# pcre2stack man page

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PCRE2 DISCUSSION OF STACK USAGE

When you call pcre2_match(), it makes use of an internal function called match(). This calls itself recursively at branch points in the pattern, in order to remember the state of the match so that it can back up and try a different alternative after a failure. As matching proceeds deeper and deeper into the tree of possibilities, the recursion depth increases. The match() function is also called in other circumstances, for example, whenever a parenthesized sub-pattern is entered, and in certain cases of repetition.

Not all calls of match() increase the recursion depth; for an item such as a* it may be called several times at the same level, after matching different numbers of a's. Furthermore, in a number of cases where the result of the recursive call would immediately be passed back as the result of the current call (a "tail recursion"), the function is just restarted instead.

Each time the internal match() function is called recursively, it uses memory from the process stack. For certain kinds of pattern and data, very large amounts of stack may be needed, despite the recognition of "tail recursion". Note that if PCRE2 is compiled with the -fsanitize=address option of the GCC compiler, the stack requirements are greatly increased.

The above comments apply when pcre2_match() is run in its normal interpretive manner. If the compiled pattern was processed by pcre2_jit_compile(), and just-in-time compiling was successful, and the options passed to pcre2_match() were not incompatible, the matching process uses the JIT-compiled code instead of the match() function. In this case, the memory requirements are handled entirely differently. See the pcre2jit documentation for details.

The pcre2_dfa_match() function operates in a different way to pcre2_match(), and uses recursion only when there is a regular expression recursion or subroutine call in the pattern. This includes the processing of assertion and "once-only" subpatterns, which are handled like subroutine calls. Normally, these are never very deep, and the limit on the complexity of pcre2_dfa_match() is controlled by the amount of workspace it is given. However, it is possible to write patterns with runaway infinite recursions; such patterns will cause pcre2_dfa_match() to run out of stack unless a limit is applied (see below).

The comments in the next three sections do not apply to pcre2_dfa_match(); they are relevant only for pcre2_match() without the JIT optimization.

Reducing pcre2_match()'s stack usage

You can often reduce the amount of recursion, and therefore the amount of stack used, by modifying the pattern that is being matched. Consider, for example, this pattern:

      ([^<]|<(?!inet))+

It matches from wherever it starts until it encounters "<inet" or the end of the data, and is the kind of pattern that might be used when processing an XML file. Each iteration of the outer parentheses matches either one character that is not "<" or a "<" that is not followed by "inet". However, each time a parenthesis is processed, a recursion occurs, so this formulation uses a stack frame for each matched character. For a long string, a lot of stack is required. Consider now this rewritten pattern, which matches exactly the same strings:

      ([^<]++|<(?!inet))+

This uses very much less stack, because runs of characters that do not contain "<" are "swallowed" in one item inside the parentheses. Recursion happens only when a "<" character that is not followed by "inet" is encountered (and we assume this is relatively rare). A possessive quantifier is used to stop any backtracking into the runs of non-"<" characters, but that is not related to stack usage.

This example shows that one way of avoiding stack problems when matching long subject strings is to write repeated parenthesized subpatterns to match more than one character whenever possible.

Compiling PCRE2 to use heap instead of stack for pcre2_match()

In environments where stack memory is constrained, you might want to compile PCRE2 to use heap memory instead of stack for remembering back-up points when pcre2_match() is running. This makes it run more slowly, however. Details of how to do this are given in the pcre2build documentation. When built in this way, instead of using the stack, PCRE2 gets memory for remembering backup points from the heap. By default, the memory is obtained by calling the system malloc() function, but you can arrange to supply your own memory management function. For details, see the section entitled "The match context" in the pcre2api documentation. Since the block sizes are always the same, it may be possible to implement a customized memory handler that is more efficient than the standard function. The memory blocks obtained for this purpose are retained and re-used if possible while pcre2_match() is running. They are all freed just before it exits.

Limiting pcre2_match()'s stack usage

You can set limits on the number of times the internal match() function is called, both in total and recursively. If a limit is exceeded, pcre2_match() returns an error code. Setting suitable limits should prevent it from running out of stack. The default values of the limits are very large, and unlikely ever to operate. They can be changed when PCRE2 is built, and they can also be set when pcre2_match() is called. For details of these interfaces, see the pcre2build documentation and the section entitled "The match context" in the pcre2api documentation.

As a very rough rule of thumb, you should reckon on about 500 bytes per recursion. Thus, if you want to limit your stack usage to 8Mb, you should set the limit at 16000 recursions. A 64Mb stack, on the other hand, can support around 128000 recursions.

The pcre2test test program has a modifier called "find_limits" which, if applied to a subject line, causes it to find the smallest limits that allow a a pattern to match. This is done by calling pcre2_match() repeatedly with different limits.

Limiting pcre2_dfa_match()'s stack usage

The recursion limit, as described above for pcre2_match(), also applies to pcre2_dfa_match(), whose use of recursive function calls for recursions in the pattern can lead to runaway stack usage. The non-recursive match limit is not relevant for DFA matching, and is ignored.

Changing stack size in Unix-like systems

In Unix-like environments, there is not often a problem with the stack unless very long strings are involved, though the default limit on stack size varies from system to system. Values from 8Mb to 64Mb are common. You can find your default limit by running the command:

      ulimit -s

Unfortunately, the effect of running out of stack is often SIGSEGV, though sometimes a more explicit error message is given. You can normally increase the limit on stack size by code such as this:

      struct rlimit rlim;
      getrlimit(RLIMIT_STACK, &rlim);
      rlim.rlim_cur = 100*1024*1024;
      setrlimit(RLIMIT_STACK, &rlim);

This reads the current limits (soft and hard) using getrlimit(), then attempts to increase the soft limit to 100Mb using setrlimit(). You must do this before calling pcre2_match().
Changing stack size in Mac OS X

Using setrlimit(), as described above, should also work on Mac OS X. It is also possible to set a stack size when linking a program. There is a discussion about stack sizes in Mac OS X at this web site: http://developer.apple.com/qa/qa2005/qa1419.html.

AUTHOR

Philip Hazel
University Computing Service
Cambridge, England.

REVISION

Last updated: 23 December 2016
Copyright © 1997-2016 University of Cambridge.

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