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Readwritesplit
This document provides a short overview of the readwritesplit router module and its intended use case scenarios. It also displays all router configuration parameters with their descriptions. A list of current limitations of the module is included and examples of the router's use are provided.
Overview
The readwritesplit router is designed to increase the read-only processing capability of a cluster while maintaining consistency. This is achieved by splitting the query load into read and write queries. Read queries, which do not modify data, are spread across multiple nodes while all write queries will be sent to a single node.
The router is designed to be used with a traditional Master-Slave replication cluster. It automatically detects changes in the master server and will use the current master server of the cluster. With a Galera cluster, one can achieve a resilient setup and easy master failover by using one of the Galera nodes as a Write-Master node, where all write queries are routed, and spreading the read load over all the nodes.
Configuration
Readwritesplit router-specific settings are specified in the configuration file of MaxScale in its specific section. The section can be freely named but the name is used later as a reference from listener section.
The configuration consists of mandatory and optional parameters.
Mandatory parameters
type specifies the type of service. For readwritesplit module the type is router:
type=router
router specifies the router module to be used. For readwritesplit the value is readwritesplit:
router=readwritesplit
servers provides a list of servers, which must include one master and available slaves:
servers=server1,server2,server3
NOTE: Each server on the list must have its own section in the configuration file where it is defined.
user is the username the router session uses for accessing backends in order to load the content of the mysql.user table (and mysql.db and database names as well) and optionally for creating, and using maxscale_schema.replication_heartbeat table.
passwd specifies corresponding password for the user. Syntax for user and passwd is:
user=<username>
passwd=<password>
Optional parameters
max_slave_connections sets the maximum number of slaves a router session uses at any moment. Default value is 1.
max_slave_connections=<max. number, or % of available slaves>
max_slave_replication_lag specifies how many seconds a slave is allowed to be behind the master. If the lag is bigger than configured value a slave can't be used for routing.
max_slave_replication_lag=<allowed lag in seconds>
This applies to Master/Slave replication with MySQL monitor and detect_replication_lag=1 options set.
Please note max_slave_replication_lag must be greater than monitor interval.
router_options may include multiple readwritesplit-specific options. Values are either singular or parameter-value pairs. Currently available is a single option which specifies the criteria used in slave selection both in initialization of router session and per each query. Note that due to the current monitor implementation, the value specified here should be + 1.
options=slave_selection_criteria=<criteria>
where is one of the following:
LEAST_GLOBAL_CONNECTIONS, the slave with least connections in totalLEAST_ROUTER_CONNECTIONS, the slave with least connections from this routerLEAST_BEHIND_MASTER, the slave with smallest replication lagLEAST_CURRENT_OPERATIONS(default), the slave with least active operations
use_sql_variables_in specifies where should queries, which read session variable, be routed. The syntax for use_sql_variable_in is:
use_sql_variables_in=[master|all] (default: all)
When value all is used, queries reading session variables can be routed to any available slave (depending on selection criteria). Note, that queries modifying session variables are routed to all backend servers by default, excluding write queries with embedded session variable modifications, such as:
INSERT INTO test.t1 VALUES (@myid:=@myid+1)
In above-mentioned case the user-defined variable would only be updated in the master where query would be routed due to INSERT statement.
max_sescmd_history sets a limit on how many session commands each session can execute before the connection is closed. The default is an unlimited number of session commands.
max_sescmd_history=1500
When a limitation is set, it effectively creates a cap on the session's memory consumption. This might be useful if connection pooling is used and the sessions use large amounts of session commands.
disable_sescmd_history disables the session command history. This way nothing is stored and if a slave server fails and a new one is taken in its stead, the session on that server will be in an inconsistent state compared to the master server. Disabling session command history will allow connection pooling without causing a constant growth in the memory consumption.
# Disable the session command history
disable_sescmd_history=true
disable_slave_recovery disables the recovery and replacement of slave servers. If this option is enabled and a connection to a slave server in use is lost, no replacement slave will be taken. This allows the safe use of session state modifying statements when the session command history is disabled. This is mostly intended to be used with the disable_sescmd_history option enabled.
# Disable the session command history
disable_slave_recovery=true
master_accept_reads allows the master server to be used for reads. This is a useful option to enable if you are using a small number of servers and wish to use the master for reads as well.
# Use the master for reads
master_accept_reads=true
Routing hints
The readwritesplit router supports routing hints. For a detailed guide on hint syntax and functionality, please see this document.
Limitations
In Master-Slave replication cluster also read-only queries are routed to master too in the following situations:
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if they are executed inside an open transaction
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in case of prepared statement execution
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statement includes a stored procedure, or an UDF call
Limitations in client session handling
Some of the queries that client sends are routed to all backends instead of sending them just to one of server. These queries include USE <db name> and SET autocommit=0 among many others. Readwritesplit sends a copy of these queries to each backend server and forwards the master's reply to the client. Below is a list of MySQL commands which are classified as session commands :
COM_INIT_DB (USE <db name> creates this)
COM_CHANGE_USER
COM_STMT_CLOSE
COM_STMT_SEND_LONG_DATA
COM_STMT_RESET
COM_STMT_PREPARE
COM_QUIT (no response, session is closed)
COM_REFRESH
COM_DEBUG
COM_PING
SQLCOM_CHANGE_DB (USE ... statements)
SQLCOM_DEALLOCATE_PREPARE
SQLCOM_PREPARE
SQLCOM_SET_OPTION
SELECT ..INTO variable|OUTFILE|DUMPFILE
SET autocommit=1|0
There is a possibility for misbehavior; if USE mytable was executed in one of the slaves and it failed, it may be due to replication lag rather than the fact it didn’t exist. Thus the same command may end up with different result among backend servers. The slaves which fail to execute a session command will be dropped from the active list of slaves for this session to guarantee a consistent session state across all the servers that are in use by the session.
The above-mentioned behavior can be partially controller with the use_sql_variables_in configuration parameter.
use_sql_variables_in=[master|all] (master)
Server-side session variables are called as SQL variables. If "master" or no value is set, SQL variables are read and written in master only. Autocommit values and prepared statements are routed to all nodes always.
NOTE: If variable is written as a part of write query, it is treated like write query and not routed to all servers. For example, INSERT INTO test.t1 VALUES (@myvar:= 7) will be routed to the master and an error in the error log will be written.
Examples of limitations
If new database "db" was created and client executes “USE db” and it is routed to slave before the CREATE DATABASE clause is replicated to all slaves there is a risk of executing query in wrong database. Similarly, if any response that RWSplit sends back to the client differ from that of the master, there is a risk for misbehavior. To prevent this, any failures in session command execution are treated as fatal errors and all connections by the session to that particular slave server will be closed. In addition, the server will not used again for routing for the duration of the session.
Most imaginable reasons are related to replication lag but it could be possible that a slave fails to execute something because of some non-fatal, temporary failure while execution of same command succeeds in other backends.
Examples
Examples of the readwritesplit router in use can be found in the Tutorials folder.