struct completion completion; +15 int err; 16}; 17 -18struct skcipher_def { -19 struct scatterlist sg; -20 struct crypto_skcipher *tfm; -21 struct skcipher_request *req; -22 struct tcrypt_result result; -23 char *scratchpad; -24 char *ciphertext; -25 char *ivdata; +18struct skcipher_def { +19 struct scatterlist sg; +20 struct crypto_skcipher *tfm; +21 struct skcipher_request *req; +22 struct tcrypt_result result; +23 char *scratchpad; +24 char *ciphertext; +25 char *ivdata; 26}; 27 -28static struct skcipher_def sk; +28static struct skcipher_def sk; 29 -30static void test_skcipher_finish(struct skcipher_def *sk) +30static void test_skcipher_finish(struct skcipher_def *sk) 31{ -32 if (sk->tfm) +32 if (sk->tfm) 33 crypto_free_skcipher(sk->tfm); -34 if (sk->req) +34 if (sk->req) 35 skcipher_request_free(sk->req); -36 if (sk->ivdata) +36 if (sk->ivdata) 37 kfree(sk->ivdata); -38 if (sk->scratchpad) +38 if (sk->scratchpad) 39 kfree(sk->scratchpad); -40 if (sk->ciphertext) +40 if (sk->ciphertext) 41 kfree(sk->ciphertext); 42} 43 -44static int test_skcipher_result(struct skcipher_def *sk, int rc) +44static int test_skcipher_result(struct skcipher_def *sk, int rc) 45{ -46 switch (rc) { -47 case 0: -48 break; -49 case -EINPROGRESS || -EBUSY: +46 switch (rc) { +47 case 0: +48 break; +49 case -EINPROGRESS || -EBUSY: 50 rc = wait_for_completion_interruptible(&sk->result.completion); -51 if (!rc && !sk->result.err) { +51 if (!rc && !sk->result.err) { 52 reinit_completion(&sk->result.completion); -53 break; +53 break; 54 } -55 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, +55 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, 56 sk->result.err); -57 break; -58 default: -59 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, +57 break; +58 default: +59 pr_info("skcipher encrypt returned with %d result %d\n", rc, 60 sk->result.err); -61 break; +61 break; 62 } 63 64 init_completion(&sk->result.completion); 65 -66 return rc; +66 return rc; 67} 68 -69static void test_skcipher_callback(struct crypto_async_request *req, int error) +69static void test_skcipher_callback(struct crypto_async_request *req, int error) 70{ -71 struct tcrypt_result *result = req->data; +71 struct tcrypt_result *result = req->data; 72 -73 if (error == -EINPROGRESS) -74 return; +73 if (error == -EINPROGRESS) +74 return; 75 76 result->err = error; 77 complete(&result->completion); -78 pr_info("Encryption finished successfully\n"); +78 pr_info("Encryption finished successfully\n"); 79 -80 /* decrypt data */ -81#if 0 -82 memset((void*)sk.scratchpad, '-', CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); -83 ret = crypto_skcipher_decrypt(sk.req); -84 ret = test_skcipher_result(&sk, ret); -85 if (ret) -86 return; +80 /* decrypt data */ +81#if 0 +82 memset((void*)sk.scratchpad, '-', CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); +83 ret = crypto_skcipher_decrypt(sk.req); +84 ret = test_skcipher_result(&sk, ret); +85 if (ret) +86 return; 87 -88 sg_copy_from_buffer(&sk.sg, 1, sk.scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); -89 sk.scratchpad[CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE-1] = 0; +88 sg_copy_from_buffer(&sk.sg, 1, sk.scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); +89 sk.scratchpad[CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE-1] = 0; 90 -91 pr_info("Decryption request successful\n"); -92 pr_info("Decrypted: %s\n", sk.scratchpad); -93#endif +91 pr_info("Decryption request successful\n"); +92 pr_info("Decrypted: %s\n", sk.scratchpad); +93#endif 94} 95 -96static int test_skcipher_encrypt(char *plaintext, char *password, -97 struct skcipher_def *sk) +96static int test_skcipher_encrypt(char *plaintext, char *password, +97 struct skcipher_def *sk) 98{ -99 int ret = -EFAULT; -100 unsigned char key[SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH]; +99 int ret = -EFAULT; +100 unsigned char key[SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH]; 101 -102 if (!sk->tfm) { -103 sk->tfm = crypto_alloc_skcipher("cbc-aes-aesni", 0, 0); -104 if (IS_ERR(sk->tfm)) { -105 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher handle\n"); -106 return PTR_ERR(sk->tfm); +102 if (!sk->tfm) { +103 sk->tfm = crypto_alloc_skcipher("cbc-aes-aesni", 0, 0); +104 if (IS_ERR(sk->tfm)) { +105 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher handle\n"); +106 return PTR_ERR(sk->tfm); 107 } 108 } 109 -110 if (!sk->req) { +110 if (!sk->req) { 111 sk->req = skcipher_request_alloc(sk->tfm, GFP_KERNEL); -112 if (!sk->req) { -113 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher request\n"); +112 if (!sk->req) { +113 pr_info("could not allocate skcipher request\n"); 114 ret = -ENOMEM; -115 goto out; +115 goto out; 116 } 117 } 118 119 skcipher_request_set_callback(sk->req, CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MAY_BACKLOG, 120 test_skcipher_callback, &sk->result); 121 -122 /* clear the key */ -123 memset((void *)key, '\0', SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH); +122 /* clear the key */ +123 memset((void *)key, '\0', SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH); 124 -125 /* Use the world's favourite password */ -126 sprintf((char *)key, "%s", password); +125 /* Use the world's favourite password */ +126 sprintf((char *)key, "%s", password); 127 -128 /* AES 256 with given symmetric key */ -129 if (crypto_skcipher_setkey(sk->tfm, key, SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH)) { -130 pr_info("key could not be set\n"); +128 /* AES 256 with given symmetric key */ +129 if (crypto_skcipher_setkey(sk->tfm, key, SYMMETRIC_KEY_LENGTH)) { +130 pr_info("key could not be set\n"); 131 ret = -EAGAIN; -132 goto out; +132 goto out; 133 } -134 pr_info("Symmetric key: %s\n", key); -135 pr_info("Plaintext: %s\n", plaintext); +134 pr_info("Symmetric key: %s\n", key); +135 pr_info("Plaintext: %s\n", plaintext); 136 -137 if (!sk->ivdata) { -138 /* see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector */ +137 if (!sk->ivdata) { +138 /* see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector */ 139 sk->ivdata = kmalloc(CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); -140 if (!sk->ivdata) { -141 pr_info("could not allocate ivdata\n"); -142 goto out; +140 if (!sk->ivdata) { +141 pr_info("could not allocate ivdata\n"); +142 goto out; 143 } 144 get_random_bytes(sk->ivdata, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); 145 } 146 -147 if (!sk->scratchpad) { -148 /* The text to be encrypted */ +147 if (!sk->scratchpad) { +148 /* The text to be encrypted */ 149 sk->scratchpad = kmalloc(CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); -150 if (!sk->scratchpad) { -151 pr_info("could not allocate scratchpad\n"); -152 goto out; +150 if (!sk->scratchpad) { +151 pr_info("could not allocate scratchpad\n"); +152 goto out; 153 } 154 } -155 sprintf((char *)sk->scratchpad, "%s", plaintext); +155 sprintf((char *)sk->scratchpad, "%s", plaintext); 156 157 sg_init_one(&sk->sg, sk->scratchpad, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE); 158 skcipher_request_set_crypt(sk->req, &sk->sg, &sk->sg, CIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, 159 sk->ivdata); 160 init_completion(&sk->result.completion); 161 -162 /* encrypt data */ +162 /* encrypt data */ 163 ret = crypto_skcipher_encrypt(sk->req); 164 ret = test_skcipher_result(sk, ret); -165 if (ret) -166 goto out; +165 if (ret) +166 goto out; 167 -168 pr_info("Encryption request successful\n"); +168 pr_info("Encryption request successful\n"); 169 170out: -171 return ret; +171 return ret; 172} 173 -174static int __init cryptoapi_init(void) +174static int __init cryptoapi_init(void) 175{ -176 /* The world's favorite password */ -177 char *password = "password123"; +176 /* The world's favorite password */ +177 char *password = "password123"; 178 179 sk.tfm = NULL; 180 sk.req = NULL; @@ -5674,11 +5679,11 @@ and a password. 182 sk.ciphertext = NULL; 183 sk.ivdata = NULL; 184 -185 test_skcipher_encrypt("Testing", password, &sk); -186 return 0; +185 test_skcipher_encrypt("Testing", password, &sk); +186 return 0; 187} 188 -189static void __exit cryptoapi_exit(void) +189static void __exit cryptoapi_exit(void) 190{ 191 test_skcipher_finish(&sk); 192} @@ -5686,8 +5691,8 @@ and a password. 194module_init(cryptoapi_init); 195module_exit(cryptoapi_exit); 196 -197MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Symmetric key encryption example"); -198MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+197MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Symmetric key encryption example"); +198MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
17 Virtual Input Device Driver
@@ -5720,22 +5725,22 @@ development of virtual input drivers. The drivers needs to export a-
1int init(struct vinput *);-This function is passed a
struct vinput -already initialized with an allocatedstruct input_dev +structure is similar to other attribute types we talked about in section 8:1int init(struct vinput *);+This function is passed a
struct vinput +already initialized with an allocatedstruct input_dev. Theinit()function is responsible for initializing the capabilities of the input device and register it.-
1int send(struct vinput *, char *, int);+1int send(struct vinput *, char *, int);This function will receive a user string to interpret and inject the event using the
input_report_XXXXorinput_eventcall. The string is already copied from user.-
1int read(struct vinput *, char *, int);+1int read(struct vinput *, char *, int);This function is used for debugging and should fill the buffer parameter with the last event sent in the virtual input device format. The buffer will then be copied to user. @@ -5746,12 +5751,12 @@ virtual input device.
-
1struct class_attribute { -2 struct attribute attr; -3 ssize_t (*show)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -4 char *buf); -5 ssize_t (*store)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -6 const char *buf, size_t count); +1struct class_attribute { +2 struct attribute attr; +3 ssize_t (*show)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +4 char *buf); +5 ssize_t (*store)(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +6 const char *buf, size_t count); 7};In vinput.c, the macro
CLASS_ATTR_WO(export/unexport)defined in include/linux/device.h (in this case, device.h is included in include/linux/input.h) @@ -5759,7 +5764,7 @@ will generate theclass_attributestructures which are named class_attr_export/unexport. Then, put them intovinput_class_attrsarray and the macroATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(vinput_class) -will generate thestruct attribute_group vinput_class_group +will generate thestruct attribute_group vinput_class_group @@ -5769,200 +5774,200 @@ will generate theclass_attributeTo create a vinputX sysfs entry and /dev node.
-
1echo "vkbd" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/export+1echo "vkbd" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/exportTo unexport the device, just echo its id in unexport:
-
1echo "0" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/unexport+1echo "0" | sudo tee /sys/class/vinput/unexport-
1/* -2 * vinput.h -3 */ +1/* +2 * vinput.h +3 */ 4 -5#ifndef VINPUT_H -6#define VINPUT_H +5#ifndef VINPUT_H +6#define VINPUT_H 7 -8#include <linux/input.h> -9#include <linux/spinlock.h> +8#include <linux/input.h> +9#include <linux/spinlock.h> 10 -11#define VINPUT_MAX_LEN 128 -12#define MAX_VINPUT 32 -13#define VINPUT_MINORS MAX_VINPUT +11#define VINPUT_MAX_LEN 128 +12#define MAX_VINPUT 32 +13#define VINPUT_MINORS MAX_VINPUT 14 -15#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) +15#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) 16 -17struct vinput_device; +17struct vinput_device; 18 -19struct vinput { -20 long id; -21 long devno; -22 long last_entry; +19struct vinput { +20 long id; +21 long devno; +22 long last_entry; 23 spinlock_t lock; 24 -25 void *priv_data; +25 void *priv_data; 26 -27 struct device dev; -28 struct list_head list; -29 struct input_dev *input; -30 struct vinput_device *type; +27 struct device dev; +28 struct list_head list; +29 struct input_dev *input; +30 struct vinput_device *type; 31}; 32 -33struct vinput_ops { -34 int (*init)(struct vinput *); -35 int (*kill)(struct vinput *); -36 int (*send)(struct vinput *, char *, int); -37 int (*read)(struct vinput *, char *, int); +33struct vinput_ops { +34 int (*init)(struct vinput *); +35 int (*kill)(struct vinput *); +36 int (*send)(struct vinput *, char *, int); +37 int (*read)(struct vinput *, char *, int); 38}; 39 -40struct vinput_device { -41 char name[16]; -42 struct list_head list; -43 struct vinput_ops *ops; +40struct vinput_device { +41 char name[16]; +42 struct list_head list; +43 struct vinput_ops *ops; 44}; 45 -46int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev); -47void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev); +46int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev); +47void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev); 48 -49#endif+49#endif-
1/* -2 * vinput.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * vinput.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/cdev.h> -6#include <linux/input.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/slab.h> -9#include <linux/spinlock.h> +5#include <linux/cdev.h> +6#include <linux/input.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/slab.h> +9#include <linux/spinlock.h> 10 -11#include <asm/uaccess.h> +11#include <asm/uaccess.h> 12 -13#include "vinput.h" +13#include "vinput.h" 14 -15#define DRIVER_NAME "vinput" +15#define DRIVER_NAME "vinput" 16 -17#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) +17#define dev_to_vinput(dev) container_of(dev, struct vinput, dev) 18 -19static DECLARE_BITMAP(vinput_ids, VINPUT_MINORS); +19static DECLARE_BITMAP(vinput_ids, VINPUT_MINORS); 20 -21static LIST_HEAD(vinput_devices); -22static LIST_HEAD(vinput_vdevices); +21static LIST_HEAD(vinput_devices); +22static LIST_HEAD(vinput_vdevices); 23 -24static int vinput_dev; -25static struct spinlock vinput_lock; -26static struct class vinput_class; +24static int vinput_dev; +25static struct spinlock vinput_lock; +26static struct class vinput_class; 27 -28/* Search the name of vinput device in the vinput_devices linked list, -29 * which added at vinput_register(). -30 */ -31static struct vinput_device *vinput_get_device_by_type(const char *type) +28/* Search the name of vinput device in the vinput_devices linked list, +29 * which added at vinput_register(). +30 */ +31static struct vinput_device *vinput_get_device_by_type(const char *type) 32{ -33 int found = 0; -34 struct vinput_device *vinput; -35 struct list_head *curr; +33 int found = 0; +34 struct vinput_device *vinput; +35 struct list_head *curr; 36 37 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 38 list_for_each (curr, &vinput_devices) { -39 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput_device, list); -40 if (vinput && strncmp(type, vinput->name, strlen(vinput->name)) == 0) { +39 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput_device, list); +40 if (vinput && strncmp(type, vinput->name, strlen(vinput->name)) == 0) { 41 found = 1; -42 break; +42 break; 43 } 44 } 45 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 46 -47 if (found) -48 return vinput; -49 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); +47 if (found) +48 return vinput; +49 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); 50} 51 -52/* Search the id of virtual device in the vinput_vdevices linked list, -53 * which added at vinput_alloc_vdevice(). -54 */ -55static struct vinput *vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(long id) +52/* Search the id of virtual device in the vinput_vdevices linked list, +53 * which added at vinput_alloc_vdevice(). +54 */ +55static struct vinput *vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(long id) 56{ -57 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; -58 struct list_head *curr; +57 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; +58 struct list_head *curr; 59 60 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 61 list_for_each (curr, &vinput_vdevices) { -62 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); -63 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) -64 break; +62 vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); +63 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) +64 break; 65 } 66 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 67 -68 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) -69 return vinput; -70 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); +68 if (vinput && vinput->id == id) +69 return vinput; +70 return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV); 71} 72 -73static int vinput_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +73static int vinput_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 74{ -75 int err = 0; -76 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; +75 int err = 0; +76 struct vinput *vinput = NULL; 77 78 vinput = vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(iminor(inode)); 79 -80 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) +80 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) 81 err = PTR_ERR(vinput); -82 else +82 else 83 file->private_data = vinput; 84 -85 return err; +85 return err; 86} 87 -88static int vinput_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +88static int vinput_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 89{ -90 return 0; +90 return 0; 91} 92 -93static ssize_t vinput_read(struct file *file, char __user *buffer, size_t count, +93static ssize_t vinput_read(struct file *file, char __user *buffer, size_t count, 94 loff_t *offset) 95{ -96 int len; -97 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; -98 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; +96 int len; +97 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; +98 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; 99 100 len = vinput->type->ops->read(vinput, buff, count); 101 -102 if (*offset > len) +102 if (*offset > len) 103 count = 0; -104 else if (count + *offset > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) +104 else if (count + *offset > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) 105 count = len - *offset; 106 -107 if (raw_copy_to_user(buffer, buff + *offset, count)) +107 if (raw_copy_to_user(buffer, buff + *offset, count)) 108 count = -EFAULT; 109 110 *offset += count; 111 -112 return count; +112 return count; 113} 114 -115static ssize_t vinput_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, -116 size_t count, loff_t *offset) +115static ssize_t vinput_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, +116 size_t count, loff_t *offset) 117{ -118 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; -119 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; +118 char buff[VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1]; +119 struct vinput *vinput = file->private_data; 120 -121 memset(buff, 0, sizeof(char) * (VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1)); +121 memset(buff, 0, sizeof(char) * (VINPUT_MAX_LEN + 1)); 122 -123 if (count > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) { -124 dev_warn(&vinput->dev, "Too long. %d bytes allowed\n", VINPUT_MAX_LEN); -125 return -EINVAL; +123 if (count > VINPUT_MAX_LEN) { +124 dev_warn(&vinput->dev, "Too long. %d bytes allowed\n", VINPUT_MAX_LEN); +125 return -EINVAL; 126 } 127 -128 if (raw_copy_from_user(buff, buffer, count)) -129 return -EFAULT; +128 if (raw_copy_from_user(buff, buffer, count)) +129 return -EFAULT; 130 -131 return vinput->type->ops->send(vinput, buff, count); +131 return vinput->type->ops->send(vinput, buff, count); 132} 133 -134static const struct file_operations vinput_fops = { +134static const struct file_operations vinput_fops = { 135 .owner = THIS_MODULE, 136 .open = vinput_open, 137 .release = vinput_release, @@ -5970,16 +5975,16 @@ will generate the+402MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +403MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate input events");class_attribute 139 .write = vinput_write, 140}; 141 -142static void vinput_unregister_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) +142static void vinput_unregister_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) 143{ 144 input_unregister_device(vinput->input); -145 if (vinput->type->ops->kill) +145 if (vinput->type->ops->kill) 146 vinput->type->ops->kill(vinput); 147} 148 -149static void vinput_destroy_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) +149static void vinput_destroy_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) 150{ -151 /* Remove from the list first */ +151 /* Remove from the list first */ 152 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 153 list_del(&vinput->list); 154 clear_bit(vinput->id, vinput_ids); @@ -5990,52 +5995,52 @@ will generate theclass_attribute 159 kfree(vinput); 160} 161 -162static void vinput_release_dev(struct device *dev) +162static void vinput_release_dev(struct device *dev) 163{ -164 struct vinput *vinput = dev_to_vinput(dev); -165 int id = vinput->id; +164 struct vinput *vinput = dev_to_vinput(dev); +165 int id = vinput->id; 166 167 vinput_destroy_vdevice(vinput); 168 -169 pr_debug("released vinput%d.\n", id); +169 pr_debug("released vinput%d.\n", id); 170} 171 -172static struct vinput *vinput_alloc_vdevice(void) +172static struct vinput *vinput_alloc_vdevice(void) 173{ -174 int err; -175 struct vinput *vinput = kzalloc(sizeof(struct vinput), GFP_KERNEL); +174 int err; +175 struct vinput *vinput = kzalloc(sizeof(struct vinput), GFP_KERNEL); 176 177 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 178 -179 memset(vinput, 0, sizeof(struct vinput)); +179 memset(vinput, 0, sizeof(struct vinput)); 180 181 spin_lock_init(&vinput->lock); 182 183 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 184 vinput->id = find_first_zero_bit(vinput_ids, VINPUT_MINORS); -185 if (vinput->id >= VINPUT_MINORS) { +185 if (vinput->id >= VINPUT_MINORS) { 186 err = -ENOBUFS; -187 goto fail_id; +187 goto fail_id; 188 } 189 set_bit(vinput->id, vinput_ids); 190 list_add(&vinput->list, &vinput_vdevices); 191 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 192 -193 /* allocate the input device */ +193 /* allocate the input device */ 194 vinput->input = input_allocate_device(); -195 if (vinput->input == NULL) { -196 pr_err("vinput: Cannot allocate vinput input device\n"); +195 if (vinput->input == NULL) { +196 pr_err("vinput: Cannot allocate vinput input device\n"); 197 err = -ENOMEM; -198 goto fail_input_dev; +198 goto fail_input_dev; 199 } 200 -201 /* initialize device */ +201 /* initialize device */ 202 vinput->dev.class = &vinput_class; 203 vinput->dev.release = vinput_release_dev; 204 vinput->dev.devt = MKDEV(vinput_dev, vinput->id); -205 dev_set_name(&vinput->dev, DRIVER_NAME "%lu", vinput->id); +205 dev_set_name(&vinput->dev, DRIVER_NAME "%lu", vinput->id); 206 -207 return vinput; +207 return vinput; 208 209fail_input_dev: 210 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); @@ -6045,16 +6050,16 @@ will generate theclass_attribute 214 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 215 kfree(vinput); 216 -217 return ERR_PTR(err); +217 return ERR_PTR(err); 218} 219 -220static int vinput_register_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) +220static int vinput_register_vdevice(struct vinput *vinput) 221{ -222 int err = 0; +222 int err = 0; 223 -224 /* register the input device */ +224 /* register the input device */ 225 vinput->input->name = vinput->type->name; -226 vinput->input->phys = "vinput"; +226 vinput->input->phys = "vinput"; 227 vinput->input->dev.parent = &vinput->dev; 228 229 vinput->input->id.bustype = BUS_VIRTUAL; @@ -6064,164 +6069,164 @@ will generate theclass_attribute 233 234 err = vinput->type->ops->init(vinput); 235 -236 if (err == 0) -237 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Registered virtual input %s %ld\n", +236 if (err == 0) +237 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Registered virtual input %s %ld\n", 238 vinput->type->name, vinput->id); 239 -240 return err; +240 return err; 241} 242 -243static ssize_t export_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -244 const char *buf, size_t len) +243static ssize_t export_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +244 const char *buf, size_t len) 245{ -246 int err; -247 struct vinput *vinput; -248 struct vinput_device *device; +246 int err; +247 struct vinput *vinput; +248 struct vinput_device *device; 249 250 device = vinput_get_device_by_type(buf); -251 if (IS_ERR(device)) { -252 pr_info("vinput: This virtual device isn't registered\n"); +251 if (IS_ERR(device)) { +252 pr_info("vinput: This virtual device isn't registered\n"); 253 err = PTR_ERR(device); -254 goto fail; +254 goto fail; 255 } 256 257 vinput = vinput_alloc_vdevice(); -258 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { +258 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { 259 err = PTR_ERR(vinput); -260 goto fail; +260 goto fail; 261 } 262 263 vinput->type = device; 264 err = device_register(&vinput->dev); -265 if (err < 0) -266 goto fail_register; +265 if (err < 0) +266 goto fail_register; 267 268 err = vinput_register_vdevice(vinput); -269 if (err < 0) -270 goto fail_register_vinput; +269 if (err < 0) +270 goto fail_register_vinput; 271 -272 return len; +272 return len; 273 274fail_register_vinput: 275 device_unregister(&vinput->dev); 276fail_register: 277 vinput_destroy_vdevice(vinput); 278fail: -279 return err; +279 return err; 280} -281/* This macro generates class_attr_export structure and export_store() */ -282static CLASS_ATTR_WO(export); +281/* This macro generates class_attr_export structure and export_store() */ +282static CLASS_ATTR_WO(export); 283 -284static ssize_t unexport_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, -285 const char *buf, size_t len) +284static ssize_t unexport_store(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr, +285 const char *buf, size_t len) 286{ -287 int err; -288 unsigned long id; -289 struct vinput *vinput; +287 int err; +288 unsigned long id; +289 struct vinput *vinput; 290 291 err = kstrtol(buf, 10, &id); -292 if (err) { +292 if (err) { 293 err = -EINVAL; -294 goto failed; +294 goto failed; 295 } 296 297 vinput = vinput_get_vdevice_by_id(id); -298 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { -299 pr_err("vinput: No such vinput device %ld\n", id); +298 if (IS_ERR(vinput)) { +299 pr_err("vinput: No such vinput device %ld\n", id); 300 err = PTR_ERR(vinput); -301 goto failed; +301 goto failed; 302 } 303 304 vinput_unregister_vdevice(vinput); 305 device_unregister(&vinput->dev); 306 -307 return len; +307 return len; 308failed: -309 return err; +309 return err; 310} -311/* This macro generates class_attr_unexport structure and unexport_store() */ -312static CLASS_ATTR_WO(unexport); +311/* This macro generates class_attr_unexport structure and unexport_store() */ +312static CLASS_ATTR_WO(unexport); 313 -314static struct attribute *vinput_class_attrs[] = { +314static struct attribute *vinput_class_attrs[] = { 315 &class_attr_export.attr, 316 &class_attr_unexport.attr, 317 NULL, 318}; 319 -320/* This macro generates vinput_class_groups structure */ +320/* This macro generates vinput_class_groups structure */ 321ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(vinput_class); 322 -323static struct class vinput_class = { -324 .name = "vinput", +323static struct class vinput_class = { +324 .name = "vinput", 325 .owner = THIS_MODULE, 326 .class_groups = vinput_class_groups, 327}; 328 -329int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev) +329int vinput_register(struct vinput_device *dev) 330{ 331 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 332 list_add(&dev->list, &vinput_devices); 333 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 334 -335 pr_info("vinput: registered new virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); +335 pr_info("vinput: registered new virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); 336 -337 return 0; +337 return 0; 338} 339EXPORT_SYMBOL(vinput_register); 340 -341void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev) +341void vinput_unregister(struct vinput_device *dev) 342{ -343 struct list_head *curr, *next; +343 struct list_head *curr, *next; 344 -345 /* Remove from the list first */ +345 /* Remove from the list first */ 346 spin_lock(&vinput_lock); 347 list_del(&dev->list); 348 spin_unlock(&vinput_lock); 349 -350 /* unregister all devices of this type */ +350 /* unregister all devices of this type */ 351 list_for_each_safe (curr, next, &vinput_vdevices) { -352 struct vinput *vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); -353 if (vinput && vinput->type == dev) { +352 struct vinput *vinput = list_entry(curr, struct vinput, list); +353 if (vinput && vinput->type == dev) { 354 vinput_unregister_vdevice(vinput); 355 device_unregister(&vinput->dev); 356 } 357 } 358 -359 pr_info("vinput: unregistered virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); +359 pr_info("vinput: unregistered virtual input device '%s'\n", dev->name); 360} 361EXPORT_SYMBOL(vinput_unregister); 362 -363static int __init vinput_init(void) +363static int __init vinput_init(void) 364{ -365 int err = 0; +365 int err = 0; 366 -367 pr_info("vinput: Loading virtual input driver\n"); +367 pr_info("vinput: Loading virtual input driver\n"); 368 369 vinput_dev = register_chrdev(0, DRIVER_NAME, &vinput_fops); -370 if (vinput_dev < 0) { -371 pr_err("vinput: Unable to allocate char dev region\n"); +370 if (vinput_dev < 0) { +371 pr_err("vinput: Unable to allocate char dev region\n"); 372 err = vinput_dev; -373 goto failed_alloc; +373 goto failed_alloc; 374 } 375 376 spin_lock_init(&vinput_lock); 377 378 err = class_register(&vinput_class); -379 if (err < 0) { -380 pr_err("vinput: Unable to register vinput class\n"); -381 goto failed_class; +379 if (err < 0) { +380 pr_err("vinput: Unable to register vinput class\n"); +381 goto failed_class; 382 } 383 -384 return 0; +384 return 0; 385failed_class: 386 class_unregister(&vinput_class); 387failed_alloc: -388 return err; +388 return err; 389} 390 -391static void __exit vinput_end(void) +391static void __exit vinput_end(void) 392{ -393 pr_info("vinput: Unloading virtual input driver\n"); +393 pr_info("vinput: Unloading virtual input driver\n"); 394 395 unregister_chrdev(vinput_dev, DRIVER_NAME); 396 class_unregister(&vinput_class); @@ -6230,8 +6235,8 @@ will generate theclass_attribute 399module_init(vinput_init); 400module_exit(vinput_end); 401 -402MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -403MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate input events");Here the virtual keyboard is one of example to use vinput. It supports all
KEY_MAXkeycodes. The injection format is theKEY_CODE @@ -6244,116 +6249,116 @@ following demonstrates how simulation work.= 34):-
1echo "+34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0+1echo "+34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0Simulate a key release on "g" (
KEY_G= 34):-
1echo "-34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0+1echo "-34" | sudo tee /dev/vinput0-
1/* -2 * vkbd.c -3 */ +@@ -6377,59 +6382,59 @@ use this as a template to add your own suspend, resume or other interface functions.1/* +2 * vkbd.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/init.h> -6#include <linux/input.h> -7#include <linux/module.h> -8#include <linux/spinlock.h> +5#include <linux/init.h> +6#include <linux/input.h> +7#include <linux/module.h> +8#include <linux/spinlock.h> 9 -10#include "vinput.h" +10#include "vinput.h" 11 -12#define VINPUT_KBD "vkbd" -13#define VINPUT_RELEASE 0 -14#define VINPUT_PRESS 1 +12#define VINPUT_KBD "vkbd" +13#define VINPUT_RELEASE 0 +14#define VINPUT_PRESS 1 15 -16static unsigned short vkeymap[KEY_MAX]; +16static unsigned short vkeymap[KEY_MAX]; 17 -18static int vinput_vkbd_init(struct vinput *vinput) +18static int vinput_vkbd_init(struct vinput *vinput) 19{ -20 int i; +20 int i; 21 -22 /* Set up the input bitfield */ +22 /* Set up the input bitfield */ 23 vinput->input->evbit[0] = BIT_MASK(EV_KEY) | BIT_MASK(EV_REP); -24 vinput->input->keycodesize = sizeof(unsigned short); +24 vinput->input->keycodesize = sizeof(unsigned short); 25 vinput->input->keycodemax = KEY_MAX; 26 vinput->input->keycode = vkeymap; 27 -28 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) +28 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) 29 set_bit(vkeymap[i], vinput->input->keybit); 30 -31 /* vinput will help us allocate new input device structure via -32 * input_allocate_device(). So, we can register it straightforwardly. -33 */ -34 return input_register_device(vinput->input); +31 /* vinput will help us allocate new input device structure via +32 * input_allocate_device(). So, we can register it straightforwardly. +33 */ +34 return input_register_device(vinput->input); 35} 36 -37static int vinput_vkbd_read(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) +37static int vinput_vkbd_read(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) 38{ 39 spin_lock(&vinput->lock); -40 len = snprintf(buff, len, "%+ld\n", vinput->last_entry); +40 len = snprintf(buff, len, "%+ld\n", vinput->last_entry); 41 spin_unlock(&vinput->lock); 42 -43 return len; +43 return len; 44} 45 -46static int vinput_vkbd_send(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) +46static int vinput_vkbd_send(struct vinput *vinput, char *buff, int len) 47{ -48 int ret; -49 long key = 0; -50 short type = VINPUT_PRESS; +48 int ret; +49 long key = 0; +50 short type = VINPUT_PRESS; 51 -52 /* Determine which event was received (press or release) -53 * and store the state. -54 */ -55 if (buff[0] == '+') +52 /* Determine which event was received (press or release) +53 * and store the state. +54 */ +55 if (buff[0] == '+') 56 ret = kstrtol(buff + 1, 10, &key); -57 else +57 else 58 ret = kstrtol(buff, 10, &key); -59 if (ret) -60 dev_err(&vinput->dev, "error during kstrtol: -%d\n", ret); +59 if (ret) +60 dev_err(&vinput->dev, "error during kstrtol: -%d\n", ret); 61 spin_lock(&vinput->lock); 62 vinput->last_entry = key; 63 spin_unlock(&vinput->lock); 64 -65 if (key < 0) { +65 if (key < 0) { 66 type = VINPUT_RELEASE; 67 key = -key; 68 } 69 -70 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Event %s code %ld\n", -71 (type == VINPUT_RELEASE) ? "VINPUT_RELEASE" : "VINPUT_PRESS", key); +70 dev_info(&vinput->dev, "Event %s code %ld\n", +71 (type == VINPUT_RELEASE) ? "VINPUT_RELEASE" : "VINPUT_PRESS", key); 72 -73 /* Report the state received to input subsystem. */ +73 /* Report the state received to input subsystem. */ 74 input_report_key(vinput->input, key, type); -75 /* Tell input subsystem that it finished the report. */ +75 /* Tell input subsystem that it finished the report. */ 76 input_sync(vinput->input); 77 -78 return len; +78 return len; 79} 80 -81static struct vinput_ops vkbd_ops = { +81static struct vinput_ops vkbd_ops = { 82 .init = vinput_vkbd_init, 83 .send = vinput_vkbd_send, 84 .read = vinput_vkbd_read, 85}; 86 -87static struct vinput_device vkbd_dev = { +87static struct vinput_device vkbd_dev = { 88 .name = VINPUT_KBD, 89 .ops = &vkbd_ops, 90}; 91 -92static int __init vkbd_init(void) +92static int __init vkbd_init(void) 93{ -94 int i; +94 int i; 95 -96 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) +96 for (i = 0; i < KEY_MAX; i++) 97 vkeymap[i] = i; -98 return vinput_register(&vkbd_dev); +98 return vinput_register(&vkbd_dev); 99} 100 -101static void __exit vkbd_end(void) +101static void __exit vkbd_end(void) 102{ 103 vinput_unregister(&vkbd_dev); 104} @@ -6361,8 +6366,8 @@ following demonstrates how simulation work. 106module_init(vkbd_init); 107module_exit(vkbd_end); 108 -109MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -110MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate keyboard input events through /dev/vinput");+109MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +110MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Emulate keyboard input events through /dev/vinput");-
1/* -2 * devicemodel.c -3 */ -4#include <linux/kernel.h> -5#include <linux/module.h> -6#include <linux/platform_device.h> +1/* +2 * devicemodel.c +3 */ +4#include <linux/kernel.h> +5#include <linux/module.h> +6#include <linux/platform_device.h> 7 -8struct devicemodel_data { -9 char *greeting; -10 int number; +8struct devicemodel_data { +9 char *greeting; +10 int number; 11}; 12 -13static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) +13static int devicemodel_probe(struct platform_device *dev) 14{ -15 struct devicemodel_data *pd = -16 (struct devicemodel_data *)(dev->dev.platform_data); +15 struct devicemodel_data *pd = +16 (struct devicemodel_data *)(dev->dev.platform_data); 17 -18 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); -19 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); +18 pr_info("devicemodel probe\n"); +19 pr_info("devicemodel greeting: %s; %d\n", pd->greeting, pd->number); 20 -21 /* Your device initialization code */ +21 /* Your device initialization code */ 22 -23 return 0; +23 return 0; 24} 25 -26static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) +26static int devicemodel_remove(struct platform_device *dev) 27{ -28 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); +28 pr_info("devicemodel example removed\n"); 29 -30 /* Your device removal code */ +30 /* Your device removal code */ 31 -32 return 0; +32 return 0; 33} 34 -35static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) +35static int devicemodel_suspend(struct device *dev) 36{ -37 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); +37 pr_info("devicemodel example suspend\n"); 38 -39 /* Your device suspend code */ +39 /* Your device suspend code */ 40 -41 return 0; +41 return 0; 42} 43 -44static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) +44static int devicemodel_resume(struct device *dev) 45{ -46 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); +46 pr_info("devicemodel example resume\n"); 47 -48 /* Your device resume code */ +48 /* Your device resume code */ 49 -50 return 0; +50 return 0; 51} 52 -53static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { +53static const struct dev_pm_ops devicemodel_pm_ops = { 54 .suspend = devicemodel_suspend, 55 .resume = devicemodel_resume, 56 .poweroff = devicemodel_suspend, @@ -6438,43 +6443,43 @@ functions. 59 .restore = devicemodel_resume, 60}; 61 -62static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { +62static struct platform_driver devicemodel_driver = { 63 .driver = 64 { -65 .name = "devicemodel_example", +65 .name = "devicemodel_example", 66 .pm = &devicemodel_pm_ops, 67 }, 68 .probe = devicemodel_probe, 69 .remove = devicemodel_remove, 70}; 71 -72static int __init devicemodel_init(void) +72static int __init devicemodel_init(void) 73{ -74 int ret; +74 int ret; 75 -76 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); +76 pr_info("devicemodel init\n"); 77 78 ret = platform_driver_register(&devicemodel_driver); 79 -80 if (ret) { -81 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); -82 return ret; +80 if (ret) { +81 pr_err("Unable to register driver\n"); +82 return ret; 83 } 84 -85 return 0; +85 return 0; 86} 87 -88static void __exit devicemodel_exit(void) +88static void __exit devicemodel_exit(void) 89{ -90 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); +90 pr_info("devicemodel exit\n"); 91 platform_driver_unregister(&devicemodel_driver); 92} 93 94module_init(devicemodel_init); 95module_exit(devicemodel_exit); 96 -97MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); -98MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");+97MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +98MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Device Model example");
19 Optimizations
@@ -6495,10 +6500,10 @@ to succeed.
1bvl = bvec_alloc(gfp_mask, nr_iovecs, &idx); -2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { +2if (unlikely(!bvl)) { 3 mempool_free(bio, bio_pool); 4 bio = NULL; -5 goto out; +5 goto out; 6}When the
unlikelymacro is used, the compiler alters its machine instruction output, so that it @@ -6519,7 +6524,7 @@ prediction. The most typical use case of static keys is for performance-sensitiv code, such as tracepoints, context switching, networking, etc. These hot paths of the kernel often contain branches and can be optimized easily using this technique. Before we can use static keys in the kernel, we need to make sure that gcc supports -asm goto +asm gotoinline assembly, and the following kernel configurations are set:@@ -6542,10 +6547,10 @@ no-op instruction will be generated at compile time as the key is initialized to and the branch is unlikely to be taken.
-
1pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); -2if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) -3 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); -4pr_info("fastpath 2\n");+1pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); +2if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) +3 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); +4pr_info("fastpath 2\n");If the key is enabled at runtime by calling
static_branch_enable(&fkey), the fastpath will be patched with an unconditional jump instruction to the slowpath @@ -6555,49 +6560,49 @@ codepr_alert static key works.-
1/* -2 * static_key.c -3 */ +1/* +2 * static_key.c +3 */ 4 -5#include <linux/atomic.h> -6#include <linux/device.h> -7#include <linux/fs.h> -8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ -9#include <linux/module.h> -10#include <linux/printk.h> -11#include <linux/types.h> -12#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ -13#include <linux/jump_label.h> /* for static key macros */ +5#include <linux/atomic.h> +6#include <linux/device.h> +7#include <linux/fs.h> +8#include <linux/kernel.h> /* for sprintf() */ +9#include <linux/module.h> +10#include <linux/printk.h> +11#include <linux/types.h> +12#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */ +13#include <linux/jump_label.h> /* for static key macros */ 14 -15#include <asm/errno.h> +15#include <asm/errno.h> 16 -17static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); -18static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); -19static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t count, +17static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); +18static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file); +19static ssize_t device_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t count, 20 loff_t *ppos); -21static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, -22 size_t count, loff_t *ppos); +21static ssize_t device_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, +22 size_t count, loff_t *ppos); 23 -24#define SUCCESS 0 -25#define DEVICE_NAME "key_state" -26#define BUF_LEN 10 +24#define SUCCESS 0 +25#define DEVICE_NAME "key_state" +26#define BUF_LEN 10 27 -28static int major; +28static int major; 29 -30enum { +30enum { 31 CDEV_NOT_USED = 0, 32 CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN = 1, 33}; 34 -35static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); +35static atomic_t already_open = ATOMIC_INIT(CDEV_NOT_USED); 36 -37static char msg[BUF_LEN + 1]; +37static char msg[BUF_LEN + 1]; 38 -39static struct class *cls; +39static struct class *cls; 40 -41static DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(fkey); +41static DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(fkey); 42 -43static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { +43static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { 44 .owner = THIS_MODULE, 45 .open = device_open, 46 .release = device_release, @@ -6605,102 +6610,102 @@ static key works. 48 .write = device_write, 49}; 50 -51static int __init chardev_init(void) +51static int __init chardev_init(void) 52{ 53 major = register_chrdev(0, DEVICE_NAME, &chardev_fops); -54 if (major < 0) { -55 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); -56 return major; +54 if (major < 0) { +55 pr_alert("Registering char device failed with %d\n", major); +56 return major; 57 } 58 -59 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d\n", major); +59 pr_info("I was assigned major number %d\n", major); 60 61 cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DEVICE_NAME); 62 63 device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, DEVICE_NAME); 64 -65 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); +65 pr_info("Device created on /dev/%s\n", DEVICE_NAME); 66 -67 return SUCCESS; +67 return SUCCESS; 68} 69 -70static void __exit chardev_exit(void) +70static void __exit chardev_exit(void) 71{ 72 device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 0)); 73 class_destroy(cls); 74 -75 /* Unregister the device */ +75 /* Unregister the device */ 76 unregister_chrdev(major, DEVICE_NAME); 77} 78 -79/* Methods */ +79/* Methods */ 80 -81/** -82 * Called when a process tried to open the device file, like -83 * cat /dev/key_state -84 */ -85static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +81/** +82 * Called when a process tried to open the device file, like +83 * cat /dev/key_state +84 */ +85static int device_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 86{ -87 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) -88 return -EBUSY; +87 if (atomic_cmpxchg(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED, CDEV_EXCLUSIVE_OPEN)) +88 return -EBUSY; 89 -90 sprintf(msg, static_key_enabled(&fkey) ? "enabled\n" : "disabled\n"); +90 sprintf(msg, static_key_enabled(&fkey) ? "enabled\n" : "disabled\n"); 91 -92 pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); -93 if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) -94 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); -95 pr_info("fastpath 2\n"); +92 pr_info("fastpath 1\n"); +93 if (static_branch_unlikely(&fkey)) +94 pr_alert("do unlikely thing\n"); +95 pr_info("fastpath 2\n"); 96 97 try_module_get(THIS_MODULE); 98 -99 return SUCCESS; +99 return SUCCESS; 100} 101 -102/** -103 * Called when a process closes the device file -104 */ -105static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +102/** +103 * Called when a process closes the device file +104 */ +105static int device_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) 106{ -107 /* We are now ready for our next caller. */ +107 /* We are now ready for our next caller. */ 108 atomic_set(&already_open, CDEV_NOT_USED); 109 -110 /** -111 * Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will -112 * never get rid of the module. -113 */ +110 /** +111 * Decrement the usage count, or else once you opened the file, you will +112 * never get rid of the module. +113 */ 114 module_put(THIS_MODULE); 115 -116 return SUCCESS; +116 return SUCCESS; 117} 118 -119/** -120 * Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to -121 * read from it. -122 */ -123static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ -124 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ -125 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ +119/** +120 * Called when a process, which already opened the dev file, attempts to +121 * read from it. +122 */ +123static ssize_t device_read(struct file *filp, /* see include/linux/fs.h */ +124 char __user *buffer, /* buffer to fill with data */ +125 size_t length, /* length of the buffer */ 126 loff_t *offset) 127{ -128 /* Number of the bytes actually written to the buffer */ -129 int bytes_read = 0; -130 const char *msg_ptr = msg; +128 /* Number of the bytes actually written to the buffer */ +129 int bytes_read = 0; +130 const char *msg_ptr = msg; 131 -132 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* We are at the end of the message */ -133 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ -134 return 0; /* signify end of file */ +132 if (!*(msg_ptr + *offset)) { /* We are at the end of the message */ +133 *offset = 0; /* reset the offset */ +134 return 0; /* signify end of file */ 135 } 136 137 msg_ptr += *offset; 138 -139 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ -140 while (length && *msg_ptr) { -141 /** -142 * The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel -143 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use -144 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to -145 * the user data segment. -146 */ +139 /* Actually put the data into the buffer */ +140 while (length && *msg_ptr) { +141 /** +142 * The buffer is in the user data segment, not the kernel +143 * segment so "*" assignment won't work. We have to use +144 * put_user which copies data from the kernel data segment to +145 * the user data segment. +146 */ 147 put_user(*(msg_ptr++), buffer++); 148 length--; 149 bytes_read++; @@ -6708,41 +6713,41 @@ static key works. 151 152 *offset += bytes_read; 153 -154 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */ -155 return bytes_read; +154 /* Most read functions return the number of bytes put into the buffer. */ +155 return bytes_read; 156} 157 -158/* Called when a process writes to dev file; echo "enable" > /dev/key_state */ -159static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buffer, -160 size_t length, loff_t *offset) +158/* Called when a process writes to dev file; echo "enable" > /dev/key_state */ +159static ssize_t device_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buffer, +160 size_t length, loff_t *offset) 161{ -162 char command[10]; +162 char command[10]; 163 -164 if (length > 10) { -165 pr_err("command exceeded 10 char\n"); -166 return -EINVAL; +164 if (length > 10) { +165 pr_err("command exceeded 10 char\n"); +166 return -EINVAL; 167 } 168 -169 if (copy_from_user(command, buffer, length)) -170 return -EFAULT; +169 if (copy_from_user(command, buffer, length)) +170 return -EFAULT; 171 -172 if (strncmp(command, "enable", strlen("enable")) == 0) +172 if (strncmp(command, "enable", strlen("enable")) == 0) 173 static_branch_enable(&fkey); -174 else if (strncmp(command, "disable", strlen("disable")) == 0) +174 else if (strncmp(command, "disable", strlen("disable")) == 0) 175 static_branch_disable(&fkey); -176 else { -177 pr_err("Invalid command: %s\n", command); -178 return -EINVAL; +176 else { +177 pr_err("Invalid command: %s\n", command); +178 return -EINVAL; 179 } 180 -181 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ -182 return length; +181 /* Again, return the number of input characters used. */ +182 return length; 183} 184 185module_init(chardev_init); 186module_exit(chardev_exit); 187 -188MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");+188MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");